Messiah
Messiah (the Hebrew : - Aramaic Mesih originally described in Judaism 's anointed, that is to say the person consecrated by the rite of the anointing , performed by a prophet of God. In the Bible, kings Saul and David is anointed by Samuel. This ritual is the origin of those in the chrism and the Holy Ampulla of the coronation of the kings of France. In Greek , the word " Christ ", whose root means" anointed one ", translates the Hebrew term mashia'h. John 1. 41 as the Messiah (although these two religions differ on the nature of Jesus, in fact, for Islam, Jesus is a prophet and messenger from the five largest - Ouli al 'Azm - and not the son of God). However, Judaism does not recognize Jesus as the Messiah.
The Shiites expect a return of the Hidden Imam.
It is noted that Islam (Surah al-Imran: 55 among others), the Jewish religion and christianity ( Apocalypse 20 ) await the final judge as Jesus with God.
Many Messianic contenders have emerged over the centuries. The most famous of them, Sabbatai Zevi , declared himself in 1648 at the height of the massacres perpetrated by the Cossacks. There are also philosophers and politicians who have given the role of secular messiah of mankind, universal mediator, as Hegel or Lenin.
Summary |
Origin of the Hebrew word
Mashia'h () comes from the root , meaning "anointed a man in olive oil," according to custom. The first occurrence of anointing in the text is in the Book of Exodus (Chapter 29 ) during the induction of priests: "You shall take the anointing oil, you pour it on his head, and thou 'anoint. "
Different types of messianism
- Jews, therefore, descendants of Abraham , adherents to Jewish messianism. Not to be confused with Messianic Judaism, the forerunner of early Christianity , or the Messianic Judaism , a set of Judeo-Christian movements referred to evangelize, not recognized by the streams of Judaism as a whole.
- Arab Christians, so descendants of Abraham , acceding to the agaro-messianism ;
- Christians, therefore, descendants of Abraham , adherents to Messianic Christianity.
In Judaism
In Jewish tradition, the Messiah is anointed king.
The prophets spoke about it during the Babylonian Captivity, referring to a king who would restore the kingdom and liberate the land of Israel.
After the Babylonian exile , Ezra , high priest of Jerusalem was in charge of restoring the Temple (and Judaism itself), while Zerubbabel , of Davidic descent, was appointed governor of the province of Yehud.
However, the purpose of the Persians is not to restore the independence of its provinces, but only to restore their customs to make them more loyal to their master, Zerubbabel was promptly recalled to Babylon, and messianic expectation carried on for some priestly character.
In the first century, believing that the Romans represented what was worse in terms of national calamity of global proportions, the Jews interpreted the prophecies of the Tanakh to refer to a person designated by God to lead the Jews. In addition, Judea was equally troubled political than religious: different "sects" (the most important were the Sadducees , the Pharisees and the Essenes ) were fighting so much power as the religious supremacy, the two are not unrelated.
In the Tanakh
The concept of Messiah is neither common nor unified in the Hebrew Bible. The Israelite priests , the prophets , and kings were appointed in their office by anointing means of anointing oil holy.
The Tanakh contains a number (this number is controversial) of prophecies concerning a future descendant of King David to be anointed as leader of the Jewish people, and designated as such under the name of Melech hamashia'h or simply mashia'h '.
The prophecies about this person refer to him as the descendant of King David who will rebuild the nation of Israel will bring peace in the world / by restoring the Davidic kingdom , destroy the wicked, and ultimately judge the world.
The generally accepted understanding of Mashia'h by Jews has little or nothing to do with the Christian understanding of Jesus of Nazareth. The subject is discussed further in the article on Jewish eschatology.
Views in Judaism and traditional Judaism today
The views on the subject of the messiah vary between traditional Judaism and modern Judaism.
The ideas contained in literature Talmudic report of two Messiahs, the and the . In Hebrew, the son ben generally refers, but it can apply to any patrilineal descent, as the Arabic ibn. The Messiah son of David would come from Judah, which would replicate the example of Caleb , a descendant of Judah, and Joshua , a descendant of Ephraim son of Joseph.
Ben Av and may also have an allegorical meaning, "how to". For example, in this sense that Jubal is designated as the "father of musicians," as humanity Cainite perished in the deluge. So there would be a "suffering Messiah", in the manner of Joseph and a "conquering messiah" in the style of David.
Another fairly common rabbinic interpretation is that each generation sees itself raise a potential Messiah. This interpretation is illustrated in Sanh. 98a:
Rabbi Yehoshua ben Levi , walking, leaning met at the entrance of a cave, the prophet Elijah , at the place where was buried Rabbi Shimon Bar Yochai.
He asked: Do I have a share in the world to come?
He (Elijah) said, if the Lord wills.
In ChristianityThe coming of a Messiah or "Anointed One", one who is anointed, chosen by God, has been announced many times in several different books of the Old Testament. ( Isaiah 7. 14 , Isaiah 9. 5 , Micah 5. 1 , Daniel 9. 25 , Zechariah 9. 9 , Zechariah 11. 12 , Psalms 22 , Genesis 69 , Isaiah 53 , Psalms 110 and Zechariah 12 )
Christianity connects these prophecies to Jesus Christ including the following examples.
The Christians have recognized in the person of Jesus Christ (the word Christ ( Gr , Christos, "anointed") is a literal translation of mashia'h used in the Septuagint of "coat and Oil fragrant ointments, as is done after bathing "- Liddell & Scott's Greek Lexicon-Franais), suffering Messiah (from the Christological interpretation of Isaiah 52-53 ) that "the Kingdom is not of this world ". Most references are to Christos Messiah. , Messias appears only twice in the New Testament : in the Gospel according to John 1:41 and 4:25.
On his birth
It is predicted that he would be born in Bethlehem ( Micah 5: 1 ) a girl ( Isaiah 7: 14 ), it would be called "Mighty God" and "Eternal Father" ( Isaiah 9: 5 ) and would derived from the lineage of King David ( Book of Psalms 89: 4 ).
The story of the Passion as the Gospels recount the, ties in with chapter 53 of the Book of Isaiah
On his resurrection
It is also announced in Isaiah 53: 10 : "After delivering his life in sacrifice for sin, he shall see his offspring and prolong his days."
On his return at the end of time
In the Apocalypse :
- 7:11 p.m. Then I saw heaven opened, and behold a white horse. Its rider is called Faithful and True, and he judges and makes war with justice.
- 7:12 p.m. His eyes were like blazing fire, and on his head were many crowns he had a name written that no one knows except himself;
- 7:13 p.m. and was dressed in a robe dipped in blood. His name is the Word of God.
In Islam
Main article: Jesus in Islam.In the Islam , Jesus ( Isa ) is considered neither as the son of God or like God, but as an important Muslim prophet who taught Islam. The Koran repeatedly calls the 'Al-Masih' , and his return to earth is expected at the end of time.
On the messianic role of Jesus Christ (Masih Isa) in Islam, classical exegetes as al-Qurtubi and Ibn Kathir , beginning with Tabari notably founded on the verse: "There will be no one among the People of the Book , but must believe in him before his death. And on the Day of Resurrection he will be a witness against them. "(Koran IV, an-Nisa: 159) to explain that Jesus' mission will begin from of Damascus is located in Syria-Palestine where Jesus back down from heaven, Jesus will find and destroy the Antichrist in Palestine at the gate of Lod of Messiah will begin his mission to Palestine to become Universal, "The lion will live with the lamb without attacking the children will play with snakes without being bitten. "
In the Qur'an
In the Quran Jesus is called the Messiah. The word recurs in verses 5 and maybe 6: 4171 , 4172, 5.17 , 5.72, 5.75.
The verse 3.45 also seems to say, although this is not always translated into French as well.
Each time, it is also an opportunity to recall that Jesus is not God's son, for example:
- 4171. O People of the Book, do not exaggerate in your religion nor say of Allah aught but the truth. The Messiah Jesus son of Mary, was only a messenger of Allah and His Word which He bestowed on Mary and a Spirit from Him. So believe in Allah and His messengers. And do not say "Three". Stop! It will be best for you. Allah is One God. He is too glorious to have a child. To Him belong all things in heaven and on earth and Allah suffices as a protector.
References
- Encyclopedia Universalis
- (en) Qur'an: 003,045 See also
Bibliography
Main article: Bibliography of Christology.
- Christianity
- Raymond Edward Brown , The Death of the Messiah, Bayard, 2005
- Ernest-Marie Laperrousaz , Waiting for the Messiah in Palestine on the eve and early Christian era, Picard, 1982
Related articles
External Links
- Jona Lendering , Messiah (overview) on the site livius.org
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