National Top Level Domain

In the system of domain names , a top-level domain or TLD (in English abbreviated TLD) is an area that is at the top of the hierarchy of domains.

In a domain , the top level domain is indicated by the label after the last point in the domain name (example: fr.org in the top level domain is org).

The following top-level domains are commonly used: .com , .net and .org.

On the Internet

The list of top-level domains of the Internet has nearly 300 top level domains. We distinguish:

• a special top-level domain;
• about 20 generic top level domains;
• about 260 national TLDs.

Each TLD is managed by an organization that is responsible to allocate (possibly on a commercial basis) its sub-domains.

Generic domains are divided into non-sponsored gTLDs and sponsored gTLDs. In general, a generic non-commissioned obeys the rules established by the entire Internet community represented by ICANN while a sponsored gTLD obeys rules established by a sponsor representing the narrower community that uses the domain.

The generic non-sponsored gTLDs fall into non-sponsored non-restricted and non-sponsored gTLDs restricted. Non-restricted areas are open to all, regardless of their fields of activity, while non-sponsored gTLDs are restricted to organizations or individuals with specific characteristics (as well as areas sponsored). However, unlike fields sponsored, requests for subdomains in non-sponsored gTLDs are not restricted validated before the naming of the subdomain.

The sponsored gTLDs are managed strictly by a sponsor. The sponsor, who received his authority from ICANN has considerable latitude in setting the rules and the management of the domain assigned to it. One of the functions of the sponsor is to ensure that an applicant for a sub-domain has many characteristics that are displayed by the domain name. Sponsor and the domain .museum ensures that an applicant is a museum, a museum association or a member of the museum profession.

Top Level Domain Special

• . Arpa : used for technical reasons.

Generic Top Level Domain

A generic top-level domain (English generic Top-Level Domain or gTLD) is a top-level domain intended to accommodate subdomains with a common characteristic other than geography. Eg .com is designed to host subdomains for commercial (at least it did originally, and now this area is open to all) and .mil is intended to sub- areas of military type.

Generic domains are divided into non-sponsored gTLDs and sponsored gTLDs.

The generic non-sponsored gTLDs fall into non-sponsored non-restricted and non-sponsored gTLDs restricted. Non-restricted areas are open to all irrespective of their areas, while non-sponsored gTLDs are restricted to organizations or individuals with specific characteristics (as well as areas sponsored). However, unlike fields sponsored, requests for subdomains in non-sponsored gTLDs are not restricted validated before the naming of the subdomain.

Area generic unrestricted

A generic non-restricted area is a generic that does not impose rules for users who want a subdomain in this area. A user can use a subdomain for an activity that does not conform to the type of activities indicated by the field. Thus, a company that has nothing to do with the network can reserve a subdomain in the field .net.

The inclusion of names of subdomains in a generic non-restricted largely open to competition, and must be done through many registrars international must be approved by ICANN.

These generic domains are open to all without restrictions, following the rule of first claimant served, are the most frequently used on the Internet. However naming rules exist for the registration of subdomain names in some second-level domains reserved in some second-level records.

Unrestricted gTLDs originally created (in 1985 ):

• . Com : commercial organizations or for-profit (eg google.com, Google );
• . Net : telecom companies (eg www.gandi.net, GANDI );
• . Org : nonprofit organizations (eg fr.org, ).

New gTLD unrestricted added in 2001 :

• . Info : information services (unlimited usage) (eg www.stm.info)

Information about the generic non-restricted

Note: the top level domain .com is in practice a multitude of sites, commercial or not. Example: the website of the mayor of Issy-les-Moulineaux ( Hauts-de-Seine ) is .com : http://www.issy.com.

Generic domain restricted

A generic domain is a restricted gTLD which proposes rules for users who want a subdomain in this area. By cons, unlike areas sponsored, requests for subdomains in restricted gTLDs are not validated before the naming of the subdomain.

The gTLDs are restricted:

• . Biz : for business (business);
• . Name : for individuals (real or fictional);
• . Pro : for qualified professionals.

Information on the restricted gTLDs

Top-level domain sponsored

A sponsored top level domain (also known as English sponsored Top-Level Domain or sTLD) is a top-level domain, which confirms the field activities of the organization that owns it. Sponsored areas are not open to everyone and set conditions for access to the applicants, or technical conditions of use.

The organization holding the domain registry sponsored in some cases may proceed directly to the registration of subdomain names, without needing to go through an approved registrar. However, registrars can offer Approved recording, but the registrant must provide the record evidence of legitimacy on the requested name.

The registration of domain names sponsored top level is reserved for organizations doing business within the sector, regardless of their location in the world. Or registration is restricted to persons who can demonstrate an interest in the name. Technical conditions on the use of domain may also be required and verified.

The sponsored top-level domains approved in 1985 :

• . Edu : for educational institutions accredited to the United States (example: web.mit.edu, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology ) and educational institutions from other countries whose courses have been approved in the U.S. such as polytechnic. edu, the Ecole Polytechnique in France;
• . Gov : for U.S. government agencies (example: www.whitehouse.gov The White House );
• . Mil : U.S. military for organizations (eg www.navy.mil, the U.S. Navy).

The sponsored top level domain approved in 1988 :

• . Int : for international organizations (eg www.coe.int, the Council of Europe ).

The sponsored top-level domains approved in 2001 :

• . Coop : for cooperatives ;
• . Museum : for museums.

The sponsored top level domain approved in 2002 :

• . Aero : for air transport industries.

The sponsored top-level domains approved in 2005 :

• . Jobs : for sites of jobs;
• . Travel : for the travel industry.

The sponsored top-level domains approved in 2006 :

• . Cat : for the Catalan language and culture;
• . Mobi : for the mobile Internet (profile XHTML-MP);
• . Tel : for voice over IP ( VoIP ) (opening 2007 ).

The sponsored top level domain approved in 2008 :

• . Asia : for those with an address in the "Asia".

Other areas sponsored projects are under consideration by ICANN (eg, . mail and . post ). Others were rejected for technical reasons, financial reasons or deficiencies to justify the need and effectiveness of systems designed to support effectively the project (eg . kids and . xxx ).

Information on the sponsored areas

National Top Level Domain

A national top-level domain (also known as English country code Top-Level Domains, or ccTLDs) is a top-level domain associated with a country or territory independent.

Examples: . be for Belgium or . ca for Canada or . ch for Switzerland (Swiss Confederation) or . fr for France.

The inclusion of a top-level domain in a domain name does not confirm the nationality of the organization or its presence in the territory mentioned. To use a national top-level domain, simply register with the relevant registration office. Some registrars require a postal address in the corresponding territory, which is not very restrictive because it can be a single mailbox. Other registrars do not even require that the applicant possesses such a mailing address.

Features

The country domains include both letters, corresponding mostly to the standard ISO 3166-1 country codes. Conversely, these are the only top-level domains to include 2 letters.

The creation and delegation of management of national domains is the responsibility of the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA). IANA is a component of ICANN , the supreme authority of regulating the Internet.

Areas that are different from ISO 3166-1

• . Uk ( United Kingdom ): ISO 3166-1 code for the United Kingdom is GB, but the JANET network had already chosen. uk as an identifier for its internal NRS. . gb was assigned for the purpose of transition, but n has never been abolished and its use is now valid.
• . Su ( Union of Soviet Socialist Republics ): disappeared from the norm.
• . Ac ( Ascension ): vestige of the decision of the IANA to authorize in 1996 using codes from the list of reserved ISO 3166-1 alpha-2, for the Universal Postal Union. This decision was subsequently canceled.
• . Eu ( European Union ) agreed to an exceptional code in ISO 3166-1 and open to the public on 7 April 2006.
• . Tp (former ISO 3166-1 code of East Timor ).
• . Yu (former ISO 3166-1 code for Serbia and Montenegro at the time the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia ).

Areas of convenience

The areas of convenience (Vanity ccTLDs) are areas that are used for commercial applications, mostly outside their country because their name has a second meaning. For example:

• . Ad ( Andorra ) is used by advertising agencies (advertising);
• . Am ( Armenia ) and . fm ( Micronesia ) are used by radio stations AM and FM ;
• . Cd ( Democratic Republic of Congo ) is used by sellers of CD ;
• . Co ( Colombia ) is used as a contraction. com (provision in April 2010);
• . Me ( Montenegro ) is used for specific sites ("me" means "me" in English);
• . Mu ( Mauritius ) is used by sites oriented music;
• . Nu ( Niue ) is used by French erotic sites or various sites because of its resemblance to new (again) in English or with nu (now) in Swedish and Dutch;
• . Tv ( Tuvalu ) is used by sites related to the television and erotic websites;
• . I ( Jersey ) is used as a diminutive in Dutch (huis.je) or as "you" (zoek.je) or as "I" in French (I);
• . Sr ( Suriname ) is used in South America by the sites for seniors.

The domain hack is to use also the second-level domain to form:

• as an expression I.am, tip.it, or start.at go.to,
• a word like blo.gs, del.icio.us or cr.yp.to.

Fields of particular national

• . Bv - Bouvet Island : not used, no records.
• . Cd - Democratic Republic of Congo : formerly. zr ( Zaire ).
• . Cs - Serbia and Montenegro : formerly. yu ( Federal Republic of Yugoslavia ), disappeared with the independence of Montenegro on 3 June 2006. Code. Cs is no longer assigned. Code. Cs was formerly used for Czechoslovakia.
• . Eh - Western Sahara : not rated.
• . Gb - United Kingdom : Domain reserved by IANA and inactive because. uk has been used historically (ISO 3166-1 has been updated to add the code in exceptional UK).
• . Kp - is not active because of the embargo on North Korea and the unwillingness of North Korea to connect to the Internet ( http://www.kcce.kp/ ).
• . Sj - Islands Svalbard and Jan Mayen : not used, no records.
• . Su - Union of Soviet Socialist Republics : usage exceeded transiently reserved code in ISO 3166-1.
• . Tp - East Timor : use outdated, replaced by . tl. Code reserved transiently in ISO 3166-1.
• . Uk - United Kingdom : code of an outstanding manner by ISO 3166-1 (see also . gb ).
• . Yu - Federal Republic of Yugoslavia became Serbia and Montenegro : code officially replaced by. cs but still used. Code reserved transiently in ISO 3166-1.

List of all areas of national

On a computer network private

The previous top-level domains are in force on the Internet , but are the result of an arbitrary choice.

On a LAN , you can totally use top level domains, and give the semantics you want. It frequently uses the top-level domain. Lan (in English, has ocal rea n = etwork LAN) Or

Other top-level domains can be used locally as needed. Examples:. Purchase for the purchasing department. Prod for the department or production. Fact for the billing department.

The use of these other top-level domains is not recommended because there is a risk of collision with top-level domains of the Internet, and thus fragmentation of the network.

Top-level domain reserved

A top-level domain reserved (in English : or is top-level domain has been reserved for a purpose other than to build real subdomains in the domain name system ) of the Internet. The name of a top level domain reserved is not included in the DNS root servers.

The RFC 2606 defines four top level domain reserved:

• .example : reserved for use in examples;
• .invalid : reserved for use clearly invalid;
• .localhost : reserved to avoid conflict with the traditional use of localhost ;
• .test : for use in tests.

In 2007 , eleven other top-level domains with internationalized domain name had been reserved :

1. . Xn - kgbechtv Arabic (. );
2. . Xn - hgbk6aj7f53bba Persia (. );
3. . Xn - 0zwm56d Simplified Chinese (.);
4. . Xn - g6w251d Traditional Chinese (.);
5. . Xn - 80akhbyknj4f Cyrillic (. );
6. . Xn - 11b5bs3a9aj6g Hindi (. );
7. . Xn - jxalpdlp Greek (. );
8. . Xn - 9t4b11yi5a Koreen (. );
9. . Xn - deba0ad Yiddish (. );
10. . Xn - zckzah Japanese (.);
11. . Xn - hlcj6aya9esc7a Tamil (. ).

Pseudo top-level domain

A pseudo top-level domain was once a suffix that was added to an email message from a network other than the Internet to allow its transmission over the Internet.

At one time the Internet was a wide area computer network among others. The computers connected to the Internet but not to another network such as BITNET , OZ , CSNET , or UUCP , could generally exchange of electronic mail via Internet gateways to mail. To be relayed through the gateway, the messages associated with these networks were labeled with suffixes like .bitnet , .oz , .csnet and .uucp , but the areas corresponding to these labels did not exist in the domain name system of the Internet.

Most of these networks have long since disappeared. UUCP, which is still in use in parts of the world where Internet infrastructure is not yet well established, now uses the Internet domain names. Consequently, most pseudo top-level domains are now relics of the past. A notable exception is the emergence in 2007 of mail SWIFTNet Mail, which uses the nickname field .swift .

The nickname field .local deserves special mention because it is required by the protocol Zeroconf. It is also used internally by many organizations, what will become a problem for these organizations when Zeroconf become increasingly popular.

Pseudo fields .site and .internal have been suggested for private use, but no consensus has emerged regarding their use.

References

• (In) This article is partially or entirely from the article in English entitled " Country code top-level domain "(see the list of authors )

See also

• Name Resolution
• Second-level domain

External Links

• (In) The description of the types of top-level domains on the ICANN website
• (In) List of top-level domains, their type and characteristics on the ICANN website.

• Internet portal

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