Home  ›  Mughal

Mughal

Economics

The Mughals used the system mansabdar , or officer appointed to raise the income of the land. The emperor gave the mansabdar income in exchange for availability of soldiers in wartime. The number of soldiers was promised to the size of the land granted by the emperor. The mansab was revocable and non-hereditary, which gave greater control to the emperors.

The politico-legal organization of the empire

See also Law in India

The Mughal Empire was predominantly Muslim. When Babur founded the Empire, he insisted on his legacy more Turkish than his religion. Under the reign of Akbar , the jizya , the tax on non- Muslims , traditional dominance in the Islamic world, is abandoned, and the Islamic calendar gave way to a lunar solar calendar more useful for agriculture. However, the importance of Islam will change according to the emperors ( Aurangzeb as a Muslim leader was very strict, which restores the jizya ). The area of influence of Hindu law declined, while new converts to Islam live under the Muslim law. The imperial courts applied to Hindu law Hindu subjects. At the same time, the law breaks down by territories ). The role of Ulema - Sufi (both are inseparable, so ), recruited from the Muslim upper classes (the ashraf (in) , the "noble" or deemed foreign ), remains limited: their function is state restricted "to the administration of religion and this limited field of justice which was governed by Islamic law" . As Sufis, they legitimize the Mughal rulers, providing the Hindu population that they were blessed, and the Sufi Chishtiyya very Indianized, plays an important role in this regard . The rulers themselves were rather original Turko-Mongol and Afghan .

Emperor Akbar (1542-1605) promotes religious syncretism, the Din-i-Ilahi , which leads to a great religious tolerance, and reform of both the Muslim law and Hindu law.

Noble class, the ulema-sufis cared little about the lower castes. For them, religious experts were fakirs , affiliated with heterodox Sufi orders (be-shar ') . Until 1818 , the clerics have little interest in converting low-caste .

In addition, the apostasy , as the Hindu right, led to the waiver to any right of inheritance , which crippled heavily conversions to Islam . In general, the Mughal emperors, at least until Jahangir (1569-1627) showed a significant religious tolerance, which has been criticized by the Jesuit .

Imbued with syncretism , Emperor Akbar (1542-1605) goes so far to promote Tauhid-i Ilahi (Divine Monotheism), leading some to take to apostate . For Gaborieau (1989), it accounts for function instead of a Sufi, as Jahangir will take to the cleric . Akbar finally declare himself infallible ' , moreover, it eliminates the jizya ; forbids forced conversion and circumcision without consent before age 12 years , and discourage early marriage .

A number of Muslims during the reign Mughal, converted to Hinduism , as well as Sikhism . Guru Arjan and his successor, Guru Hargobind ( sixteenth century and seventeenth century ), succeeded converting many Muslims, arousing the anger of Jahangir (1569-1627) . In his autobiography, Jahangir said that places of Hindu pilgrimage Mathura and Kangra attracted a significant number of Muslims .

In terms of legal organization, the Mughals had established the system of zamindar (in) , which was later taken over by the British. They reinforced the Hindu law, including against violations committed by Europeans . However, several attempts were made to ban sati (immolation by fire): the second Mughal emperor, Humayun (1508-1556), the forbidden then retracted, followed by Aurangzeb in 1663 .

After the breakup of the Mughal Empire in 1707, which breaks up under the Muslim invasions ( Iranians and Afghans ) and Hindu ( Maratha ), there has, during the XVIII century and XIX century , a period of economic expansion and renewal of Sufism , as well as legal and political thought . The ijtihad (interpretation) is reopened , with a strong interest in Gazal ( XI century ) and Ibn Tamiyya ( XIII century ) , akin to the law school Hanbali. Trade with Mecca and schools Yemen are increasing ( Shah Wali Allah (en) , religious reformer, was one of many pilgrims, students make the hajj ).

Timurid India

The great Mughal emperors are the first six of the dynasty, Babur (1526-1530), Humayun (1530-1556), Akbar (1556-1605), Jahangir (1605-1627), Shah Jahan (1627-1658) and Aurangzeb ( 1658-1707).

Mughal Empire

Delhi Sultanate
1526 - 1857
British Raj
Flag of the Mughal Empire.svg
Flag
Mughal expansion in India.
Mughal expansion in India.
Indian World Series History
This article is part of the series
History of India
Periods
Ancient India
Delhi Sultanate
Mughals
Maratha Period
British India
British Raj
From 1947 to Today
See also
History of Bangladesh
History of Bhutan
History of Maldives
History of Nepal
History of Pakistan
History of Sri Lanka
Related Articles
Indian languages
Religions of India
Meta
World Indian Portal
Alphabetical Index
Thematic Index

Great Mughals

In 1526 , Babur defeated the Lodi and killed Ibrahim Lodi at the First Battle of Panipat. This event marks the foundation of the Mughal Empire and the beginning of the reign of Babur. In 1529 , it conquers Bengal to Gaghra.

In 1530 , Humayun succeeds Babur. He inherited an empire that his father has not had time to organize, and is sandwiched between two generals on the rise: Bahadur Shah in Gujarat, and Sher Shah Suri in Bihar. In 1531 , Diu was bombed by the Portuguese fleet, then conquered and fortified by them. He founded a new city at Delhi. In 1534 , Sher Shah Suri is victorious in Bengal. Humayun catches up, and besieged for six months at Fort Chunar in 1537. But Sher Shah had escaped him, Humayun, instead of pursuing him, decides to seize Bengal. Sher Shah cuts his way back and defeated, 26 June 1539 , at the Battle of Chansa. Humayun was forced to flee to Agra , accompanied by only a few faithful. He loses another battle against the Afghans, Kanauj in 1540 , and fled to the Punjab and in Sindh, exile first in Afghanistan and then in 1544 in Persia. In 1554 , he joined in Peshawar in 1555 , he held Lahore , then Dipalpur. The same year, the Battle of Macchiwara against the Afghans, dedicated his victory. In July, Humayun finally enters Delhi: he regained his throne, after fifteen years of exile.

Humayun refers to his exile in Persia, imperial art gasoline and Persian as official language, which will be spoken at court until 1857. At the same time, the Hindi spoken by the people of color connotations Perso-Arabic. It appears in this form in military camps (Turkish urd) of the Deccan sultanates to as Hindustani or urd.

In 1556 , Akbar succeeded his father. It is then aged fourteen, and his guardian Bairam Khan will ensure his regency. With his help and that of his troops, Akbar won the same year, the Battle of Panipat on Afghans in Bihar. In 1560 , Akbar captured the Malwa. He married the Hindu princess of Amber in 1562. It removes the jizya - the tax on non-religious Muslims - in 1564. The following year, Muslim leaders Deccan - Ahmadnagar , Bijapur Bidar and Golkonda - defeated and destroyed at the Battle of Talikota , the kingdom of Vijayanagar. In the fall of Chittor in 1568 , thirty thousand Rajput were massacred. Akbar expanded his empire by the conquest of Gujarat in 1573 , from Bengal in 1576 , Sindh in 1590 , of Orissa in 1592 , and Baluchistan in 1594. In 1585, upon the death of his brother Hakim, King of Kabul , he inherited the Kashmir. He then launched himself at the conquest of southern India.

In 1571 , the Emperor founded Fatehpur Sikri and made it his capital. In 1581 , Akbar promulgated the Din-i-Ilahi , or "religion of enlightenment", a syncretism unifying the Koran , the Bible texts and Hindu. 1604 is the year compiling the Adi Granth , the holy book of Sikhs by Guru Arjun Dev.

In 1605 , Jahangir succeeded his father. Under his reign, the empire is at war, so as to continue its expansion. The most serious enemy of Jahangir is Amar Singh , the Rana of Mewar , who finally capitulated in 1613 before the forces of Khurram , the future Shah Jahan. North-east, facing the Ahoms Mughals, whose guerrilla tactics puts them into trouble. In North India, under the command of Khurram, they defeated the Raja of Kangra in 1615. In the Deccan, his victories can consolidate the empire. Art, literature, and architecture flourish during his reign, he began his memoirs, Jahangir Nama and built gardens in Srinagar.

In 1627 , Shah Jahan succeeded his father, then in 1628 , is proclaimed emperor. In 1631 , following the death of Mumtaz Mahal , wife of Shah Jahan, the construction of the Taj Mahal is undertaken.

Between 1630 and 1632 , one of the worst famines ever known in India has occurred, it has affected the region of Deccan and Gujarat , and is due to delayed monsoon and would have driven the death of nearly 2,000,000 Indians , ,

The Mughals invaded Bijapur in 1632 , then the next year, seized Daulatabad. In 1635 , Shah Jahan beats Bundela and captured the fortress of Orchha. In 1646 , the chief Maratha Shivaji Bhonsle capturing Torna, near Poona ; Javli then, in 1656. The Mughals attacked Hyderabad and Golconda. In 1657 , Aurangzeb seized Bijapur , Bidar and Kalyani , but Shivaji Bhonsle is engaged in raids on Ahmadnagar and Junnar.

In 1658 , Aurangzeb appointed Viceroy of the Deccan from 1636 , imprisoned his father Shah Jahan in the Red Fort of Agra and took power. It extends the boundaries of the Empire as well to the east, by subjecting the Assam and seizing the port of Chittagong , to the west - where he will exercise some control of Afghanistan - and southern Deccan , where the states of Thanjavur and Tiruchirapalli become his tributaries. But his empire knows no peace. In 1669 , Aurangzeb takes a break with his predecessors, a policy of prohibition of religion Hindu and destruction of Hindu temples, restored the jizya in 1679 ; revolts due to his religious intransigence succeed endless Jats of Mathura, Bundela , Patiala Sikhs led by Guru Gobind Singh, Shivaji Maratha united by ... all they have worked to build the empire Marathi , opposing the Mughal power. In 1707 , with the death of Aurangzeb, the last great Mughal disappears.

Decline of the Empire

The other rulers of this dynasty, called simply "Mughal", are:

The beginnings of the colonization of India

In 1578 , Antonio Cabral is with the Portuguese ambassador to Akbar. The Jesuits in Goa are on a mission to Akbar in 1580. In 1597 , Philip II of Spain is named king of Ceylon. Three years later, in 1600 , Elizabeth I of England granted a charter to the British East India Company , a move followed by the Dutch who founded the Dutch East India Company in 1602. In 1603 , John Mildenhall , the representative of the British East India Company arrived in Agra but gets no concession before 1608.

  • 1609 : The Dutch founded a trading post at Pulicat.
  • 1611 : The Dutch founded a trading post at Masulipattanam.
  • 1612 : The British founded a trading post at Surat after defeating the Portuguese fleet.
  • 1616 : The Dutch opened a trading post at Surat
  • 1639 : The English founded Fort St. George, originally from Madras.
  • 1640 : Top trips Jean-Baptiste Tavernier in India. (Completed in 1667 )

The Sultan of Golconda Golden Firman grants to the British East India Company in 1632.

References

  1. David Annoussamy, Indian law in motion, Society of Comparative Legislation, 2001, chap. III, "The consolidation in modern India, 41-53
  2. a , b , c , d , e , f , g , h , i , j , k , l and m Marc Gaborieau. "The ulema / Sufis in Mughal India: Historical Anthropology of Muslim clerics," in Annales. Economies, Societies and Civilizations , 1989, No. 5, pp. 1185-1204. See also

    External Links


Leave a Reply

0 vote, average: 0.00 out of 50 vote, average: 0.00 out of 50 vote, average: 0.00 out of 51 vote, average: 0.00 out of 50 votes, average: 0.00 out of 5 (0 votes, average: 0.00 out of 5, rated)
Loading ... Loading ...
Help us improve the wiki Send Your Comments