National Museum Of Natural History
| National Museum of Natural History | ||
|---|---|---|
 The logo of the Museum, dating from the French Revolution , symbolizing the kingdoms of nature, freedom, work and fruit | ||
| Geographic Information | ||
| Contact | 48 50 '32 "North 2 21 '23 "East / 48.8422, 2.3564 | |
| Country |  France | |
| Locality | Paris | |
| General Information | ||
| Opening Date | 1790 | |
| Collections | Live animals or naturalized, live plants or grasses, seeds, fossils, minerals, rocks, meteorites, ethnographic objects, scientific objects and documents | |
| Visitor Information | ||
| Visitors / year | 1.9 million per year (All sites) | |
| Address | Jardin des Plantes 57, rue Cuvier 75005 Paris | |
| Website | Official site of the Museum | |
change  | ||
The National Museum of Natural History is a French scientific research and dissemination of culture naturalist. It is a leading global institutions like this, with the British Museum. He now has the status of large facility , under supervision of the Joint Departments of Education , the Research and the Environment. Its headquarters is located in Jardin des Plantes in Paris , but he has other sites in Paris and France.
In Paris, the Museum has four sites:
This site is served by metro stations Censier - Daubenton , Place Monge , Jussieu and Gare d'Austerlitz.
- the Institute of Human Paleontology Missions
Its four main tasks are:
- conservation science collections comprising more than 62 million items as well as living species on 13 sites in Paris and the rest of France;
- dissemination of scientific culture in their own specialties to the institution;
- the research ;
- training in research.
These specialties related disciplines specific to the natural history , namely:
- studying the animal kingdom ( zoology disciplines and derivatives);
- study of the plant world ( botanical disciplines and derivatives);
- studying the Earth and the mineral world ( geomorphology , ecology , mineralogy , petrology and disciplines ... derivatives);
- studying the evolution of the human lineage, its insertion into the environment, its impact on the environment, the relationship between nature and culture ( anthropology and disciplines derived).
In the expression "natural history", the word "history" refers to the history of our planet, of life ( paleontology ) and the human lineage ( anthropology ): Gallery of Palaeontology is also one of Most visited galleries with the Hall of Evolution. The "natural history" is the twenty-first century, more than ever as' multi-disciplinary systems approach , encompassing not oppose them as well as Human Nature, the environment and development, preservation that enhancement. The "naturalistic scientific culture" is, at the Museum, an integral part of the culture.
History
The National Museum of Natural History officially born 10 June 1793 by a decree of the National Convention. But this new facility is only the metamorphosis of a most ancient, the Royal Garden of Medicinal Plants , born 150 years ago, in 1635 , under Louis XIII.
XVII century
It all starts when one of ordinary physicians of the king, Guy de la Brosse , seconded by the chief physician of King John Heroard , and Richelieu , Louis XIII to persuade Paris to create a garden of medicinal plants, for one hand , culture, conservation, study and use of plants useful to health, and secondly, the teaching of botany, chemistry and anatomy, intended for future doctors and apothecaries. These courses, taught in French (this is a first because everywhere else is in Latin), are also publicly available . They are taught by "demonstrators" and get a great success: the audience of all ages, French and foreign, attending lessons given to the garden.
Aimed at beginning to botanical collections and the needs of the royal house (hence the name "royal garden of medicinal plants), the garden is quickly exposed to the hostility of the medical faculty , which remains the only Paris, to be awarded the degree of Doctor of Medicine. Moreover, the demonstrators are all doctors, but trained them in the provinces, particularly in Montpellier, the faculty and hated rival. Another topic of aversion, the new disciplines taught in the garden, such as medicine or chemical circulation of blood to the heresies Parisian university, guardians of the tradition of the elders. In short, until the late seventeenth century, the Faculty of Medicine of Paris will do everything it can to oppose before the Parliament , the decisions taken by the superintendent or the superintendent of the garden .
In 1673 , Guy Crescent Fagon access this last feature. Nephew of founder Guy de la Brosse, his administration is remarkable in several respects: it soothes a compromise by the conflict became acute with the Faculty of Paris, he recruited a staff of great value (discovered Tournefort , one of the fathers of botany French, Vaillant also Antoine de Jussieu , founder of an illustrious dynasty) and finally encourages study tours in foreign lands. It was at this time that the first collections of the garden are collected on these trips, made first by missionaries ( Charles Plumier between 1689 and 1697 in the West Indies, Louis Feuille between 1703 and 1711 in the Andes. ..), followed by doctors ( Augustin Lippi (of) in 1704 in Sudan and especially Tournefort eastern Mediterranean and Anatolia from 1700 to 1702). Fagon also supports the import and acclimatization of tropical plants, including the coffee , then the monopoly of Saudi that Jussieu introduced to the West Indies .
XVIII century
The amphitheater ordered by Buffon. In the eighteenth century , business is changing: we move from the art of healing with plants to natural history. The royal declaration of 31 March 1718 between the office of chief physician of the king of the superintendent of the Garden and in 1729, the former "Drogui" which has gradually lost sight of non-pharmacy, officially took the title of 'firm' Natural History " .
But it is above ten years later, in 1739 , the " Garden of the King "as it is now called, will take a new dimension, thanks to one of the most prominent scholars of the eighteenth century,George Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon (1707-1788). Complete this naturalist (he published throughout his superintendence the monumental Natural History in 36 volumes, a real bestseller at the time), a member of the French Academy and Treasurer of the perpetual Sciences, will lead the establishment for nearly half a century until his death in 1788. In 50 years, the garden will double its size, the school of botany and the natural history cabinet will be expanded and, before his death, an amphitheater and a new greenhouse will be started. Especially, as Fagon, he will discover new naturalists, among the most prestigious Andr Thouin , Antoine Laurent de Jussieu , Rouelle , Fourcroy , Merton , but Daubenton , Lamarck or Dolomieu. During this period, the voyages of exploration for naturalist multiply: Jean Andr Peyssonnel discovered the mineral nature of the coral on the Barbary Coast (1725), Joseph de Jussieu spent 35 years in Peru Spanish (1735-1770), where he discovers the bark ; Jean-Baptiste Christian Rocket Aublet explores Guyana (1762-1764) as Louis Claude Richard (1781-1789). The Indian Ocean is no exception: Pierre Poivre acclimate fine spices in Mauritius (1770) while his cousin Pierre Sonnerat accomplishes several trips to the East Indies in the late eighteenth century. Other browsers will accompany large ( Bougainville , La Perouse ) around the world as the botanist Philibert Commerson or Collignon , the gardener. In half a century, the international reputation of Buffon and hard work have made the garden one of the leading scientists of the eighteenth century in Europe.
At his death in 1788 , the King appoints the head of a military garden, Charles-Francois de Flahaut , comte de La Billarderie. Led by Louis Jean Marie Daubenton , the Garden staff, including demos, make known their displeasure with the king, but without success.
French Revolution
The revolution will profoundly transform the functioning of the Garden. On 20 August 1790 , a decree of the National Assembly calls on demonstrators to prepare a draft for its reorganization. The first annual vote departure of the Count de La Billarderie and Daubenton unanimously elected as president. He formed a committee consisting of Antoine-Franois Fourcroy , Lacepede Bernard and Antoine Portal. It is responsible for drafting the regulations for the new institution and to set the operation. It also determines the tasks of the museum: to educate the public but also to build collections and to participate actively in scientific research. The body of professors and their director, elected and renewed every year to be the guarantor of the independence of research.
But the project is unsuccessful, the National Assembly does not give away. In 1791 , The Billarderie resigned and was replaced by Jacques-Henri Bernardin de Saint-Pierre. It was not until 1793 that Joseph Lakanal (1762-1845), bringing the collections of the Prince de Conde Daubenton meeting and discovered the project in 1790. Lakanal the door to the Assembly and the day after 10 June 1793 , gets the vote of the decree establishing the museum, giving a legal existence.
The post of intendant was then replaced by the function of Director. The old hierarchy, including demonstrators and sub-demonstrators, is abolished. Twelve faculty positions provide, on an equal and collegial administration of the Museum. The lessons are divided into twelve professorships .
XIX century
In the early nineteenth century , is the study of animal life that takes precedence over that of plants, which previously prevailed. Two prestigious scientists then represent this transition: Etienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire and Georges Cuvier . The first created the zoo since 1793 and will oppose in the first third of the second century, a strong supporter of the theories and doomsday Fixists while Geoffroy Saint Hilaire was close transformist ideas of Lamarck. This says in effect and the gradual transformation of species over successive time. In this sense, a little early announcement Lamarck's evolutionary ideas that Charles Darwin published his Origin of Species in 1859. Other great scholars would punctuate the Museum in the nineteenth century. These include Lacepede , Gay-Lussac , both Milne Edwards , Chevreul , Alcide d'Orbigny , Becquerel or Claude Bernard. Most of them are members of the Academy of Sciences or the Academy of Medicine. Many teach at the College de France or the Ecole Centrale . Several theories or discoveries are emerging at the Museum: the principle of correlation of forms on which Cuvier founded the comparative anatomy and paleontology , the series of works of Chevreul about fatty, research by Charles Naudin , which makes about 1860 at the same time that Gregor Mendel , the essential laws of genetics and the discovery of radioactivity in 1896 which earned Henri Becquerel, a few years later, the Nobel Prize in Physics.
As for the collections housed in the institution, they literally explode by their numbers in the nineteenth century, to the point that we lack space to store them. The old castle bought in 1633 by Louis XIII at the time of the creation of the royal garden of medicinal plants has already been revised and expanded throughout the eighteenth century to present the Empire facade 120 meters long. But these extensions are fast enough. Result, we built and moved with a vengeance: Charles Rohault Fleury (in) is building a new gallery of Mineralogy in 1830. At its end, a large space was reserved to house the herbarium, also more cumbersome. The same architect also raises two elegant greenhouses binoculars, restored in 1980-1981 and still in service. Finally, between 1877 and 1889, Jules Andre built the gallery and zoology at the extreme end of the century (1898), was inaugurated paleontology gallery which also houses the collections of comparative anatomy .
All these collections are continuously collected at many voyages of exploration which are increasing throughout the century: the Egyptian expedition of Napoleon Bonaparte from 1798 to 1801, involving nearly 170 scientists whose Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, precedes shortly after that of Humboldt in South America (1799-1804) or that of Baudin in the southern lands (1800-1804). Follow those of Augustus Saint-Hilaire in Brazil (1816-1822), of Claude Gay Chile (1828-1842), the Abbe David in China (between 1862 and 1874) or Alfred Grandidier in Madagascar (1865 -1870). And let's not forget one of the first expeditions specifically oriented paleontology, that of Albert Gaudry 's website Pikermi Greece (1855-1860). And the list of expeditions involving scientists from the Museum is far from exhaustive.
With the appointment in 1836, the chemist Eugene Chevreul (1786-1889), the Museum began to neglect the study of collections to move, as his rival the Faculty of Paris , to basic research, the image creation, to Henri Becquerel, the chair of applied physics, unrelated to existing collections . This period ends with the arrival of Alphonse Milne-Edwards in 1890 , and the promulgation of the decree of 12 December 1891 signed the comeback of Natural History (this policy remain in force until the day before the Second World War ) . Meanwhile, the imperial government of Napoleon III in 1863 to adopt a decree on the mandate of Director to 5 years indefinitely: Chevreul will remain 28 years. Increases the number of chairs and some have also been divided in two for convenience.
XX century
The Finance Law of 31 December 1907 is another step in the Museum: it gives him the financial independence by giving it its own budget that it administers (1 million francs of the time either as far as the budget Faculty of Science) . At the beginning of the century, the collections of the Museum has benefited greatly from the expansion and exploration of the French colonial empire during the previous century, and will continue to grow in the twentieth. Already, a colonial school was founded in 1889, even before the Colonial Office (which dates from 1894). And special education for travelers even been developed in 1893. Travel, it will indeed issue throughout the twentieth century: that of Alfred Lacroix in Martinique after the eruption of Mount Pelee in 1902, to Robert Gessain in the late 1970s to Greenland through Henri Humbert in Madagascar (between 1912 and 1960), Marcel Griaule between Dakar and Djibouti (1931-1933) and Henri Lehmann ( 1901 - 1991 ) in Guatemala (1954-1969). All these trips and many others will continue to enrich the museum collections impressive.
After the First World War , the museum hired a movement of expansion outside the capital. In 1922, he inherited the property of the entomologist Jean Henri Fabre in Srignan-du-Comtat , near Orange . To support its research activities related to the sea, he set up in 1928, his marine laboratory Saint-Servan , then at Dinard in 1935. Its botanical activity was continuing unabated, it becomes the owner of the domain by bequest Chvreloup in 1934. The same year, the President inaugurated the Zoo de Vincennes , followed a few years later by the Museum of Man , located in the new Trocadero (1937) .
On the eve of the Second World War, the museum has 19 Professorial Chairs for many teachers-administrators. There followed four years of a long and dreary retirement due to war. At the end of it, the activity and growth returning, especially under the leadership of Roger Heim, who heads the museum from 1950 to 1965 . Scholar of international prestige and widely listened to by governments and the scientific community, it breathes a new air to the facility. They become aware of the imbalances caused to nature by human expansion. In 1948 , he participated in the creation of the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). Later, he set up within its walls a service Conservation (1962). This will then be the turn of the Secretariat of the Fauna and Flora (1979) and the Permanent Delegation of the Environment (1992), to settle in the Museum . During this period, other acquisitions were made by the Museum: the shelter Pataud in Dordogne (1957), the Animal Park of the Haute-Touche in the Indre (1958), the Botanical Garden Val Rahmeh at Menton (1966 ) and the station of Plant Biology Cherr in the Sarthe.
Throughout the twentieth century, new territories hitherto unexplored or are not discovered: it penetrates farther and farther to the interior of primary forests, technical means can explore the ocean floor and discovered that life resides. Moreover, since 1882, the Maritime Museum has opened a laboratory on the island of Tahihou, near Cherbourg, then moved to Saint Servan (near Saint-Malo) in 1928, then to Dinard (1935). Another was also open to Concarneau in 1996. We also discover that life is inside the caves that Ren Jeannel and Emil Racovitza explore. In short, the explorers are pushing the boundaries of their research and are now exploring the entire biosphere. The Museum is interested in the same space as one of his collections, one can find extraterrestrial materials such as meteorites and some rocks from Mars.
It also looks more and more rights. It must be said that over their travels, explorers (since become real scientists increasingly specialized) fell frequently face to face with local tribes, they have attempted to study. Thus was born the new discipline of ethnography , which developed in the second half of the nineteenth century, which led to the creation in 1880, the Museum of Ethnography of the Trocadro , attached in 1928 and the Museum transformed into a Museum of Man a decade later . The museum also collects more and more fossils of hominids: among its rich collections, one can see the skull of Tautavel Man , the Pithecanthropus from Java, the famous Lucy , dating back more than 3 million years , or the tomb of La Chapelle-aux-Saints or of the Rights of Menton , dating back 26,000 years. And the animal fossils are no exception. Installed in the gallery of paleontology rue Buffon , one finds among other wonders: Megatherium Cuvier, the skeleton of the aepyornis offered by the American Carnegie Museum in 1908 at or, more recently, the fossils found in 1985 military camp Canjuers , in the Var. But it is mainly the skeletons of dinosaurs found in this gallery that the most successful, especially with children.
The collections of the Museum have been in the twentieth century countless exhibitions that often won a great success. One of the earliest date yet from the late nineteenth century, organized in 1884, she was devoted to oceanographic the worker and the Talisman , visitors could see the equipment (dredgers, probes, thermometers) used by the researchers onboard and numerous samples in jars of animals (fish, crustaceans, molluscs, echinoderms, zoophytes) collected up to 5000 meters (a true performance for the time) . Exposure of the tercentenary of the royal garden of medicinal plants in 1935 was punctuated by a great moment in the history of the Museum. Today, the museum exhibitions have a more modern and often accompanied by beautiful catalogs. Among the most popular since the 1980s, note those on giant crystals from Brazil, which attracted 1 million visitors in 1983 and 1987. Another way to attract the public to offer master lectures and tutorial sessions. For children, educational activities are organized since 1976 .
From 1975 , a plan of rehabilitation and consolidation of local laboratories being set up: it renovates the old galleries of the nineteenth century, we add the wings but also performs some spectacular achievements, as evidenced by the underground zoothque opened in 1986 and designed to house the collections of the gallery of Zoology, closed to the public since 1965 . This gallery will be reconstructed 30 years later, in 1994, and will take the place of the first castle of the royal garden of medicinal plants as a large gallery of evolution inaugurated by the President of the Republic Franois Mitterrand.
p> Today it boasts of 62 million specimens of all kinds (see below), the National Museum of Natural History is working 1800 people including a majority of researchers and technicians. Nearly 2 million people pass through the former royal garden every year (now the French Revolution the Jardin des Plantes ), including students who attend the museum because it is also (and we know less) a center for training future scientists since 1989, may issue only the new regime and Ph.D. in 1995, he received the ministerial authorization for seven new AEDs OperationThe National Museum of Natural History has:
Four transverse directions
- Branch collections
- Branch libraries and documentation,
- Direction of research, teaching and pedagogy,
- Information Directorate, communication, hospitality and partnerships.
Ten scientific departments
Seven research departments
- Ecology and biodiversity management,
- Earth history,
- Men, nature, society,
- Environments and aquatic populations,
- Prehistory
- Regulations, development and molecular diversity,
- Systematics and evolution.
Three departments diffusion
- Galleries of the Jardin des Plantes ,
- Botanical and zoological gardens,
- Museum of Man.
Old Chairs
Before acquiring its current structure, the National Museum of Natural History has long worked in Chairs, which have evolved over time:
Main article: List of Chairs of the National Museum of Natural History.Institutions of the Museum
In 2010 , the Museum has at Paris :
- the botanical gardens , greenhouses and its annexes ,
- the great gallery of evolution ,
- the Gallery of Mineralogy and Geology ,
- the gallery of paleontology and comparative anatomy ,
- the gallery of Entomology (closed)
- the Office of History of garden plants
- the Institute of Human Paleontology , jointly managed by the Department of Prehistory of the National Museum of Natural History and the Foundation Albert I of Monaco,
- the Museum of Mankind ,
- the menagerie of the Jardin des Plantes ,
- the Vincennes Zoo (closed since 2008),
and out of Paris:
- the Laboratory of General Ecology, in Brunoy ,
- the arboretum Chvreloup at Rocquencourt ,
- Park Zoological Clres ,
- the Sea Museum (closed) Station Marine Dinard ,
- the Marine Biological Station of Concarneau ,
- the zoo of La Haute-Touche , to Obterre ,
- Museum Site of the shelter Plotkin , the Eyzies ,
- the Alpine Botanical Garden The Jasinia to Samoens ,
- the botanic garden of Val Rahmeh in Menton ,
- the Harmas of Jean-Henri Fabre in Srignan du Comtat.
Scientific collections
With the exception of living species, the collections of the Museum, preserved in almost all its sites in Paris are, with over 62 million items, among the richest in the world with those of the National Museum of Natural History of Washington and the Museum of Natural History in London :
Collection type Quantity Minerals 00024300! 24 300 samples . Fossils 02700000! 2.7 million specimens . Mushrooms 00500000! 500 000 specimens (herbarium) . Algae and micro-algae 00570000! 570 000 specimens (herbarium) . Mosses and lichens 00900000! 900 000 and 500 000 specimens . Flowering plants and ferns 08000000! 8,000,000 320,000 specimens illustrating vascular species . Jellyfish , corals , anemones 00002000! 2000 - 35 000 - 2 000 specimens respectively . Shellfish 05000000! 5 million specimens . Insects 40000000! 40 million specimens . Pisces 00400000! 400 000 specimens . Reptiles 00130000! 130 000 specimens . Amphibians 00170000! 170 000 specimens . Birds 00130000! 130 000 specimens put in skin. Mammals 00130000! 130 000 specimens . Human skulls 00035000! 35 000 specimens. Prehistoric 02000000! 2 million pieces . Ethnographic objects 00300000! 300 000 specimens. consists of a herbarium of about 570,000 specimens and a algothque about 1000 strains of algae recorded live freshwater. The collection of fungi consists of a herbarium of 500,000 specimens for a mycological herbarium containing 4000 live strains and 420 colored wax models representing fungi in the Paris region, made by Andre-Pierre Pinson, surgeon Staff under Louis XVI.
The collection of fossils is composed of more than 2.7 million specimens including:
- collection of vertebrate comprising 300,000 specimens of mammals, reptiles, birds and fish;
- collection of invertebrates including about 2.5 million specimens, particularly rich in shellfish tertiary France and Europe;
- Collection of paleobotany including more than 200,000 copies of fossil plants;
- micropaleontology collection includes over 30,000 slides of foraminifera identified.
Libraries
The National Museum of Natural History has a direction of libraries and documentation, which unites the Central Library of the Museum Libraries and 27 laboratories, some in the Museum itself, others on some of these other sites of the Museum.
The Royal Collection already included when the Revolution a few dozen books. However, the decree of 10 June 1793 will create the conditions for its development. On the one hand, the library receives an official existence and the first floor is assigned . Moreover, the decree shall declare the award in the Museum's collection of "vellum of the King", always kept by the institution and now digitized, and the double of natural history books to present the royal library. Most importantly, it allows the museum to feed its collections in deposits Literary Capital.
The library is thus increasing rapidly, forming an encyclopedic collection with a clear interest in science, particularly biological and techniques. The library also receives substantial donations and bequests, including Georges Cuvier or Michel-Eugne Chevreul.
In 1823 , the collections have already reached 15,000 volumes. In 1833 , construction of the building of Mineralogy and Geology by Charles Rohault Fleury provides the opportunity to install the library into a larger facility, opened in 1837. This new library will be used for more than a century, even though the collections still increasing (300 to 000 volumes in 1950 ). Delage Henry designs so the current building, opened on 26 June 1963 , which includes two reading rooms and seven levels stores.
The current collections of the Central Library can be estimated at about 200,000 volumes of books modern, over 13,000 periodical titles (about 3000 live), approximately 105,000 printed books, nearly 8,000 manuscripts , maps, prints and a thousand objects of art .
Since 1992 , the Central Library is the custodian of a fund-polar "consisting Malaurie. It now also provides access to a dozen databases and nearly 5000 electronic serial titles .
A library, open to a wide audience, includes about 6000 books, hundreds of periodicals and documentary records.
The budget of the library is about 1.3 million. The Museum library is CADIST and "associated pole" of the National Library of France.
Among the 27 partner libraries, the library of the Museum of Man has been largely transferred to the Muse du Quai Branly , but practical considerations have led scientists and officials of that museum in restoring an important part in the Museum of Man. With this library, MNHN CADIST is another way .
Direction
Director elected for one year.
- 1793 to 1794 : Louis Jean-Marie Daubenton.
- 1794 to 1795 : Antoine-Laurent de Jussieu.
- 1795 to 1796 : Lacepede.
- 1796 to 1797 : Louis Jean-Marie Daubenton.
- 1797 to 1798 : Louis Jean-Marie Daubenton.
- 1798 to 1799 : Antoine-Laurent de Jussieu.
- 1799 to 1800 : Antoine-Laurent de Jussieu.
Director elected for two years.
- 1800 to 1801 : Antoine-Franois Fourcroy.
- 1802 to 1803 : Ren Desfontaines.
- 1804 to 1805 : Antoine-Franois Fourcroy.
- 1806 to 1807 : Ren Desfontaines.
- 1808 to 1809 : Georges Cuvier.
- 1810 to 1811 : Ren Desfontaines.
- 1812 to 1813 : Andr Laugier.
- 1814 to 1815 : Andr Thouin.
- 1816 to 1817 : Andr Thouin.
- 1818 to 1819 : Andr Laugier.
- 1820 to 1821 : Ren Desfontaines.
- 1822 to 1823 : Georges Cuvier.
- 1824 to 1825 : Louis Cordier.
- 1826 to 1827 : Georges Cuvier.
- 1828 to 1829 : Ren Desfontaines.
- 1830 to 1831 : Georges Cuvier.
- 1832 to 1833 : Louis Cordier.
- 1834 to 1835 : Adrien de Jussieu.
- 1836 to 1837 : Michel-Eugne Chevreul.
- 1838 to 1839 : Louis Cordier.
- 1840 to 1841 : Michel-Eugne Chevreul.
- 1842 to 1843 : Adrien de Jussieu.
- 1844 to 1845 : Michel-Eugne Chevreul.
- 1846 to 1847 : Adolphe Brongniart.
- 1848 to 1849 : Adrien de Jussieu.
- 1850 to 1851 : Michel-Eugne Chevreul.
- 1852 to 1853 : Andr Marie Constant Dumril.
- 1854 to 1855 : Michel-Eugne Chevreul.
- 1856 to 1857 : Pierre Flourens.
- 1858 to 1859 : Michel-Eugne Chevreul.
- 1860 to 1861 : Isidore Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire.
- 1862 to 1863 : Michel-Eugne Chevreul.
Director appointed for five years.
- 1863 to 1879 : Michel-Eugne Chevreul.
- 1879 to 1891 : Edmond Fremy.
- 1891 to 1900 : Alphonse Milne-Edwards.
- 1900 to 1919 : Edmond Perrier.
- 1919 to 1931 : Louis Mangin.
- 1932 to 1936 : Paul Lemoine.
- 1936 to 1942 : Louis Germain.
- 1942 to 1949 : Achille Urbain.
- 1950 to 1950 : Ren Jeannel.
- 1951 to 1965 : Roger Heim.
- 1966 to 1970 : Maurice Fountain.
- 1971 to 1975 : Yves Le Grand.
- 1976 to 1985 : Jean Dorst.
- 1985 to 1990 : Philippe Taquet.
- 1990 to 1994 : Jacques Fabre.
- 1994 to 1999 : Henry de Lumley.
Chairman appointed for five years.
- 2 002 - 2006 : Bernard Chevassus-au-Louis.
- 2006 - 2 008 : Andr Menez (d. 2 February 2008 )
- 2009 -: Gilles Boeuf
Photo Gallery
Click on a thumbnail to enlarge 
The statue of Buffon faces the Grand Gallery of Evolution.
Statue of Bernardin de St. Pierre , with Paul and Virginia
Alpine Garden
Gardener's shadow
The Greenhouse cacti built in 1834-36 by Rohault Fleury
The flamingos of the Menagerie
The giant tortoises of the Menagerie
The rotunda of the Menagerie houses temporary exhibitions. Built under Napoleon , it has the outline of a rosette of the Legion of Honor
The gallery and the laboratory of herpetology at the Menagerie
Inside the gallery of herpetology at the Menagerie
The Vivarium Menagerie, built by Ren Jeannel in 1926 with funds from the subscription Pasteur
Identification of the Jardin des Plantes and the Musum
The Alley Becquerel, north side, leading to the house of Georges Cuvier where Henri Becquerel discovered radioactivity in 1896
The Alley Becquerel, south side, toward the gallery Entomology and Buffon Street
Gallery of Entomology, south side of rue Buffon
The avenue Nicolas Houl, in the threatened demolition of the Museum (Poliveau island, south of rue Buffon)
Planting Heritage Botany of Graineterie, block Poliveau
The alley Graineterie (bottom and right, left the Orangerie), block Poliveau
The laboratory of geology , block Poliveau
Laboratories Malacology , mineralogy, mammalogy and ornithology , block Poliveau
The comparative anatomy laboratory animal in the island Poliveau
The gallery of paleontology , with Araucaria in the foreground
Inside the gallery of paleontology
Input side of the Jardin des Plantes Universite Pierre et Marie Curie
Parallel alley in the Jardin des Plantes (Rose Garden)
Notes
- Y. Laissus, 1995
- Y Laissus (1995), p. 12.
- Y Laissus (1995), p. 14.
- Y Laissus (1995), p. 15.
- Y Laissus (1995), p. 16.
- Y Laissus (1995), p. 21.
- Y Laissus (1995), p. 22-23.
- Y Laissus (1995), p. 22.
- Y Laissus (1995), p. 68.
- Y Laissus (1995), p. 24.
- a and b Y. Laissus (1995), p. 26.
- a , b and c Y. Laissus (1995), p. 30.
- Y Laissus (1995), p. 28.
- Y Laissus (1995), p. 73.
- Y Laissus (1995), p. 93.
- a and b Y. Laissus (1995), p. 92.
- Y Laissus (1995), p. 30-31.
- Other sources
- / Span> The Institute of Human Paleontology is jointly managed by the Department of Prehistory of the National Museum of Natural History and the Foundation Albert I of Monaco
- Part of the Museum located south of the rue Buffon and called Islet Poliveau risk of most of its laboratories in 2011 demolished to make way for the faculty Censier during the asbestos removal thereof.
- As well as Les Eyzies and Srignan
- (en) What collections? on http://www.mnhn.fr . Retrieved on 1August 2008
- (en) What collections? Meteorites on http://www.mnhn.fr . Retrieved on 1August 2008
- a and b (en) What collections? Fossils on http://www.mnhn.fr . Retrieved on 1August 2008
- a and b (en) What collections? Mushrooms on http://www.mnhn.fr . Retrieved on 1August 2008
- a and b (en) What collections? Algae on http://www.mnhn.fr . Retrieved on 1August 2008
- (en) What collections? Mosses and lichens on http://www.mnhn.fr . Retrieved on 1August 2008
- (en) What collections? Flowering plants and ferns on http://www.mnhn.fr . Retrieved on 1August 2008
- (en) What collections? Jellyfish, corals, anemones on http://www.mnhn.fr . Retrieved on 1August 2008
- (en) What collections? Molluscs on http://www.mnhn.fr . Retrieved on 1August 2008
- (en) What collections? Insects on http://www.mnhn.fr . Retrieved on 1August 2008
- (en) What collections? Fish on http://www.mnhn.fr . Retrieved on 1August 2008
- (en) What collections? Reptiles on http://www.mnhn.fr . Retrieved on 1August 2008
- (en) What collections? Amphibians on http://www.mnhn.fr . Retrieved on 1August 2008
- (en) What collections? Birds on http://www.mnhn.fr . Accessed 1Aug. 2008
- (en) What collections? Mammals on http://www.mnhn.fr . Retrieved on 1August 2008
- (en) What collections? Prehistoric on http://www.mnhn.fr . Retrieved on 1August 2008
- Heurtel Pascale, "National Museum of Natural History," Libraries in Paris: architecture and decor, See also
Bibliography
- Claude Blanckaert , Claudine Cohen, Pietro Corsi and Jean-Louis Fischer (ed.), The Museum in the first century of its history: Internal Links
- Gallery of Mineralogy and Geology of the National Museum of Natural History
- Gallery paleontology and comparative anatomy of the National Museum of Natural History
- Great Gallery of Evolution of the National Museum of Natural History
- Museum of Man
- List of Chairs of the National Museum of Natural History
External Links
- Official site of the National Museum of Natural History in Paris
- The Virtual Gallery of Mineralogy
- Papers of Charles Fleury Rohault architect of the National Archives Museum
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- Claude Blanckaert , Claudine Cohen, Pietro Corsi and Jean-Louis Fischer (ed.), The Museum in the first century of its history: Internal Links
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