Mustafa Kemal Atatrk
| Mustafa Kemal Atatrk | ||
| 1 stPresident of Turkey | ||
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| Currently serving | ||
| Mandate | ||
| 29 October 1923 - 10 November 1938 | ||
| Since 29 October 1923 | ||
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| Elected (e) | ||
|---|---|---|
| Party | Republican People's Party | |
| First (s) minister (s) | Ali Fethi Okyar smet nn Celal Bayar | |
| Predecessor | New Feature | |
| Successor | smet nn | |
| Elected (e) | {{{}}} lection2 | |
| Elected (e) | {{{}}} lection3 | |
| Elected (e) | {{{}}} lection4 | |
| Other functions | ||
| Biography | ||
| Birth name | Mustafa Rza | |
| Birth | 19 May 1881 | |
 Salonica | ||
| Deaths | 10 November 1938 (57 years) | |
 Istanbul | ||
| Nature of Death | {{{Type}}} | |
| Nationality | Turkish | |
| Spouse (s) | Latif Uaklgil | |
| Child (ren) | Abdurrahim Tuncak adopted Zuhri, adopted Afife adopted Ihsan, adopted mer adopted Afet nan adopted Nebil Hanim, adopted Rukiye Erkin, adopted Zehra Aylin, adopted Mustafa Demir, adopted Sabiha Gokcen was adopted lk Adatepe adopted | |
| Graduate | {{{University}}} | |
| Occupation | Military | |
| Occupations | {{{Tenure}}} | |
| Residence (s) | {{{Residence}}} | |
| Religion | {{{Religion}}} | |
| Signature |  | |
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| Presidents of Turkey | ||
Mustafa Kemal Ataturk, known as ("the Victorious"), born in Thessaloniki on 19 May 1881 and died in Istanbul on 10 November 1938 , is the founder and first president of the Turkish Republic.
After the First World War and the Allied occupation of the Ottoman Empire , this career soldier refuses to be dismembered Ottoman Empire by the Treaty of Sevres. Accompanied by supporters, he rebelled against the imperial government and created a second political power in Ankara. From this city he led the war against the occupiers at the head of the Turkish resistance.
Under his leadership, the Turkish forces defeated the armies Armenian , French and Italian. Then he defeated the armies of the Greek occupying the city and the region of Izmir , the Eastern Thrace and the islands of the Aegean (Imbros today Gkeada, Tenedos, and today Bozcaada Moschonisi today Alibey). After the battle of Sangarius (now Sakarya ), the Turkish Grand National Assembly gave him the title of Gazi (the winner) Early life and political activities
Mustafa Kemal Ataturk was born between December 1880 and May 1881, Islhhne Avenue in the neighborhood Kocakasm, Salonika (now Thessalonki ). His birthplace is now the headquarters of the Turkish consulate and also houses a museum. The exact date of his birth is unknown. The official history does, however, born May 19, referring to the date of onset of the Turkish War of Independence , on 19 May 1919. He wrote in his memorial, "I do not know the date of my birth, since birthdays were not considered at this time." .
Mustafa Kemal began his education at the Islamic school district Hafiz Mehmet Efendi and then, following the will of his father, he entered private secular schools Semsi Efendi in 1886. He keeps a very bad memory Koranic courses in which the religious teacher taught them by heart the verses in Arabic, the language in which none of the students did not understand a word. It was then that his father died in 1888. His mother then moved about thirty miles from Thessaloniki to a farm where his brother. Mustafa Kemal must stop his schooling to become a shepherd. When he refused to receive instruction from a Greek priest and an imam, his mother decides to reintegrating in Thessaloniki where he is staying with his aunt.
In 1893, when he was twelve, he ran for the entrance examination at the military college without telling anyone. Her mother fears the vicissitudes and the difficult conditions of military life in the Ottoman Empire. Graduated from Military College of Thessaloniki in 1896, he was admitted to the Cadet School (in Monastir ). It was in this school his math teacher Mustafa Bey decided to add "Kemal" (perfect, complete) in his name for his talent in mathematics, because "two Mustafa in the same class, too."
In the years 1896 to 1899 he finished second in his class at military school in Monastir today in Bitola Republic of Macedonia. These three years of Monastir , have strongly influenced his personality. Through a classmate, mer Naci, he discovered literature and began writing poems for a long period. On the other hand, the texts of the great French thinkers of the Enlightenment , especially those of Voltaire , Rousseau , Comte , Camille Desmoulins and Montesquieu , reveals principles that constitute the essence of European societies but is also a keen admirer of revolutionary France and Napoleon.
During his stay in Monastir , he regularly returned to Salonika to the school holidays, spent long evenings in pubs with his Greek friends from childhood, and discovered thanks to delightful training, all non-Muslims, the carnal pleasures and women, he also attended classes where he learned to dance the waltz and the polka and spent considerable time especially in the teaching brothers with whom he perfected his French. The remarriage of his mother for financial reasons, with Ragip, a widower father, the ill, he returned home only to sleep .
At that time, the only options were graduate studies theology and military studies. He entered the War College of Istanbul March 13, 1899. Mustafa Kemal is not among the good students of the Ecole Militaire: since his arrival in Istanbul , his life, once studious, had been seriously disturbed : he realizes that the city actually consists of two cities juxtaposed totally different from each other, south of the Golden Horn is the Muslim city with its winding streets, people going about their business from dawn to dusk stopping their activities as soon as the call to prayer resounds to rush into the mosques for women in their chadors he describes as ghosts black hugging the walls as soon as night fell, the Turkish sector becomes silent and deserted, to the north, the district of Pera, inhabited especially by foreigners, has a very different hotels, theaters, embassies, game rooms, clubs, taverns and other places of entertainment will follow and it was in this atmosphere it is absorbed during its first year of study and had not distinguished in the eyes of his teachers. He eventually recover and was considered a brilliant student at graduation. He left the military school in 1902 with the rank of lieutenant .
He excelled particularly in matters pertaining to the art of war. In parallel, it is cultivated in various fields, especially by his reading. Regarding politics, his positions are becoming increasingly accurate: in French , he reads the great thinkers he had discovered in Monastir and follows with keen interest the news through the press, which arrived from Paris. In Turkish , it reads in secret works Namik Kemal and those of other progressive intellectuals banned by the censor Imperial .
He then studied at the Military Academy, graduating on 11 January 1905 with the rank of captain of Staff. It may soon be proven in the field of expertise he has acquired six years of study .
At the Academy, he has never hidden his increasingly inhabited by revolutionary projects. He read the works of John Stuart Mill in which he shared ideas, especially those concerning the political liberation of women. He had also read all the books on Napoleon, he did his idol, despite some reservations. A secret committee he had formed within the Academy, called Vatan , wrote a newspaper and broadcast discreetly manuscript: he was the author of all texts denouncing the evils of the regime. The palace, which had learned this activity illegal, ordered the director of the institution to closely monitor these protesters, but the director had pretended not to notice .
After graduation, he decided to rent a room with some of his comrades in the district of Beyazit. Several officers in his class, including his friend Fuad Ali , had taken the habit of meeting to discuss, critically, the country's affairs and read banned books. However they were unaware that Fethi, a young man destitute they harbored, was in reality a spy of the palace. Following his termination, they are arrested with his friends on the committee 29 December 1904 . They are incarcerated at the prison red Istanbul, but lack of evidence, it was decided to set them free, provided that their first job is far from the capital. Mustafa Kemal and Ali Fuad had hoped for a position close to Istanbul , in Thrace or Macedonia , but they were dispatched to Damascus in the 5th Army in order to complete an internship in the 30th regiment Cavalry, where he was responsible for perfecting the formation and training of officers by introducing them to modern strategic theories to combat the rebel Druze.
During his stay in Damascus , he met dozens of officers hostile to the Sultan and the imperial regime. He decides to create a revolutionary association, Fatherland and Freedom , which aims to fight and overthrow the sultan.
The organization grew rapidly and soon have branches in all Syrian units, and in March 1906, he has created cells in Jerusalem , Jaffa and Beirut but realizes he can not count on the Arabs who inhabit the region to support its action: they are absolutely indifferent to the fate of the empire, whose guardianship the discomfort more than it fills. For Mustafa Kemal, the Macedonia remains unquestionably the most conducive place to foment political unrest .
In August 1906, he secretly goes to Salonika where he went immediately to his mother. Thanks to a colonel of the General Staff, he obtained a sick leave of four months: he thus became possible to be everywhere at Salonika without fear of detection. Before long, he had managed to create the cell salonicienne of Fatherland and Freedom. The number of the first members of little more than a half dozen. One night they had all gathered at one of them and Mustafa Kemal had recalled the three objectives of the association before putting a revolver on the table: he insisted that the oath be made on this weapon rather than the Koran , as was the Ottoman traditions. Shortly after the ceremony, he learned from a friend that her flight had been discovered by his superiors and he was actively sought as a deserter. He eventually returned to Jaffa. To cover his flight, a commander immediately sent to the front of Aqaba, after the victory there, he finds his position in Damascus. In November 1907 he obtained the rank of Kolaas (between master and commander ) and was ordered to join the 3rd Army in Macedonia , a region plagued by constant stirring fueled by nationalist minority-related. Having been transferred from Damascus to Salonika officially allows Mustafa Kemal to be on the ideal ground for his revolutionary activities .
There he discovers a powerful revolutionary organization: the Committee of Union and Progress , which absorbed the small group Fatherland and Liberty in Salonika. This is another revolutionary organization better structured, with many branches throughout the empire and abroad. Among his most senior officials are Colonel Jemal and Talaat . The admission formalities inspired ritual masonic he does not like: the candidate, blindfolded, is received by three masked and wearing a cape, he took the oath while placing his hand on the Koran and the sword. Mustafa Kemal was angered by the involvement of a religious element in a company that is primarily intended as patriotic. With his usual frankness, he annoyed the main leaders of the Unionists who are constantly seeking ways to remove him as much as possible to their headquarters . Mustafa Kemal Vedat adheres to the lodge. This lodge is composed largely of foreigners, which pushes him to leave .
In spring 1908, the revolution Young Turks broke out. Niazi , one of the leaders of the movement, isolated with a handful of supporters in the Macedonian mountains. But Mustafa Kemal did not immediately follow suit. He is convinced that the revolution would fail. Sultan dispatch the army to crush the guerrillas, but the army rebelled in turn against the Sultan. It rejects all the blame on his advisers and announced the creation of a constitutional government. This is a victory for the Young Turks who are eager to restore the constitution of 1876.
In 1910, he was sent to France and took part in maneuvers in Picardy. There he discovered his friend Ali Fethi Okyar the Freemasonry French Military Period In 1911, Italian troops took Tripoli , a territory then under Ottoman control. Mustafa Kemal was volunteered to go to war. The Ottoman army management gap in this country and assigned to Mustafa Kemal a position in the region of Tobruk and Derna , where the Italian army is finally defeated. On 22 December 1911 the Ottoman Empire won the battle of Tobruk. On 6 March 1912 , he took command of military Derna. But in October 1912, Montenegro declared war on the Ottoman Empire, and is immediately followed by Serbia , of Bulgaria and Greece. The Turkish government hastily concluded a peace treaty with the Italians and ordered his troops to evacuate Libya. Mustafa Kemal left in the direction of Turkey. Back in Turkey, Kemal there is a deplorable situation: the Ottoman armies were defeated on all fronts. The Serbs have progressed without encountering serious resistance and captured Durazzo and Monastir , as the Greeks, they took Salonika and made more than 25 000 prisoners. The Bulgarians marched on Istanbul and pounded fortifications Chataldja. The Ottomans were defeated in almost all their possessions in Europe. Mustafa Kemal takes part in the First Balkan War. He is Chief of Staff of a division responsible for defending the line of fortifications situated across the peninsula of Gallipoli in front of vocabulary. In case this strategic position would be taken by the Bulgarians, they would then control the Dardanelles , where they could invade Anatolia and Istanbul to take back. Bulgarians launched eight offensives are all repulsed. The towns of Dimetoka and Edirne are listed in the enemy. This is a victory for Kemal. At the end of the Balkan war, the triumvirate says the reorganization of the Ottoman army to Germany , which irritates the Ottoman officers, including Mustafa Kemal, who constantly denounce Germanophilism Enver Pasha. To get rid of him, he appointed him as lieutenant-colonel and ships as military attache in Sofia in 1913. Following the entry into the war the Ottoman Empire in the side of Germany and the Austrian Empire, Hakki Pasha Kemal affects in a unit commanded by German General Liman von Sanders. Convinced that the Allied attack would happen at Gallipoli , he set up his headquarters. The attack Gallipoli are allies against the offing. Von Sanders prepares his troops to defend a coastline of 80 km. Not knowing where the main attack would take place, it creates three units of 20 000 men each broken down on the coast. Mustafa Kemal was given command of the group in front of Cape Helles, the southern peninsula. (See detailed article: Landing at Cape Helles ). Sanders Kemal charge of creating the 19thdivision in Tekirda , a brigade composed of Turks and Arabs , rear landing areas. The Franco-British attack takes place April 25, 1915. Mustafa Kemal, in front of the main attack. He managed to stop the progression of Australians during the day that last battle. At nightfall, the peak is still in the hands of the Ottomans. Mustafa Kemal cons-attack during the night and the day after, but failed to push the Australians. However, it is promoted to the rank of colonel for having taken place. Towards the beginning of June, he discovered a weakness in the enemy lines and decided to make a breakthrough. The attack, prepared for June 28, must be performed by a Turkish elite regiment, newly arrived at Gallipoli. The offensive ended in utter failure, and the 18th Infantry Regiment was decimated. The Australians, who had meantime taken a strategic advantage by taking the crest of the hill, preparing to launch a new offensive. General von Sanders Mustafa Kemal assigned to the command of one corps on this peninsula. At dawn, the two attacks are triggered simultaneously. After a terrible battle, the Turks emerged victorious, preventing the progression of Australians. After this victory, Mustafa Kemal heads south to take command of the Battle of Chonuk-Bair. The fight broke out at night. After a long battle, the Ottomans swept the two British battalions and reject the New Zealand troops to the sea, the British renewed their offensive on two occasions, 21 and 22 August, but they were repulsed. After this success, Mustafa Kemal was promoted to Pasha - general - and controls the whole front of Anafarta. During the battle of the Dardanelles , the Ottoman Empire, at a price of 253 000 victims, managed to protect the Straits, highly strategic move. During the battle, Mustafa Kemal told his men: "I order you not to fight but to die. " Following action in the Battle of the Dardanelles, Mustafa Kemal is considered a hero throughout the empire. The newspapers describe him as "savior of the Dardanelles and the capital." Back in Istanbul, he was however denied the portfolio of defense minister by Talat Pasha became Grand Vizier because of his harsh criticism in the latter's military options. In 1916, he was given command of the 16th army corps in the Caucasus and that of the 2nd Army in Diyarbakir , where with the help of General Kazm Karabekir and his Chief of Staff, Colonel Ismet nn , he began to reconstruct the troops completely undermined with the aim of resisting the Tsarist forces. The Bolshevik revolution of 1917 disrupts the army of the Tsar and Kemal launched an offensive against the Armenian provinces: this takes Mus and Bitlis. He is preparing to march on Batumi , when recalled in Syria where the British support Arab independence. It is integrated under the command of German General Erich von Falkenhayn where he was given command of the 7th Army of the " Asien-Korps. " It quickly relieved of his duties for medical causes ( malaria ). He spent his convalescence in Istanbul, where he received the officers objected to the German presence in the country. He was sent in 1918 in Germany with the heir to the throne, Prince Vahdeddin in order to reconcile it with the German model. It will instead attempt to convince the Sultan to dissociate future of Germany considers that losing the war. He also encourages them to dismiss his grand vizier. Re sick and convalescent, Kemal learns the death of Mehmed V. He decides to go to Istanbul to meet the new sultan and convince him of his views. Mehmed VI, however, advised by his brother- Damad Ferid does not reflect the opinion of Kemal and the latter is returned to Syria. Arrived in Syria on 20 August 1918 , he took the second time the command of the 7th Army, composed of two corps, commanded by Colonel Ismet and Colonel Ali Fuad. The state of the Ottoman troops was deplorable, many regiments comprising more than ten percent of their usual numbers. The men, deprived of food and water are dying daily. Their morale is low and should use violence to keep them in line. Patrolling in trucks armed with machine guns, roam the rear with orders to shoot anyone deserting the ranks, which does not prevent desertions. To defend their bases, the Turks have only eight aircraft and two batteries of AAA , while the British, allied with the Arabs of the Emir Faisal , managed to massage the numbers much higher number. The reorganization efforts of Kemal are stopped by an attack of colic , which forced him to stay in bed in his headquarters in Nablus. The British attack on September 19. The Turkish armies were quickly swept away and are forced to flee the advance of British-Arab. The retreat turns into debacle. Kemal manages to keep him around a small nucleus of disciplined troops. Together, they go to Damascus, where he decided with General Sanders abandon the Arab region to defend Anatolia. On September 30 , all the Ottoman troops in Syria withdraw to Aleppo. Kemal uses the 7 th Army to block all roads leading to Anatolia. The fleeing troops are recovering. October 26, two regiments of cavalry Hindu face them. Mustafa Kemal went to the outposts, and command himself shooting his men. He managed to push southward British troops. At that time, the Ottomans saw the British throw away their helmets and pushing the "cheers" with joy: the government of Sultan Mehmed VI has signed with the Allied treaty Moudros. The Ottoman Empire conquered disarms October 30, 1918. Kemal has to go to Adana to receive the military command of all armed forces ottomans. Hoping that the Turkish government denounced the treaty of armistice, he tries to save time. He refused to evacuate Alexandretta. A telegram from Istanbul ordered him to cooperate with British forces. Refusing to see their country occupied, it brings together officers, constitute deposits of arms and ammunition in the nearby mountains and recruit supporters. On 20 November he was summoned to Istanbul where he realizes the consequences of the armistice agreement for the country. The Ottoman Empire was dismembered and invaded: the Saudi , the Syria , the Palestine , the Macedonia , the Thracian and Mesopotamia came under allied control. British battleships anchored in the Bosporus, British troops occupied Istanbul, the French, British, Italians and Greeks share the Turkish cities. Political parties are very divided on how to behave in relation to the occupants. Some want to transform the Ottoman Empire into a protectorate U.S.. For Kemal, foreign occupation is seen as a humiliation. He tries to convince political parties not to grant confidence to the Grand Vizier, Tewfik Pasha. But they support it overwhelmingly. Kemal still trying to convince the Sultan to resist the occupier, which it refuses. He sees a man like Kemal vulgar, dangerous and impulsive which he does not trust. The next day he dissolved parliament and called his brother- Damad-Ferid Pasha , Grand Vizier. Kemal was isolated and its calls for the resistance does not meet echo. The demobilization of the army put an end to his military career. He retired in Shishli, around Istanbul with Colonel Arif. A few months later, the allies find themselves in trouble with their public opinion calling for peace and demobilization of troops. The French , the British and the Italians decided to demobilize some of its troops stationed in the Ottoman Empire. In May, troops Greek unfold in the region of Smyrna , where the Greek minority lives of Asia Minor The Congress of Sivas The first plenary session held September 13, 1919. Mustafa Kemal has a clear vision of the future to give the former empire on policy implementation and the attitude to adopt vis--vis the Sultan. Congress is in favor of absolute and total independence of the Turkish people in a restricted, rather than a relative autonomy in a wider context. Sultan tries to end the Congress by ordering the governor of Malatya , Ali Galib , arming militia Kurdish and make them walk on Sivas. Two regiments of mounted infantry of General Bekir defeat these militias. Mustafa Kemal is now a strong new authority, no one dares question his decisions. The assembly is a quick Executive Committee and was appointed president. He set up this provisional government committee which awarded the right to act independently of imperial power. Mustafa Kemal causes general elections throughout the country and calls on Congress to send an ultimatum to the Sultan, the defendant to return the Grand Vizier Ferid Pasha Damad, guilty of having provoked the Kurdish rebellion. Receiving no response, he decided isolation of Istanbul rest of Anatolia. He requisitioned the telegraph lines, seize taxes and official mail and replaces officials loyal to the Sultan by officials acquired revolutionary ideas. Those who are reluctant to enforce its directives are threatened with execution. Mehmed VI replica using the strategy of his uncle, Abdul Hamid II. He sacks his Grand Vizier, reopens parliament and call new elections. He also signed a secret agreement placing the entire Ottoman Empire under British mandate and stating that the sultan, "puts the moral and spiritual power of the Caliphate in the service of the United Kingdom in all Muslim countries where it exerts its influence. " Pending elections, the assembly moves its headquarters from Sivas to Ankara 27 September 1919. Mustafa Kemal see very quickly isolated politically, including by his relatives such as Rauf Orbay. MEPs call for the departure of occupying forces. The British response was scathing: 100 000 soldiers marched on Istanbul and arrested over one hundred fifty members deport them to Malta and close the parliament. smet nn and Fevzi akmak able to escape and join Mustafa Kemal. Far from condemning the British action, Mehmed VI is instead the head of Kemal price. Meanwhile, Kemal hold new elections. The new members will meet in Ankara and 23 April 1920 , a new step towards the creation of the Turkish republic is accomplished with the founding of the Turkish Grand National Assembly (Trkiye Byk Millet Meclisi). On April 29, 1920, an Executive Committee is elected. The committee said that the new parliament is the legitimate government and the country temporarily. Mustafa Kemal was elected President of the Assembly unanimously. He takes another step towards the end of the sultanate by saying no legal decisions of the legal government of Istanbul because occupied by the British. In response to the nationalists, the War Minister Suleiman Pasha Shefket is entrusted by the Sultan, with British support, command of the army of Caliph. The sultan, supported by the Hodja and priests , urges Turks to take up arms against the nationalist Kemal, presented as the enemies of God. The inevitable civil war erupts in all its brutality. In Konya , insurgents tore the nails and cartlent Kemal's envoys. In retaliation, the notables of the city were publicly hanged by the Kemalist forces. Nationalists wipe several defeats, and the Sultan's army is close to Ankara , the headquarters of the new parliament. Desertions occur among the troops most loyal to Mustafa Kemal. The latter was forced to withdraw. Much to the astonishment of the Turks, the Treaty of Sevres , which enshrines the dismemberment of the Empire was signed by Mehmed VI on 10 August 1920. In Anatolia , territories ethnically and historically Armenians before the Genocide of 1915-1916 became independent. Areas partially Greek coast (Smyrna) are attached to Greece , the Kurdistan becomes independent. Ethnically Turkish areas are divided into zones of influence of Western powers. The army was disbanded, and a system of foreign rule in place. Norbert Bischoff, "So collapsed after a fall without equal, one of the greatest empires ever known in modern history." The rejection is very strong in the Turkish population. "If this document was signed by the Ottoman government of Istanbul , most Turks, in almost all the countries do not recognize the authority of the government of Ankara, headed by Mustafa Kemal, himself, refuses to accept this treaty and its provisions. " The Turks take up the cause of the Nationalists. From all over Anatolia , men, women and children flocked to Ankara. Officials are part of the movement, former MPs, generals and officers, engineers, railway, etc.. Mustafa Kemal is at once a government of public hello, and instructs the generals to organize the national defense. The Caliph's army disintegrated itself in a few days, except to Izmit , where she serves as a cover for the British garrison. The specter of civil war away with tipping in his favor massive, Mustafa Kemal attacked foreign troops. In September 1920, Kazm Kemal load Karabekir to attack and push the Armenian forces beyond Turkish borders. Subsequent recoveries cities Sarkam on 20 September 1920 , of Kars 30 October 1920 and Gyumri November 7, 1920. A peace treaty is signed with Armenia in Gyumri. The Turks are supported by the Soviets who deliver weapons. Lenin and Trotsky send Deputy Commissioner Frunze to support and advise the Turkish army. The next objective is Kemalist troops to quell the Kurdish demands for autonomy, which is quickly resolved. In January 1921, the cities of Kahraman Maras and Urfa anl (1919-1921) and then Bozanti are taken to the French. The Ankara government signed a provisional peace treaty with France releasing Cilicia. Subsequently, Kemal's army rejects Italian forces, forced to flee the country. Finally, Mustafa Kemal decided to leave Istanbul. After a lightning attack against British forces, the British High Commissioner prepares his men to evacuate. The sultan promised to signatories of the Treaty of Sevres to accept the protectorate of "one of them who would be willing to assist him." As the allies no longer afford to send men to fight the forces of Mustafa Kemal, the Greek statesman, Eleftherios Venizelos proposed to the allies to entrust the decision of the Ottoman Empire to Greece. Its aim is to reconstruct the great Greece. The pact was concluded in less than 48 hours and Greece sends a first army in eastern Thrace. It encircles and disarms the 1st Turkish Army commanded by General Jaffar Tayar. Then, this same army arrives in Edirne and disarms the Turkish forces. Other Greek armies also involved. In 1921, the Turks are losing ground and Kemal, aware of the weakness of irregular troops, raised a regular army in the spring, incorporating the guerrillas and the army green Edhem . Edhem but refuses to join the regular army and proposes instead his services to Sultan. Mehmed VI refuses Edhem then starts serving the Greeks and is sent to the Assembly in Ankara issued a proclamation in which he declares: "The country is tired of war. The only one who still wishes is Mustafa Kemal. Return this raw and bloody immediately conclude peace. I am the interpreter of the wishes of the nation. " Kemal has no other choice but to entrust smet nn 's mission to fight the Army green. The regular forces of Pasha Refet capture the headquarters of Edhem and disarm his troops to Ktahya. Edhem fled and joined the Greeks with whom he established a collaboration. The Greek general Papoulas decides to lead his attack in January 1921. On 6 January, the Greeks took the city of Afyonkarahisar. smet nn launches its 61 th Division and a group of cavalry in Ktahya, then cons-attack victoriously to the height of nn. This is the first victory of nn (6 - 10 January 1921 ) and new Kemalist forces against the Greek forces. This battle has caused a sensation throughout the country. Mustafa Kemal use this victory to his advantage by convening in plenary parliament January 20, 1921. The constitutional law saying "the basis of the Turkish state and the sovereignty of the people" is passed. Norbert Bischoff writes about it: Meanwhile, the government ceases to be called "provisional government" and took the name "Government of the National Assembly." On March 30 , the Greeks take the initiative and attack the city of Eskisehir with 40,000 men. Repel the Turks during the second victory of Inn (30 March- 1 April 1921). This victory was greeted with great enthusiasm in Ankara. Drawing the consequences of military failures Greek allies say they are officially neutral in the conflict and withdraw de facto support for the Greek offensive. The French even encourage the Kemalist forces to continue the war and the Italians secretly providing arms to the Kemalist army. The change in attitude of France and Italy is mainly motivated by the desire to prevent Britain from becoming the sole mistress of the eastern Mediterranean through Greece. Above all, Italy was opposed to the invasion of western Anatolia by Greece from the beginning. The Turkish military remains inferior in numbers and equipment to the Greek army. Faced with the Greek offensive on 7 July, Kemal was forced to retreat on the banks of the Sakarya. The Parliament discusses the replacement of a General Kemal less authoritarian. The latter rises to the gallery of the meeting August 5, 1921 in order to apply the full powers: But members do not support this proposal. A member asked whether it would be better if he abandons his civil duties to devote himself entirely to his military duties. Mustafa Kemal replied: The Assembly granted full powers to Mustafa Kemal, the same day. But it specifies that they expire at the signing of the peace treaty. He left Ankara for the front. On 14 August 1921, a battle ensues between the terrible Greek and Turkish forces. Mustafa Kemal established his headquarters at Ala-Geuze, just behind the Turkish lines. On 13 September 1921, after a long battle, the Turks are victorious and forced the Greeks to retreat westward. During their escape, they adopt the policy of "scorched earth". The villages were burned and crops devastated. Back in Ankara, Kemal was welcomed in triumph. On 19 September 1921 , the National Assembly granted Mustafa Kemal the title of Marshal and Gazi (veteran hero). The victory of Sakarya is welcomed by the Heads of State of Russia , of Iran , of Afghanistan , and India , the United States and Italy. The French government is the first to draw the political consequences. On 10 October 1921, France sent Mr. Henry Franklin-Bouillon to sign a treaty with the government in Ankara. This treaty (known as the Treaty of Ankara) is of paramount importance, not only because this is the first time a Western power deals directly with the Ankara government, neglecting the sultan Mehmed VI , but also because France is removed from the official list of the enemies of Turkey and considers the Treaty of Sevres null and void. In addition, she is prepared to give the Turkish people a just peace and independence. The additional protocol of the Treaty allows Kemal finally ridding Cilicia and have the support of 80 000 Turkish troops and armaments necessary for 40 000 soldiers. But he needed more men to continue the war, he began with smet nn and Fevzi akmak reconstitution of the Turkish army. To do this, it flushes all the arsenals, gathers all stocks, is to rehabilitate all the material that can still serve and buys weapons in Bulgaria , the United States and Italy, he paid with money borrowed from Moscow and financial aid sent by the Muslims of India , then a British colony. Subsequently, he ordered a general mobilization every man over the age of 18 must join the new national army. It is dedicated to this task throughout the winter of 1921 until spring 1922, working more than eighteen hours a day in his office. During the summer of 1922, the new Turkish army is ready to take the field. On 26 August, he launched the "Big Push" (Byk Taarruz) against the Greek forces. After ten days of fighting, 103 000 Turkish soldiers come to the end of 132 000 Greek soldiers who are forced to quickly flee and hide in the nearby mountains to escape the Turkish cavalry. The others rush by tens of thousands to Izmir to win the islands of the Aegean Sea. The commander in chief enters Izmir (Smyrna) September 9, 1922. The Turkish population of the city makes it a standing ovation and thanks for having liberated from Greek occupation. But the capture of Izmir does not end the war. The Greeks have indeed reformed army in Thrace. Kemal attempted an attack, but is prohibited from crossing the Dardanelles by the British. Determined, he received the officers of two regiments of elite and their application to march their troops towards the British positions and crossing over in silence the enemy trenches without firing a single shot. On September 29, 1922, soldiers were ordered to get under way. Plan ahead as scheduled, and agreement was reached between both parties at the last moment. The British are no longer supported by the French who feared the outbreak of another world war in which Russia would side with Turkey. The France sends in haste again Franklin-Bouillon. It takes all possible commitments vis--vis the "Gazi" and promises that even the Greeks quickly evacuate Thrace. A conference opens Oct. 6 at City Hall Mudanya. Four generals attending the conference: one British, one French, one Italian and Turkish smet nn. Through this agreement, the allies committed to oblige Greece to withdraw from Thrace and promise to evacuate as quickly as possible the Ottoman Empire. An armistice based on these principles is ratified Mudanya October 11, 1922. The victory of Mustafa Kemal to engage his fight on the political ground for the abolition of the sultanate and the proclamation of the republic. Civilians have to pay a heavy price in war. First, populations Greek Orthodox and Armenian whose leaders have sided with the Greeks have suffered heavy losses, both tangible and lives. Ensuite, les accords d'armistice prvoient la cession la Turquie de l' Anatolie , de la Thrace orientale et des les d' Imbros et de Tndos. Il s'en suit un change forc de populations entre les communauts grecques d'Asie Mineure et les communauts turques de Grce. Les chrtiens grecs -mmes turcophones d'Anatolie intrieure- et les musulmans crtois -mme grcophones- sont contraints l'exil. Ce sont prs de 1 500 000 Grecs et 500 000 Turcs qui sont transfrs entre ces territoires. Un accord est toutefois trouv pour les communauts turques de Thrace occidentale (Grce) qui sont autorises rester sur leurs terres ancestrales en change du mme droit accord la communaut grecque orthodoxe d' Istanbul avec la prservation de leur patriarcat. Ces vnements resteront gravs dans la mmoire collective grecque sous le nom de catastrophe d'Asie Mineure ( ) . Ce transfert servira aussi d'argument lors de la guerre de Palestine de 1948 pour justifier les positions israliennes s'opposant au retour des rfugis palestiniens et dfendant un change entre les 750 000 rfugis arabes palestiniens de Palestine et les 800 000 rfugis juifs du monde arabe. . Les survivants du gnocide armnien voient leur espoir d'un tat indpendant s'effondrer, et doivent pour la plupart partir en exil. Atatrk est lu la prsidence de l'Assemble nationale deux reprises, le 24 avril 1920 et le 13 aot 1923. Il s'agissait alors d'une charge cumulant les fonctions de chef d'tat et de gouvernement. Lorsque la Rpublique est proclame le 29 octobre 1923 , Atatrk en est lu le premier prsident pour quatre ans, conformment la constitution. La Rpublique turque se construit autour de principes inspirs de la Rvolution franaise. L'unit de la Rpublique, la scularisation , mais aussi l' occidentalisation et la modernisation du pays. En effet, le rgime kmaliste au lendemain de la chute de l'Empire ottoman veut recrer une nouvelle identit nationale, tatiste et laque sur le modle rigoureusement suivi en tout point de la rpublique franaise . Pour ce faire, Mustafa Kemal doit abattre les dernires institutions de l'ancien Empire ottoman. Une de ses premires mesures radicales fut de dcrter la suppression des caractres arabes au profit de l'alphabet latin. Enfin, l'unit nationale se veut structure autour d'une unit ethno-culturelle forte. Les minorits allognes (Armniens, Grecs et Kurdes) doivent quitter le pays ou s'assimiler. After getting rid of all opposition, Mustafa Kemal changes the mode of operation of the National Assembly. Henceforth, members will be chosen exclusively from among the members of the Republican People's Party , which became de facto single party. Party members are appointed by the party president is Mustafa Kemal, and the President of the Republic is elected by members of the Assembly. The electoral system is therefore closed and no further objection is made then in parliament. Parliament renewed the mandate of President Mustafa Kemal in 1927, 1931 and 1935 who refuses to become president for life. In 1930, he declared: "I will not die, leaving the pernicious example of personal power. I previously founded an independent republic, as far from Bolshevism as fascism . " The country's political lock allows him to lead the revolution he wants to implement: the Revolution through. He began construction of the new Turkey but it faces a funding problem: the state coffers are empty. He sees himself advised to borrow from abroad. Yet according to him, "the best way to lose its independence, is to spend money we do not have. He remembers the impact debt has had on the Ottoman Empire and the Ottoman economy, and he thinks that using foreign capital, Turkey would lose some of its independence. To finance his projects, he decided to create several banks, such as Sumer Bank and Eti Bank sponsored by the Merkez Bankasi (Central Bank-1930). These banks draining capital to implement economic development plans. Through these funding sources, thousands of kilometers of roads were built and hundreds of bridges, a railway network is created, thereby opening up the Anatolia to access a homogeneous economic development. The agriculture is upgraded, the farmers have more resources and agricultural tools, their farms are becoming larger and cleaner. And for the first time in their history, they can save for the future of their children. Undertakes the Kemalist government with the help of the USSR significant industrialization plans. Dozens of power plants are well built for the fledgling industry. Dozens of factories sugar and cement are created. Followed by glass factories and ceramics , the smelters , and steel mills and chemical plants. In the early 1930s, the abstention increases in Turkey. Indeed, the people can not express themselves freely abstained. Mustafa Kemal feeling that he, the party and parliament will gradually cut the people decided to create an opposition party from scratch. This party must be both independent and docile, it must be critical without undermining the prestige of the president. The Liberal Republican Party and put in place for elections in August 1930. His friend Fethi Okyar becomes party president. He is joined by a dozen former members among them with Adnan Menderes and Makbule Atadan, sister of Mustafa Kemal. The latter takes care to explain what he expects to Fethi him, especially the attacks against his government and entrusted him with "I do not want to die before he had seen in Turkey, the loss of personal power . I want the Republic to become fully democratic " . With the support of Mustafa Kemal and Fethi comes to the district of Izmir and there is a meeting where he attacks the government. But pistol shots are fired, the panic caused one death, the police intervened, dispersed the audience and stops all the leaders of the new party. Mustafa Kemal himself must intervene to free Fethi and opponents and he ordered the police to protect the meetings now. A few days later, Fethi mounted the rostrum of the National Assembly and criticizes the economic policies of Ismet Inonu. But a fight broke out soon in the Assembly among members of both parties, Mustafa Kemal was forced to evacuate the room. In his work of "democratization" of Turkey, he decided to remove the censorship suffered by the press. Freedom of expression will allow journalists to criticize strongly Kemal and his policy through articles or cartoons. Some monarchists , ex of Union and Progress and the Communist Fethi gather around to criticize the government. Meanwhile, a strike led by communists key Izmir and riots erupt in Kurdistan. Mustafa Kemal decided to dissolve the party November 17, 1930 following the events of Izmir End of multiparty provisional In spring 1932, Mustafa Kemal said: For the 1932 elections, he decided to return to the previous electoral system, only the Republican People's Party has the right to nominate candidates. But he tries to rejuvenate the party, and have it join the men and women of modest origins, peasants in particular. To get an opposition in parliament, he identifies twelve independent members whose mission is to criticize government action. Kemal realizes that the reforms implemented by his government are not popular. The system decides to throw in another context, from the reformist framework to a revolutionary framework. To do this, several delegations are sent to Italy fascist and Soviet Union to study the motivation for these two revolutions. Under this dual influence, the Kemalist regime is moving towards a policy of mobilizing the masses to a single party, creating homes of people whose mission is to spread party propaganda. Turkish youth is transformed into a spearhead of the Kemalist revolution through youth associations official. However, the Kemalist regime did not really turn into fascist regime, and even less communist regime . The model is that of an authoritarian modernization of the country, without ideological reference only. Internationally, Turkey is closer to the Iran of Shah Reza Pahlavi and the Afghanistan who saw with admiration the reforms of Atatrk. Reza Pahlavi will try to lead a revolution comparable to the Kemalist revolution in his country. Moreover, Atatrk, against the Soviet Union, based on the semi-liberal policy led by Celal Bayar and his advisor Hirsch. Against the Nazis , he is reconciled with the Greece of Venizelos - Ataturk who propose the election of Nobel Prize for Peace in the late 1930s - and France. It is also close to the Yugoslavia and Romania. When a great journalist Austrian , Emil Ludwig brings him in 1935 that Mussolini had much sympathy for him, Atatrk became angry and processes the Italian head of government of "Hyena" because of the Ethiopian war. Mustafa Kemal's time to pronounce many words that have become famous: one depicting the War of Independence and the founding of the Republic (nutuk) 15 and 20 November 1927 and his speech in the 10th year October 29, 1933. Faced with riots in some cities as Thrace Edirne, Tekirda, Krklareli and the Jewish community to anakkale, Mustafa Kemal intervenes vigorously and ordered that the order be restored soon. Seeing these anti-Jewish riots the direct influence of German secret agents, he indicated that anti-Semitism will never be tolerated in Turkey. Indeed it was he who opened the door in 1933 to 150 German academics of Jewish origin, who had lost their jobs in Germany, offering to settle and work in Turkey. These academics have largely contributed to the university reform of 1933 which allowed the establishment of the Istanbul University. According to the law on family names, the parliament gave the 24 November 1934 Kemal Mustafa Kamal's surname (which means fortress) which means not "father of the Turks" but rather "Turkish ancestor" "Father Turk", so he abandoned the name Mustafa Kemal Ataturk to be named. The Turkish people will follow suit by taking also family names. In the aftermath, the government renamed the main cities of Turkey, Ankara is Ankara, Izmir is Smyrna, etc.. Ataturk was never much cared about his health. It does not take seriously the recommendations of his doctors advised him to rest. So after the Battle of the Dardanelles he was forced to spend part of 1918 at a hospital in Vienna to undergo treatment due to kidney problems. In 1927 he was the victim of several coronary spasms. Later his kidney problems are catching up, and he decides to continue working during his treatment, what doctors have advised him to do. He undertook trips to distant countries, even though his relatives asked him to stay to avoid damaging their health. Following a major trip to Adana his health deteriorates. On 6 September 1938 he wrote his will in which he states: He died of cirrhosis November 10, 1938 at 9:05 am in the Dolmabahce Palace in Istanbul. His last words were bye before plunging into a deep coma. He is buried at the Ethnographic Museum of Ankara 21 November 1938. The Heads of State around the world come to pay their respects at his funeral. Since November 10, 1953, his body lies at the Antkabir in Ankara. To start, Mustafa Kemal did vote in the National Assembly abolished the monarchy and expelled the last Ottoman Sultan Mehmed VI on November 1, 1922. Caliph is the title given by the National Assembly Abdulmedjid, the eldest of the Ottoman house. But the most significant reform of Mustafa Kemal was the establishment of the Turkish Republic on 29 October 1923 , giving the Turkish nation the right to exercise popular sovereignty through representative democracy. For the new republic hatched, Mustafa Kemal abolished the Caliphate, which is held by the Ottoman sultans since the incorporation of Egypt to the Ottoman Empire in 1517, the 3 March 1924. That same day, members of the Ottoman house were deprived of Turkish citizenship and deported. Mustafa Kemal considers the wearing of the fez , the Sultan Mahmud II had built in dress code of the Ottoman Empire in 1826, as a symbol of feudal and finally prohibited the Turks who are encouraged to wear hats. He asked the Turks to adopt European dress code also. Mustafa Kemal does not prohibit the wearing of the hijab , fearing a civil war , but the port is prohibited officials , and is strongly discouraged in public life. It also prohibits music and bellydance. And from 1934 , the radio emits more than Western music. It promotes the development of Western culture and invests in opera, ballet and classical music. After the abolition of the caliphate, he brought to Turkey a panel of Western jurists. He takes their advice on the German Commercial Code, the Italian penal code, and the Swiss Civil Code, with certain modifications or adaptations. The polygamy is forbidden, men and women are equal in rights and become Turkish citizens before the law as a free citizen of Switzerland. In 1926, the Muslim calendar is replaced by the Gregorian calendar. In 1928 the government decreed that the Arabic alphabet will be replaced by the Latin alphabet with special letters "G G S S " This reform is known as the . The change of alphabet would take several years depending on the advice of linguists and scholars, but Mustafa Kemal decided that the change will occur in three months or will never happen. All Turks aged 6 to 40 years and must return to school to learn the new alphabet. He taught the Latin alphabet for the first time in Sinop. This change is enormous symbol of the will to leave the Arab-Muslim cultural sphere then replaced by Western culture. Primary school is compulsory, and new schools are opened throughout the country. The school became a mixed, secular and republican on the French model of Jules Ferry. Schooling for girls is set as a national priority. In 1934, he promulgated a law forcing the Turks to adopt a surname. The Turkish Grand National Assembly gave him the opportunity to name Ataturk, or father of the nation. Seeking to limit the influence of Islam on the Turkish political and cultural institutions, he decided to remove the caliphate on 3 March 1924 , responsible to him slowing the development of Turkey. It adopts the system of French secularism , religion is not disputed, but it is limited to the strictly private sphere. Following the secularization and westernization of the country imposed by Mustafa Kemal, the problem of religious and cultural minorities is raised, particularly that of the Kurdish community. The government's desire is to have a Kemalist Turkey homogeneous ethnically and religiously. Mustafa Kemal saw the addition of different nationalities in Turkey as a weakness, which could be used by the Europeans and especially the British to divide and destroy Turkey. The Kurds are Muslims, without being Semites. They are not Arabs, so that Turkey says it is "authentically Turkish people." The desire is to assimilate to the majority group. Nevertheless, the Kurds have claims nationalists and separatists, and their language in fact belongs to the group of Indo-European (Iranian family). The problem becomes even more complex by the Turkish claims on vilayets of Mosul and Kirkuk , two regions rich in oil and Iraq with a majority of Kurds and Turkmen. These are in a state of permanent insurrection in 1921. As part of the assimilation Kurdish government of Kemal vote in 1924 a law that prohibits the use of Kurdish in written publications and in schools. A large Kurdish revolt led by Sheikh Saeed broke then. Kurdish tribes attacked Elazig , Maras and Bitlis and openly support the old regime of the Sultan (who had signed the Treaty of Sevres , which guaranteed the Kurdish autonomy) against the Republic. The revolt was backed by secret societies and Islamic major newspapers. For their part, to prevent the annexation of Mosul and Kirkuk to Turkey, the United Kingdom encouraged the Kurdish rebels to revolt and provides them with weapons and subsidies. Mustafa Kemal decided to send nine divisions in Anatolia by ordering his soldiers to quell the insurgents. It creates so-called independence of courts martial and imprison all Kurds convicted of "undermining the internal security of the state." Forty-six ringleaders were hanged in the main square of Diyarbakir. The purpose of the Ankara government is to make them examples and to deter further use of the Kurds to revolt. He decided at the same time to remove and traught dervicheries, religious sects, monasteries and confraternities to it accuses of supporting the Kurdish nationalists. The revolt was suppressed but Turkey finally recognize the authority of Iraq in Mosul in June 1926 . In 1930 the revolt broke out again and the Turkish army mobilized nearly 70 000 men and 100 planes to quell the rebellion . In 1932 , martial law is declared in the Kurdish territory, deportation and dispersal of a portion of its population in eastern Anatolia is organized. On 14 June 1934 a law known as "Law No. 2510" promulgated among other population movements towards the assimilation of the Kurdish population . The Kurdish population opposes and other uprisings erupt, especially in 1937-1938 in Dersim with the leader Seyid Riza , and others that extend to Iraqi Kurdistan. In a speech held on 1 November 1936 , Mustafa Kemal recognizes that the Kurdish problem is one of the most serious internal problems of Turkey . Mustafa Kemal knows the French , the English and German and is passionate about the French Revolution and the ideas of the Enlightenment. It is partly on these principles that has built the Turkish Republic. During his youth, Kemal has a very free lifestyle. During his leave, he happens to go in European neighborhoods known for their theaters, their bars and brothels. At the end of his military studies, he spent his life at the front, then he shares his life between Turkish and foreign masters. He meets a young Bulgarian , Dimitrina, with whom he plans to marry. His father was the minister of a country potentially enemy, he prefers to stop the relationship. During the liberation war, he attended Fikriye, a distant cousin who is suicide a few years later upon learning of the marriage with Kemal Latif. On 29 January 1923 , he married Latif Uaklgil accompanying him on his tours in the country. This marriage lasted until 5 August 1925. He married an ideal, he sees his wife Latif model of the Turkish woman. It takes seven daughters, all adults, historian Afet Inan , the first woman fighter pilot in the world Sabiha Gokcen , Fikriye, lk Adatepe, Nebil, Rukiye and Zehra. For the historian Alexander Jevakhoff French, this choice was one of a kind of political marketing, his daughters who occupied prestigious positions should give the world a modern, emancipated Turkish women, and should also encourage women to Turkish follow this path. It also adopts a young boy, Mustafa and he took two boys under his protection, and Abdurrahim hsan. More that Mustafa Kemal himself, is his successor smet nn , who strongly encouraged a cult of personality post mortem, a cult which has survived to this day: the portrait of Atatrk is everywhere, in all public administration offices, classrooms, on all banknotes and homes of many Turkish families who consider him a national hero. Law No. 5816, adopted July 25, 1951, stipulates that "Anyone who publicly insults or curses the memory of Atatrk was incarcerated with a heavy sentence of between one and three years." Aggravated sentence if the libel was amended by the press. Under these conditions it is understood that the memory of the great man is always honored. Many places are named as the international airport of Istanbul and the Ataturk Olympic Stadium in the same city. One or more statues of Ataturk are found in most cities of Turkey. The first statue erected in his name in 1926 and is Sarayburnu in the city of Istanbul. Each school yard in Turkey has a bust of Ataturk. Every year at the exact moment of death, that is to say 10 November 05 at 9 am, the sirens will sound throughout the country, two minutes of silence were observed, broadcasting is interrupted for two minutes. Flags are flown at half mast for the day. Previously, the demonstration of grief was more marked, black newspapers had titles, movie theaters, restaurants were closed that day. These practices were discontinued in 1989, to focus on commemoration rather than mourning. The vast majority of political parties claim to the Kemalist legacy, however, were quickly pushed the extremists tried to challenge the myth: in this sense it is a historic wall which proved effective against extremist excesses. For Alexandre Adler , Atatrk had only one goal: The course Kemal this singularity that relies heavily on the army as an instrument in the service of higher goals: secularism, democracy, political stability, role of women in society ... His example will profoundly influence the culture Turkish army which will take place several times during periods of political instability and eventually return authority to the institutions once the crisis passed, while in other circumstances would have installed dictators. Worldwide, Atatrk has influenced many head of state and nationalist leaders. In Morocco the independence revolution of Abdelkrim (first war of decolonization of the twentieth century ) were held in the same period as the Kemalist revolution. Abdelkrim therefore followed with interest the developments in Turkey and has inspired some ideas to lead the ephemeral Kemalist Republic of the Rif (1920-1926). Later the left nationalists such Abderrahim Bouabid and Mehdi Ben Barka and the party of independence and democracy of Mohamed Hassan El Ouazzani take Kemalism as an example to establish a social project in Morocco. Mustafa Kemal has also had an influence on the nationalist leaders, like the nationalist Algerian Messali Hajj , who said: The fighter FLN Ferhat Abbas was also inspired by the work of Mustafa Kemal to write the manifesto of 12 February 1943. He had also taken the pseudonym the name of Kemal Abencerages. He also served as a model Husni al-Zaim in Syria . The independence of India Jawaharlal Nehru admired Mustafa Kemal also: Mustafa Kemal has generally encouraged the peoples of the Third World to take their independence and take control. Turkish Battle of Tobruk
Balkan Wars
First World War
Battle of the Dardanelles
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On the Syrian-Palestinian front
The End of Empire
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Treaty of Svres
Greco-Turkish War
Population displacement
Mustafa Kemal, prsident de la rpublique
The Kemalist Turkey
Opposition docile
A real opposition
Health Problems
Major reforms to the secularization
The Republic of Turkey
The Kurdish question
Privacy
Inheritance
The President of Tunisia Bourguiba did not hide his admiration for Kemalism and the reforms he has introduced in Tunisia are comparable to the Kemalist reforms.
The Shah of Iran , Reza Pahlavi , and the head of state of Afghanistan , Mohammed Zahir Shah , were directly inspired by Kemalism to carry out reforms in their countries. References
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