Monotheistic
Monotheism (from Greek "only, unique" and "god") is a religion that affirms the existence of God and unique transcendence of God, creator of the world.
Exclusive in this sense, the history of religion follows a precise definition. "There is the history of religions that four major monotheistic religions: Judaism, the religion of Zarathustra (Zoroastrianism), Christianity and Islam and collapses after the disbanding of the pharaoh. It has long wanted to draw the origin of monotheism Bible , which is disputed by modern historians : Jewish monotheism appears that eight centuries later and is its exclusive form present only during the Sixth century BC. AD , the return of the Jewish people from the Babylonian exile , .
When one accepts the coexistence monotheism with polytheism or designs his national deity , as simply superior to others, we speak rather of " monolatry "or" henotheism " .
Summary |
Etymology
The term "monotheism" is relatively new even though it may seem obvious today, for a concept that remains "difficult to believe" .
The term " polytheism "appeared for the first time in the first century in the Jewish philosopher Philo of Alexandria to mark the difference between the Biblical message and Greek doxa polutheia. The term "monotheism", itself, appears likely in the seventeenth century to refer to two concepts which include two opposing ways. Some commentators use to describe the then Judaism and Christianity and thus affirm the moral and spiritual superiority of specific religions vis--vis other ancient beliefs, exclusively. But in rural deists , it means the universal religion of humanity in a sense inclusive considers all men to worship a deity even unknowingly .
This antagonism inclusive / exclusive of the concept of monotheism is already in the biblical texts . These texts, they must be read correctly as documents monotheistic are nonetheless carry traces of their polytheistic incorporated by editors that prevent against polytheism and monotheism in a Manichean as this was long the standard, according to the radicalization of the opposition to the polytheism of the three religions of the Book .
The idea of one God
For Mireille Hadas-Lebel , the idea of one God, creator of both, merciful and almighty, was made after a slow evolution in the case of Jewish monotheism, which was in contact with cultures and 'polytheistic empires . Mentioning in this regard Marcel Gauchet , historian stresses the need for "extraterritoriality" for religious Jewish people: it can then get rid of imperial power and the "cult of powerful rulers easily deified by their subjects." The only God, transcendent, becomes "a sovereign invisible yet more powerful."
monolatry
The history of biblical monotheism is not a linear story but rather a process of maturation is the result of a sum of influences, traditions and events that will lead to the development of the expression of original monotheistic faith regional . The first commandment of the Decalogue which is based on monotheism of Jews and Christians is the formulation of a more monolatry , since it does not teach none of the other gods, or even implied by their very existence , This is not the case with Islam Shahada begins with the denial of any form of deity and then assert the mere existence of God.
A first Yahwism monolatry could go back to the Exodus from Egypt but it is unclear how the god Yahweh became the national god of the two kingdoms of Judah and Israel . Lord takes many forms, functions and attributes: he is revered as a god of the storm through a statue in the temples of bovine Bethel and Samaria while in Jerusalem, he is revered as a god instead of such as the solar-Tahv Tsebaot .
At the time of the two kingdoms, the Lord is probably not the one God to the Hebrews. A poem of Deuteronomy as a portion of the Book of Micah attest to this form of monolatry polytheistic in which each people has its own national God recognizing the gods of neighboring peoples. It is a tradition monolatry quite similar to Judaism Yahwist this period in the kingdom of Moab across the god Chemosh , such as competition between the popular god Baal and Yahweh could explain the virulence of the Old Testament texts against the first. The national god Yahweh is thus to be considered at the time of the Israelite monarchy - between the tenth century BC. BC and the seventh century BC. AD - as a deity for the safety and fertility to his people through the king .
Moreover, some epigraphic evidence suggests that Yahweh was honored with perhaps a goddess consort original Ugaritic named Asherah but no one knows for sure - the researchers are still debating - if it is this goddess or attribute, the biblical Asherah also designates a sacred tree .
To the one God
The Deuteronomic text does not deny other gods, mentioned above, seems to have been written around 622 BC. BC when King Josiah heard how the Lord the only God of Judah and prevent it from being venerated in various events such as this seems to be the case in Samaria or Teman , the idea of Jerusalem is the only holy place of the legitimate national deity .
The emergence of Jewish monotheism is solely related to the crisis of the Exile. In 597 BC. AD , the army Babylonian defeated the Kingdom of Judah , occupied and deported to exile in Babylon 's royal family, the intelligentsia and upper classes. Ten years later, the Babylonians destroyed Jerusalem and its ruined Temple , then follows a second deportation, which seems to leave behind nearly 85% of the population, mostly rural. It is within this elite and its progeny deported found most of the editors of Old Testament texts that will provide the answer to the terrible shock of monotheism and the profound questioning of the official religion engendered by this succession of disasters .
Not only defeat is not due to abandonment by Yahweh, but instead the opportunity to present it as the only God in the stories that intellectuals Judean write then, the destruction of Jerusalem, far be a sign of weakness of Yahweh shows the power of one who has manipulated the Babylonians to punish her kings and people who have broken His commandments. Yahweh is therefore beyond his people, the master of the enemies of Judah .
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Abrahamic religions
The term " Abrahamic religions "is derived religions of revelation to Abraham , who gave birth to Judaism. Two millennia later (according to traditional chronology) was born on Christianity , Jesus is supposed to be the Messiah awaited by the Jews. Then in the seventh century became the Islam that rejects the idea that Jesus may be the son of God but considers him a prophet. The Sikhism is the limit of the Abrahamic faiths in that it is the encounter of Islam and Hinduism.
Judaism, Christianity, Islam and Bahaism in particular are based on the same beliefs, inherited and modified from one religion to the next, translated into different languages, Hebrew , Aramaic , Greek , Latin , Arabic and Persian , on arrival of messiahs and prophets who would be chosen by God to send men to its laws or its messages. Abraham is "the father of all believers" is both the father of:
- Isaac, himself a father of Jacob- Israel , originally from Judaism (developed later by Moses )
- Ishmael , the origin of Islam , revealed to Muhammad , the prophet of God.
Christianity is for Christians the conclusion of Judaism, because they recognize the Messiah in the person of Jesus of Nazareth. Nevertheless, they stand out from the original Jewish messiah considering this as the incarnation of God. They reconcile this interpretation with the requirement of monotheism mentioned among the ten commandments with the doctrine of the Trinity , that there is one God in three persons. The Muslims and Jews see this concept a sprained monotheism.
The Abrahamic monotheistic religions are based on two holy books: the Bible and the Koran. The Tanakh is recognized by the four monotheistic religions, the Christian Bible by Christianity, Islam and the Baha'i faith , the Koran by Islam and the Baha'i faith , the Kitab-i-Aqdas by the Baha'i faith alone. Muslims argue that there was an original Torah and Gospel teaching the absolute oneness of God ( Tawheed ) in the words of the Koran, that is to say that God ( Allah ) is One, He is that no equal, the believers are not children of God but the servants of God . Baha'is believe about themselves that this "falsification" of the Bible is not about the text itself, but the interpretation that made the different religious currents, and one of the major roles of "Messengers of God" is to explain the earlier texts and correct misconceptions, as explained by Bah'u'llh in the Kitab-i-qn.
This recognition of the same foundational texts for understanding the great similarity of religions and doctrines of the four major monotheistic religions:
- location of the holy places in the Middle East for several thousand years (eg Jerusalem , Mecca , etc..)
- notion of prayer (even if the ritual varies from monotheism to another),
- rite of circumcision (abandoned in Christianity and the Baha'i faith)
- principle of marriage (with different rules according to monotheism),
- funeral rites (funeral)
- places of worship with rabbis, priests and imams (respectively synagogue , church or temple , mosque ). If the Baha'i there are many places of worship called My dh sh riqu'lA kar , there is however no clergy, no priests or monks .
- morals (concepts of good and evil , sin , moral prohibitions and awards)
- Life after death
- resurrection of the body,
- Last Judgement.
Judaism
According to Jewish tradition, monotheism was the first human belief, Adam knew that there was only God. The polytheism would be born two generations later, people praying various "powers" to intercede on their behalf with God, religions prevail then accessories on the main cult.
Abraham rediscovered monotheism (at the age of three years, according to the Midrash ) after realizing that there must be a Supreme Being, and that it does not bother a pantheon. This Being is transcendent, immanent, omnipotent, omniscient, benevolent. God reveals himself to Abraham, contracted a Covenant with him, he renews his son Isaac and his grand-son Jacob.
Later, God sends Moses to tell people that He will get him out of Egypt , according to the Alliance. He introduces himself to the people as one who happens ( Ehye asher Ehye , "I Will that I Will"), that is to say, literally one who is close to His people when He will come out of Egypt. For the Israelites, so it's not only the creator of the world, determining the course of things, the guardian of the natural order, but also providential God who intervenes directly in the course of history.
Monotheism is also one of the Ten Commandments that God instructed Moses to instruct the people;
- ... I am YHWH , your God. Have no other gods before Me. Does not represent a statue carved by an icon or anything in heaven above, in the ground below, and in waters under the earth. Do not bow down Christianity Main article: Christianity.
Christians believe in one God, they maintain the profession of faith that this God is manifested in three persons, or more precisely three hypostasis : God the Father , God the Son and God the Holy Spirit (commonly called the Holy Trinity ).
Islam
Main article: Islam.The Islam religion is a strictly monotheistic God is worshiped without being associated with anything or anyone. No form of worship is devoted to the prophets, angels, the righteous or others because it would be considered shirk ( sin of polytheism ). This monotheism is neither relative or absolute but it is pluralistic in any sense. The Arabic word for monotheism is Tawheed , which means "unity."
The shahada , or Islamic creed, is the declaration of faith in the unity of Allah and belief in the prophetic nature of Muhammad. Its recitation is considered one of the five pillars of Islam by the Sunni. When it is clearly stated aloud that his conditions are met, one who utters it is considered (e) as officially reported to have converted (e) to Islam. Islamic prayer ( salat ), for example, involves an explicit testimony of monotheism. Islam said the "unity of God" as teaching elementary. Furthermore, Islam considers the Christian Trinity as a distortion of the original teaching of Jesus.
Sources of Abrahamic religions
Although the major source of both Christianity as Judaism or the Hebrew Bible, Judaism and Christianity as every culture have been influenced by many non-biblical religions present in Egypt (cult of Amon and Aton) and in Syria . This can be seen in references to the Torah to the culture of Egypt in Genesis and the story of Moses, as well as in the evocation of cultures Hittite and Hurrian from Syria in the history of Abraham. Psychoanalytic Aspects
Freud
According to Sigmund Freud , monotheism is a religion of the superego , as opposed to the polytheistic religions that are different religions with each partial are based on an instinctive impulse born in it. Indeed, monotheism requires the individual a universal notion of good and evil and thus poses a number of prohibitions, resulting in the renunciation impulses that polytheisms sacralization.
In Jung
Carl Gustav Jung , in his book Psychology and Religion, is interested in Christian monotheism and its symbols. He said with regard to analytical psychology that made him famous, trying to enlighten the rites and dogmas of a new interpretation open to a redefinition of the faith.
Bibliography
Books
- Classic texts
- Martin Buber , Moses, Presses Universitaires de France, 1957
- Sigmund Freud , Moses and Monotheism, Gallimard, 1986
- Marthe Robert , From Oedipus to Moses (readings of Freud), Agora / Pocket
- Contemporary Essays
- Jan Assmann , The Price of monotheism, Aubier, Paris, 2007
- Stanislas Breton , Uniqueness and monotheism, Cerf, 1981
- Henry Corbin , The Paradox of Monotheism, L'Herne, Paris, 1981
- Manuel de Diguez , L'Idole monotheistic, PUF , 1981
- Marcel Gauchet , The Disenchantment of the world. A political history of religion, Gallimard, 1985
- Rene Girard , Andr Gounelle and Alain Houze , God, an invention?, Ed. Workshop, 2007
- Gisel Pierre et Gilles Emery, Christianity Is monotheism?, Proceedings of the 3rd cycle of Systematic Theology Faculty of Theology of Romandie, ed. Labor et Fides , 2001, excerpts online
- Andre Lemaire , The Birth of Monotheism: Point of view of a historian, Bayard, 2003
- Emmanuel Levinas , Of God who comes to mind, Paris, J. Vrin, 1992
- Thomas Rmer , The Horns of Moses: Bringing the Bible in history, Thomas Rmer inaugural lecture at the College de France , February 5, 2009, Fayard, 2009
Articles
- (En), (en) "interreligious dialogue and relationship Jesuit," The Christian faith and monotheism radical series of papers presented at meetings of Jesuits among Muslims La Baume, 1 to 6 April 2002, online articles
- Dominic Desroches, "On the closeness of God" on the site Espacestemps.net, October 26, 2009
- Monotheism by Freud
- Birth of Monotheism by Mireille Hadas-Lebel
Conferences
- "The Adventure monotheistic" lecture series including Mireille Hadas-Lebel , Thomas Rmer , Claude Geffr , Malek Chebel , Mohamed Ali A-Moezzi ...
Notes
- a and b Claude Geffr , article in Encyclopaedia Universalis Monotheism, ed. 2010
- The archaeologist Alain Zivie said that radical changes may not have achieved the elite, the royal court and the great temples, "with clear boundaries as well as thematic and conceptual", cf. Alain Zivie, "Akhenaton the elusive", in What the Bible has to Egypt, ed. Bayard / The World of the Bible, 2008, p. 69
- a , b , c and d Mireille Hadas-Lebel , Monotheism and exile of Babylon 5. Monolatry of monotheism?, In Massorti.com, 17/07/2008, online article
- Thomas Rmer , "The monotheistic religions in question", in Survey of God, ed. Bayard / The World of the Bible, 2010, pp. 11-15
- Peter Gibert, "Monotheism is very difficult to believe! "Survey in the one God, ed. Bayard / The World of the Bible, 2010, p. 43.
- Cf Bernhard Lang, "The nostalgia of the old gods," in Survey of God, ed. Bayard / The World of the Bible, 2010, p. 31
- According to Pierre Gibert quoted by Thomas Rmer , "The monotheistic religions in question", in Survey of God, ed. Bayard / The World of the Bible, 2010, p. 16
- Thomas Rmer , "The monotheistic religions in question", in Survey of God, ed. Bayard / The World of the Bible, 2010, pp. 8-9
- Thomas Rmer, "The monotheistic religions in question", in Survey of God, ed. Bayard / The World of the Bible, 2010, pp. 8-9
- Peter Gilbert date the affirmation of a strict monotheism return from the Babylonian exile in the sixth century, even if we find the beginnings in some prophets like Amos and Hosea from the eighth century, cf. Pierre Gibert, "Monotheism is very difficult to believe! "Survey in the one God, ed. Bayard / The World of the Bible, 2010, pp. 43
- Thomas Rmer, "The monotheistic religions in question", op. cit. p. 17
- Peter Gibert, "Monotheism is very difficult to believe! "Survey in the one God, ed. Bayard / The World of the Bible, 2010, p. 41
- Mireille Hadas-Lebel , Monotheism and exile of Babylon 6. Philosophical monotheism, in Massorti.com, 17/07/2008, online article
- a and b Andre Lemaire, "The emergence of monotheism in Israel before the Exile," in Survey of God, ed. Bayard, 2010, pp. 90-101
- Bernard Renaud, "Is this Moses who invented the one god," in Survey of God, ed. Bayard, 2010, p.104
- cf. Ex 20. 3-5
- a , b and c Thomas Rmer, "Yahweh the One," in The World of Religions: 20 keys to understanding God, Occasional Paper No. 11, 09/2009, p.34
- as evidenced 1R 12 , quoted by Thomas Rmer
- Lord of hosts (space) quoted by Thomas Rmer
- Deut 32.8
- Mi 4. 5
- A stele of the king , in the ninth centuryBC. AD / Abbr>, attested, and the Lord as a guardian god of the Jews, cf. Andre Lemaire op.cit. Rmer and Thomas, op.cit.
- Andr Lemaire, "The emergence of monotheism in Israel before the Exile," in Survey of God, ed. Bayard, 2010, p. 101
- as expressed in the opening of the original text
- Thomas Rmer, "Yahweh the One," in The World of Religions: 20 keys to understanding God, Occasional Paper No. 11, 09/2009, p.35
- Thomas Rmer, "Exile in Babylon, the crucible of monotheism," in Survey of God, ed. Bayard, 2010, pp.107-113
- Thomas Rmer, "Yahweh the One," in The World of Religions: 20 keys to understanding God, Occasional Paper No. 11, 09/2009, pp.35-36
- Thomas Rmer, "Yahweh the One," in The World of Religions: 20 keys to understanding God, Occasional Paper No. 11, 09/2009, p.36
- Thomas Rmer, "Exile in Babylon, the crucible of monotheism," in Survey of God, ed. Bayard, 2010, p.111
- It would actually be a semantic shift in the way of a Semitic language to Greek. In Hebrew and Arabic, "servant of God" says YHWH respectively Ebed `and` Abd-Allah, but 'abd and' ebed also bear the notion of children as the word "pais" in Greek also means servant and child. The term "servant of God" has meaning for the Semites in the Bible, it is not Greek, and they chose the direction of a child, then "Son" ("huios" ) when writing the New Testament in Greek, the language that was "common" of antiquity which was translated in the Septuagint
- Baha'u'llah: Kitab-i-Aqdas, verse 36 and note 61
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