Mysticism
Mysticism expresses what is on a belief in faith-related divine. The transcendence is based on immediate experience, regardless of dogma or scripture. Mystical experience is defined as "an experimental approach of the divine" which is by nature incommunicable, where the soul human access a direct meeting with the fundamental energy source. The Buddhism refers to the illumination. Christians make such a contact state with God himself Definition Significant differences of interpretation of the meaning of mysticism based on the different perceptions of this part of inexpressible. The meaning is quite different depending on whether one approaches it in its aspect esoteric (with an internal perspective, and therefore mystical), or in the guise exoteric (with an external perspective, potentially skeptical). In the exoteric approach can also distinguish the skeptical view, common in everyday language, based on the idea that this is not the unspeakable, or at least it is usurped by what is so designated. Expressed by those who are designated as the main characteristic of a mystic, whatever the religion from which it originates, it is proposed introspection as a means of reaching the divine or the " Truth ". We can find different shades, including: The Greek words for the "mysticism" comes from the verb (Mueo), meaning " initiate ". This radical has given many Greek words, many of which are spent in French, with the adjective "mystical" (, mustikos), the word mystery , mystagogy ... The idea of mystery or mysticism, this is not accessible, not demonstrable, . In French, the most ancient sources seem to date from 1380 to express "who has a hidden meaning, relating to the mysteries of faith" . They are slightly posterior to the rediscovery of the writings of Greek philosophy by Christians between the tenth and the twelfth century , when it comes to the mysticism of the Greek philosophers, sometimes called the mystical Platonic , which includes its teacher Socrates and his student Aristotle. This rediscovery is done in the context of the theology of that time in the school chapter of Notre-Dame de Paris in particular, and by influential thinkers among which include Peter Abelard and Bernard of Clairvaux. The name Mystique is then applied to certain characters representing influential mystics such as Meister Eckhart , who was originally from the Rhineland Mysticism. Transposing the term Judaism with the Kabbalah , Islam with Sufism , and then to Hinduism , in Buddhism and other forms did not appear until mid-twentieth century in a parallel among other proposed by Aldous Huxley , although there are already the beginnings in the eighteenth century especially, according to two sources of morality and religion, the work of Henri Bergson. " The term is applied indiscriminately to all kinds of personalities. We hear and speak as well of mysticism Platonic , Eastern mysticism, that of John of the Cross , of Bernard of Clairvaux , of Meister Eckhart or other religious or spiritual without distinction between different forms of spirituality, times and mental conditions corresponding, as well as the variety of experiences reported and literary expressions that result. One of the main sources of mystical traditions in non-Oriental consists of the Kabbalah of Judaism. The origin of the Kabbalah (the Jewish tradition) originated in the oral law given by God to Moses on Mount Sinai. This form of mysticism seeks to bring man closer to God , seeking to give meaning to the Establishment. The mystical meaning , or meaning secret or hidden meaning, a meaning that is has reached the highest level of reading texts, following the rules kabbalistic. The Kabbalah has a part called " esoteric "(reserved for insiders), and a" exoteric "(which may be published). Kabbalah has spawned several Christian mystical traditions, especially between the fifteenth century and the seventeenth century. We can cite for example the Christian Kabbalah. There were more or less erroneous interpretations of the esoteric Kabbalistic so esoteric that the term has sometimes taken a pejorative sense, like magic, divination, and could be perceived negatively, as a superstition. The Christian mystic prefers "personal experience of God" rather than reflection, he must feel rather than think (see Augustine ). Saint John of the Cross spoke of a "mystical marriage" (in the spiritual songs). The Catholic Church recognizes mystical experiences supernatural buy domestic ecstasies , visions , prophecy , revelations various ... But these events are considered extraordinary gift of God to whom He wishes but not the ordinary form of relationship with God. The Church is also very cautious about the extraordinary mystical experiences. The Pope Benedict XVI writes: "As is always the case in the real lives of mystics, Hildegard Esoteric Approach
Approach exoteric
Linguistic History
Types of mystical
Mysticism from the Middle East
Kabbalah
The Christian mysticism
Sufism
Mysticism of Islam is called Sufism. Sufism origins advocated love between God and man. But since Ibn al-Arabi ( XIII century ), the mainstream of Sufism shifts the emphasis on love of God but on the dissolution of the subject in a world where everything is God.
Of Indian origin
In Hinduism
The Hindu has a mystique of the merger, the dissolution of individuality in the Brahman , the substrate of the universe. This mystical, unlike other religions, is less reserved to insiders and rather part of popular belief.
This mysticism has its origins in writings dating back to the oldest of the third century BC, but we assume they are made on historical grounds that reportedly took place 2000 years earlier (in the Mahabharata ).
In Buddhism
The mystique of Buddhism is related to the notion of spiritual enlightenment or Bodhi. In Theravada , the realization of selflessness is the path of the mystic to the extinction of Samsara. In the Mahayana extinction is not absolute (it is said "without notice"), since waking may, by compassion, guiding the human beings who have not experienced enlightenment.
In Chinese
In Taoism
This mystique is based on the complementarity between the basic symbolism of Yin and Yang. It aims to balance using the principle of laissez-faire.
It traces the beginnings to 1500 BCE, but the written references date back four centuries before our era.
Mysticism an external perspective
With the popularity of Eastern spirituality, mysticism has been known since the 1960s, a new popularity in the West that is as much an expression of social protest that a search for meaning in life.
Henri Bergson , William James among philosophers , Romain Rolland , Rene Daumal , Aldous Huxley among the writers have defined the mystical communion as the foundation of any religion. Beliefs and rituals being seen as unnecessary additions. These personalities have contributed to a modern approach to mysticism.
Carl Gustav Jung in the psychoanalytic approach and Mircea Eliade in the history of religions have contributed to the intellectual rigor in the study of mysticism.
On the other hand, an anthropological approach initiated by Claude Levi-Strauss has established basic structures, and associated with certain sociological concepts such as participation mystique , and this helped make the link with the basic mechanisms of human social functioning.
Implementation in shamanism and other forms of "firsts"
This broad concept includes all the practices around the world who seek to express or to bring back the hidden truth, using various means that are always linked to a form of trance.
The origin of this practice dates back to prehistoric times, and we found many current forms through different designations: shamanism shaman's designated as such in South America, Siberia, or in Tibet, but also the practices of the sorcerer found in the heart of mystical African and North America.
Often these trances were incorporated mystical religious practices, and are found embedded in various forms of Tibetan Buddhism.
The Yi Jing , skilled art of divination, is an example of intermediate stage between shamanism (which is at the origin), and various mystical forms thereunder, including Taoism.
In Europe we know the intensity of trance and divination in ancient Greece and Rome (eg that of the Pythia ), but it is also found in each of the cultures of peoples barbarians (meaning foreign to them). For example in the culture Celtic.
Criticisms of Mysticism
It has often been criticized for various forms of mysticism, including Kabbalah and Christian mysticism, to be pure intellectual speculation. Most of the mystics, however, appeared in response to a religious intellectualization (the case of the Kabbalah in Spain that appears in reaction to the philosophy of Maimonides) or a form of religious fanaticism. Bibliography Works and authors Modern Studies Evagrius of Pontus, On Prayer, translation, introduction and notes by Pascale-Sr Dominique Nau (Rome, Lulu.com, 2010) Related article
References
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