Michel De L39Hospital
Michel de l'Hospital (1505-1573) was an advisor to the Parliament of Paris , Ambassador to the Council of Trent , Superintendent of Finance and finally chancellor of France. His name remains associated with the royal attempts to pacify during the civil wars of religion.
Summary |
Biography
Family
Michael's Hospital was born in Aigueperse in the Puy de Dome to 1505 , when Louis XII received the Emperor Maximilian the investiture of the duchy of Milan , at which Martin Luther decides after a stormy day entering orders. He died in 1573 at Castle Vignay in full religious wars.
Galuccio jeans , his ancestor, was from the Kingdom of Naples. Arrived in France , he was adopted by John's Hospital , clerk Archers France whose name he took and Arms 1349 through Letters of Naturalization. Arms Family Hospital are "Azure a tower erected on a rock argent, chief Gules charged with three gold stars."
He is buried in the church of Champmotteux (about twenty kilometers from Etampes ) where one can still see his tomb.
A legal background
Michael's Hospital is primarily a jurist. Humanist of his time, the Italian is a must for him. He studied and traveled extensively there. He began his training in Italy at the University of Padua , where he became professor of civil law. This training may partly explain the extent of judicial reforms desired by Michel de l'Hospital. He also visited Rome , the traditional place of pilgrimage where it was, inter alia, the auditor of Rota , which earned him a reputation as a scholar. Her legal career continued when he was appointed Chief Justice of Great Days of Moulins in 1540 , of Riom in 1542 and Tours in 1546 , especially when he became first president of the Accounting Chamber of Paris.
The political work
The legislative work
A lawyer by training, Michael's Hospital is the main contributor to the regent Catherine de Medici , he summoned representatives of major religions, Catholic and Reformed Colloquy of Poissy ( 1561 ) and then tries to harmonize the views of each other. Faced with the fanaticism of both sides, it fails completely.
Excerpt from speech States of Orleans : "You say your religion is better. I defend mine. Which is more reasonable, I thee suyves your opinion or mine? Or who will judge whether this is a holy council? Oston these diabolical words, names of parties, factions and insurrections, Lutherans, Huguenots, papists. Not changing the name of Christian. ".
May 17, 1563, Michael's Hospital reported on the financial situation of the kingdom before the parliament of Paris to urge him to accept an edict: France in the person of the young King Charles IX , 50 million pounds of debt which five are required to pay the troops and expel the English out of Havre. The revenue of the previous year are 850,000 pounds and 18 million. The edict of 13 May 1563 plans to sell the church property to create rents for 100,000 crowns a year. The first hostile parliament finally agreed.
Michael's Hospital worked to simplify the French law. Tradition attributes much of edicts promulgated between 1563 and 1567 to the Chancellor. He played a decisive role in the assembly of the enlarged Council (comprising the rulers of blood, great officers, presidents of parliaments), which opens to Mills in 1566 and leading to the Ordinance of Moulins. Under this ordinance, parliaments can not refuse to register the decrees or orders or to enforce them, although they may present remonstrances on its laws will be rejected. The edict of Moulins meanwhile said the inalienability of the royal domain (excluding appendages ). It is the sponsor of the edicts of Fontainebleau on arbitration and transaction. After the death of Francis II ( 1560 ), he proposed to reduce the number of officers.
The question of a majority Royal
The minority of Charles IX of France is a serious handicap, the authority of a minor king has not the same weight as that of an adult king. The benchmark for most is the order of Charles V in 1374 which sets the majority of the kings of France to "13 years". However, the death of its author, it was not applied and its value is criticized by the conspirators of Amboise. The terms of this ordinance are ambiguous: the fourteenth year she is the thirteenth anniversary of the day or the day of the fourteenth? The first innovation of August 17, 1563 is to declare the majority of the young ruler in a bed of justice not to the Parliament of Paris but in provincial parliament, that of Rouen. The second interpretation is that the Chancellor is of the order of Charles V: the fourteenth year shall be commenced and not completed. This declaration of majority is also an opportunity for the chancellor to remember two principles that are dear to him, the principle of continuous monarchy and the king's legislature (the sovereignty resides in the power of making laws and only the king has the power ).
The wars of religion
Huguenot hidden in the eyes of the Catholics of his time, he was in favor of unity and tolerance. Although he must first career a protector of the Reformation , Margaret Berry , sister of Henry II, and although his wife and daughter are converted, thanks to the influence of Cardinal de Lorraine , a Catholic, he was promoted to chancellor in 1560. Initially influenced by the ideas of religious concord of the latter, after the failure of the Colloquy of Poissy, evolution leads him to accept a civil tolerance, political solution is its profound respect for freedom of conscience. His Gallicanism drives him to take firm positions on the temporal independence of the church and the crown vis--vis the pope, and explains his break in 1564 with the Cardinal of Lorraine who, Revenue Council of Trent , wanted do accept the decrees in France. His desire to maintain the balance established by the Edict of Amboise impels a certain violence. In 1566 , he was even accused of not being passed by the Council to send letters patent authorizing the Protestant pastors to call at their bedsides. He wanted to eliminate the sale of offices.
However, he failed in his attempts to calm the conflict. Dreaming of a national council impossible, he ran quickly to Guise, who tore the States-General of Fontainebleau conviction of Rohan , he refuses to sign, the difficulty of enforcement of the Edict of Amboise and the lack tolerance of his countrymen.
The peace Longjumeau appears as a final attempt to save his political civil tolerance. It creates a surge of anger Catholic. Michel de l'Hospital will attempt the impossible to oppose intransigence. He refused and sealed the publication of a papal bull authorizing a second disposition of church property because the condition is the commitment of the king of France to extirpate the heresy. The seals will be removed shortly after her while the third war has already begun. The new keeper, John Morvilliers , is a moderate close to the chancellor, but the departure of Michel de l'Hospital marks the failure of the policy of civil tolerance.
A philosopher of his time
An advocate of tolerance
Michel de L'Hospital is foremost symbol of political tolerance. Despite support from Ronsard and the trip to present the new king to his people, his policy of reconciliation fails completely. From 1560 , the power switch permanently from the ultra-Catholic side, making a bloody confrontation inevitable. We went head Michel de L'Hospital. He retired in 1568 and settled in his estate Vignay on Parish Champmotteux. When St. Bartholomew , he would have opened the doors of his castle to a fanatical crowd that gave him live. Michel de l'Hospital remains today a symbol of tolerance, so it was one of four statues of famous men placed in front of the Palais Bourbon.
"The knife is somewhat against the spirit."
A patron of the Pleiades
Ronsard's relatives attended King Margaret Jean Morel ( 1 510 - one thousand five hundred eighty-one ), Jean de Brinon but Michael's Hospital. Les Amours de Ronsard are published with his Fifth Book of Odes in which there is an Ode to Michael's Hospital. From 1551, poets courtiers, whose Mellin de Saint-Gelais , scoffed at the king's metaphors Pindaric Odes and obscurities. But protected by Marguerite de Navarre and Michel de L'Hospital, Ronsard eventually reconciled with his rival and back to a simpler inspiration, both less erudite and less esoteric , leaving Pindar and his conception of an inspired poet.
A writer
Michel de l'Hospital was considered a very famous writer. His epistles were, indeed compared to those of Horace. He writes poems. Most of his works are nevertheless related to its political role: Treaty of the reformation of justice, harangues, mercurial and remonstrances, Memoir on the need to end the civil war (1570), The aim of the war and Peace (1570), Speech for the majority of Charles IX and three other speeches.
Notes
Related article
- A postage stamp representative Michel de L'Hospital was issued 13 June 1960.
Bibliography
- Emile Dupre Lasala, Michel de L'Hospital before his elevation to the post of Chancellor of France (1505-1558) , Paris, Ernest Thorin, 1875.
- Heir Jean, Michel de L'Hospital, Flammarion, 1943. 238 p.
- Albert Buisson, Michel de L'Hospital (1503-1573), Hachette, 1950. 272 p.
- Seong-Hak Kim, Michel de L'Hospital. The Vision of a reformist Chancellor "during the French Religious Wars, Kirksville, Missouri: Sixteenth Century Essays & Studies, Volume XXXVI, 1997. 218 p.
- Denis Crouzet , wisdom and woe: Michel de l'Hospital, Chancellor of France, Seyssel, Champ Vallon, collection "ages", 1998. 608 p.
- Wanegffelen Thierry (ed.), De Michel de L'Hospital in the Edict of Nantes: politics and religion deal with churches, Blaise Pascal University Press, 2003. 612 p.
Works
- Rants (1560)
- Treatise on the reform of justice
- Harangues, mercurial and remonstrance
- Memory on the need to end the civil war ( 1570 )
- The purpose of war and peace ( 1570 )
- Poems ( 1585 )
- Speech for the majority of Charles IX and three other speeches, edited, introduced and annotated by Robert Descimon, Paris: Imprimerie Nationale (coll. "Actors of history"), 1995.
Institution that bears his name
- Collge Michel de l'Hospital at Riom.
External Links
| Preceded by | Michel de L'Hospital | Followed by | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Jean Bertrand (Keeper of the Seals of France) |
| Jean Morvilliers (Keeper of the Seals of France) |
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