Mishnah
The Mishna (in Hebrew , "repetition") is the first and most important sources of rabbinic obtained by written compilation of oral law Jewish , a project championed by the Pharisees , and considered the first work of Rabbinic literature.
The Mishna is written in Hebrew. The word Mishnah is both a reference to the book listing the opinions and conclusions of the rabbis of the time - this is called the Mishna - and the conclusions of the rabbis themselves - known as a or mishnayot (plural Mishna).
It has six levels, themselves divided into treaties. Each treaty contains several chapters. It is customary to refer to a Mishna by the name of the treaty, followed by the chapter number, then followed by the number of the Mishna.
The authors are " Tannaim "or repeaters, because they" kept saying 'traditions learned from their masters. This book whose production lasted for three centuries began with the disciples of Rabban Yohanan ben Zakkai and ended in the second century with Rabbi Yehuda ha-Nasi (Judah the Prince), simply says Rabbi or Haqadosh Rabbeinu (our holy master ). It was Rabbi who undertook the work of gathering and sorting of michnayot it is he who divided the treaties in michnayot and chapters. The rest of the lessons that do not appear in the form michnayot Beratot and Tosseftot.
The Mishna compiles various oral traditions, their controversies and their resolutions, when there is a. These texts describe a religious world centered around the Jerusalem Temple , destroyed a century earlier. The laws regarding services at the temple is one of six orders of the Mishna. From this period date other legal texts not included in the Mishnah, as Tosseftot (additions and Rabbi Rabbi Hiyya Ochaya, followers of Rabbi ) or Bratot ("external").
The rabbinical commentaries on the Mishna, written for a large part in Aramaic , were compiled under the name of the Gemara by Amoraim. The presentation of the Mishna and the Gemara in its development form the corpus of the Talmud. Each Amora knew all Michnayot (that is to say thousands) by heart.
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Canonical List of Treaties of the Mishnah
The treaties of the Mishnah are grouped into six "orders" Each treaty covers a main theme and many other topics as varied and unexpected. The Mishnah consists of 63 treaties:
- Zra'im (seed): This order deals primarily with laws relating to agriculture and blessings.
- It is composed of 11 treaties:
- Berakhot, PEA, Demai, Kilam, Chevi'it, Teroumot, Ma'asrot, Ma'aser Sheni, Challah, and Orla Bikkurim.
- Mo'ed (appointments / Day): This order deals primarily with laws concerning the timing as the Sabbath and holidays.
- It is composed of 12 treaties:
- Nashim (Women): This order deals primarily with laws relating to marriage and matters related thereto such as divorce or marital fidelity but also wishes and the Nazarite.
- It is composed of 7 treated:
- Yvamot, Ketouvot, Nedarim, Nazir, Sotah, Guitine and Kiddushin.
- Nzikin (damage): This order deals primarily with laws relating to civil and criminal, of idolatry , of ethics and morality.
- It is composed of 10 treaties:
- Baba Kama, Baba metsi'a, Baba Batra, Sanhedrin , Makoti, Chevou'ot, Edouyot, Avodah zara, (Pirker -) Avot and Horayot.
- Kodachim (sacred objects): This order deals primarily with laws relating to the ritual slaughter (che'hita) , the sacrifices and the Temple.
- It is composed of 11 treaties:
- Zva'him, Mna'hot Houlin, Bkhorot, Arakhin, Temur, Kritout, M'ila, Tamid, and Midot Kinima.
- Taharot (purity): This order deals primarily with laws concerning purity and impurity ritual.
- It is composed of 12 treaties:
- Kelim, Ohalot, Nga'im, Para, Taharot, mikva'ot, Nida Makhchirim, Zavim, Tvoul yom, and Yadayim Ouktsine.
Comments from the Mishna
While Saadia Gaon has written a book on the Mishna lexicographic order to facilitate understanding and Rashi has studied the Mishna in his commentary on the Talmud, it is generally considered that the first review devoted exclusively to the Mishnah is that of Moses Maimonides.
Written in Judeo-Arabic in 1168 , this review summarizes the discussions and proposes Talmudic decisions in cases not settled. Maimonides will often hakdamot Assistant (introductory section), some reach the length of independent treaties. Hakdamot these are often cited in other books on the Mishna and the oral law in general. Among these introductions, most notably the introduction to the commentary itself, the introduction to the tenth chapter of Sanhedrin Treaty where he lists his thirteen principles of faith and introduction to the Treaty Avot , entitled Treatise Eight Chapters. Translated into Hebrew, he inspired many later works which HaBehira of Beit Menachem Hameri ( XIII century ) who, while wanting to comment on the Talmud, in the same structure and brevity.
A few decades after Maimonides, the Tosafists Samson ben Abraham of Sens made a comment. Although classical and printed in many editions of the Mishna, he had a lesser influence.
In the fifteenth century , Ovadia ben Abraham of Bertinoro wrote his commentary, generally known as the Bartenoura. Inspired by his predecessors, especially Maimonides, more detail are Talmudic discussion (and not just the conclusions) and can therefore serve as a secondary source to the Talmud.
A century later, the Maharal of Prague organized initiates the study of the Mishnah (Hevrat haMishnayot). One of his disciples, Yom-Tov Lipman Heller systematized his teachings in the form of Tossefot Yom Tov, designed to be Bartenoura that Tossefot of Tosafists are commentary Rashi on the Talmud. These Tossefot Yom Tov or an abbreviated form, the Ikkar Tossefot Yom Tov, are mirrored in Bartenoura in many printed editions of the Mishna.
Other notable comments from the era of Aharonim found that of Maharshal the Shenot Eliyahu the Gaon of Vilna , one of Akiva Eiger and the Tiferet Israel of Israel Lipschitz. The latter is subdivided into two parts, Yakhin and Boaz (based on two main pillars of the Temple of Solomon ), the first dealing with general considerations, the latter being more analytical, scientific discoveries will appear for the first time explicitly This has caused controversy around the work when it was published.
With the advent of the science of Judaism , the Mishnah is the subject of numerous scientific studies-critical. One result of the comment Hanoch Albeck (1952-1956). Meanwhile, Pinhas KEHATI drafts Mishnayot mevouarot where traditional exegesis (as well as contemporary works) is summarized in modern Hebrew in a clear and concise. His commentary, designed to make the Mishna accessible to a wide range of readers of all ages and levels, has gained some popularity in Israel and in the Anglo-Saxon, from his translation in 1994.
Notes
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External Links
- -Mishnah Wikisource: Open Mishnah Project in French | | The Open Mishnah Project in Franais
- Audio Course
- Rabbi Meir Pogrow - advanced courses (in English) free MP3 download.
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