Mouridisme

The only known photograph of Ahmadou Bamba

The Brotherhood is an important Mourides brotherhood presents particularly Senegal and Gambia. Founded in the early ^twentieth century by Sheikh Ahmadou Bamba , the Mourides now form the Brotherhood of Senegal's most influential, if not of West Africa .

Murid tradition (or mouridisme) is heavily based in the African culture and specifically Wolof. The importance given to work by mouridisme allowed the Brotherhood to properly establish themselves economically in Africa and also to enjoy broad representation in major cities in Europe and the United States. Today, almost every major city in North deployed where the immigration has a Senegalese Keur Serigne Touba ("the home of the Master of Touba). It is a seat for the community that hosts meetings and prayers while serving as a temporary residence for new arrivals. They make a pilgrimage annually in the holy city of Touba , in central Senegal. The Magal is a festival that coincides each year with the celebration of the exile in 1895 of Sheikh Ahmadou Bamba's an authority colonial.

The term derives from the verb Irada murid and murine meaning "will", "aspire to", as heard on the quest for the approval of God and explains the veneration of adherents to the marabout ^{Theology and internal organization}

Mouridism was founded by Sheikh Ahmadou Bamba (1853-1927), a mystic whose appearance took place in a social context disrupted in Senegal, where colonization had greatly disturbed the social equilibrium. To reform the Senegalese society, Sheikh Ahmadou Bamba orthodoxy advocated against the teachings of the Koran and the traditions of Prophet Muhammad , the attachment to the precepts of Sufism and enhancement of science and work.

This assertion is based on a hadith that implies that God sends a Revificateur of Muslim orthodoxy supposed to be the spiritual heir of the Prophet ( Qutb or "center of holiness") every hundred years. Bamba would be elected from these ...

The theology of Mourides is affected by the brotherhoods Qadiriyya and Tidjane but also the work of Al-Ghazali , widely quoted by Bamba. Some Muslims "orthodox" view with extreme devotion Ahmadou Bamba and his lineage of successors as a form of idolatry

According to Emmanuel Brisson, the Brotherhood is "organized under a structure described by some as feudal, it is based on total obedience to spiritual authority, the caliph, a direct descendant of the founder" .

History of the movement

Faced with the colonial administration as his popularity began to worry, Sheikh Ahmadou Bamba was successively deported to Gabon (Equatorial Africa) from 1895 to 1902, in Mauritania from 1902 to 1907, then held under house arrest in Senegal until his death in 1927.

Since the demise of Sheikh in 1927, the " caliphs "are his son, that run from the oldest to youngest:

1. Serigne Muhammadu Mustapha Mbacke, from 1927 to 1945
2. Serigne Mbacke Fallou from 1945 to 1968
3. Serigne Abdul Ahad Mbacke , from 1968 to 1989
4. Serigne Abdou Mbacke Khadre , Caliph for 11 months from 1989 to 1990
5. Serigne Saliou Mbacke (born 1915 ), caliph since 1990, died the night of 28 to 29 December 2007
6. Serigne Lamine Bara ibn Muhammadu Mouhamadou Fadilou M'Backe since December 30, 2007, died June 30, 2010 .
7. Serigne Cheikh Mbacke Maty Leye since 1 July 2010 .

After the death of Serigne Saliou Mbacke, son of the last caliph Serigne Touba is the assumption of small-son of Serigne Touba in general Mourides caliphate. Serigne Bara Mbacke was the eldest grand-son, Serigne Muhammadu Lamine Bara Mbacke Fallilou said El Hadji Bara. The current Caliph was born in 1923 in Mbacke Cadior until his enthronement, he was Bara Mbacke Serigne Khalif, son of Serigne Touba and namesake of the deceased caliph.

Under the governance of the movement by Amadou Bamba made some disciples were to be appointed Sheikh and were given the direction of a part of the community. This was the case for example Mame Cheikh Mame Thierno and when he was exiled by the French colonists. But this process of delegation faded in 1912, the year was spent last Cheikh Sylla, who was at Madiba Diourbel. Except Bthio Thioune appointed by Saliou in 1987. This sacrament has created controversy within the clergy murid.

Political influence and economic

The brotherhood of the Mourides is expanding and has a strong influence on the policy of Senegal . It gives instructions to vote, and its spiritual leader is viewed by politicians of all stripes .

Level economic and social , "they provide housing, food and intellectual learning-by-Koranic teaching the poorest children or children" lost ". They also have detractors, who accuse them their irrigation, intensive crops, and their welfare. (...) The Brotherhood is endowed with enormous wealth from just culture, primarily of the peanut. "(Brisson, 2008 )

Diaspora in Paris and New York, which considers money as a saint, having come from labor and trade, are sending important to their brethren of Touba.

The caliphs Mourides are generally very influential because they are not only the spiritual leaders of followers estimated 3-5000000, but also de facto temporal leaders of the city of Touba , the spiritual capital of Mouride become gradually Senegal's second city because of its demographic and economic weight.

Other son or grand-son of Bamba have been as influential as the caliphs, although they had not acceded to the caliphate. This is the case:

• Sheikh Ahmadou Mbacke Gand Fatma, known for his commitment to education and socio-economic conditions of the masses, as well as its influence on African political leaders involved, he died in 1978;
• Sheikh Mourtada Mbacke Mouhamadou, "the marabout in the Diaspora", also known for having initiated numerous volunteer school structures across Senegal, he died in 2004. Currently, his son and successor Mam Mor Mbacke Serigne is trying to perpetuate his work by adding other new structures in accordance with its progressive vision of modernity. Mouridisme with him through an important phase in the diaspora.

Heterodoxy

One of the most famous disciples was Bamba Ibrahima Fall. He threw a living community called the Baye Fall who replaces the manual labor, begging and devotion to piety as usual practice of prayer and fasting , which earned them a lot of criticism from other Muslims. Because of their dreadlocks , the Baye Fall are often confounded by the tourists with the Rastas ^Notes

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