Home  ›  Marshal Of France

Marshal Of France

The baton of marshal of France.
Badge of Marshal of France, 7 stars.

The marshal of France is the French military's highest honor. The title of Marshal of France, or admiral of France - its equivalent for the sailors - is a dignity in the State. France may have at present no marshal alive. Between 1190 and 1984, there were a total of 342 marshals of France.

Summary

History

Time monarchical

At its origin, Marshal of France has a stewardship role on the king's horses. His office became military early thirteenth century , while remaining subordinate to constable. The first to bear the title of Marshal of the King of France with a military function was Alberic Clement , lord of Mez, appointed by Philip Augustus , circa 1190.

After the abolition of the office of constable by Richelieu in 1624 , the Marshals became the paramount chiefs of the army. Sometimes the king creates a charge of Marshal General of the camps and armies of the king , he gives the most prestigious of his marshals.

In addition to their military duties, marshals are also responsible for maintaining order in the countryside, through the provost marshal, hence the nickname "constabulary" that is sometimes given to the police.

Until 1793 , the date of the abolition of the office, there were 263 marshals of France.

Revolution, Empire, XIX century

The marshal was abolished by the Convention on 21 February 1793.

The senatus-consulte of 18 May 1804 establishes "Marshals of the Empire." Under the First Empire , we speak in complete rigor term, " Marshal of the French Empire. "

With the Restoration , the marshals of the Empire become marshals of France.

The law of 4 August 1839 provides that the number of marshals of France is six more than in peacetime, and it may be increased to twelve in wartime. When peacetime Army is in excess of the prescribed number, it can still be made a promotion for three vacancies.

Under the Second Empire , Napoleon III did not change the title. The marshals of France become full members of the Senate.

During the Third Republic , the function is perceived as too closely linked with the Empire, no marshal of France is created before the Great War. The Last Marshal, robert , died in 1895.

XX century

It was during the First World War that dignity is restored. The last two marshals of France are Alphonse Juin (1888-1967) and Marie Pierre Koenig (1898-1970), created as marshal posthumously by the Decree of 6 June 1984.

Currently, as stated in Article 4 of the Act of 13 July 1972 , the "title of Marshal of France and the title of Admiral of France is a dignity in the state."

The marshal is a title and dignity, not a degree. It is symbolized by 7 star (cons 5 stars for the highest rank, army general ). The other symbol is the marshal baton blue velvet studded with stars that reads: Terror belli decus pacis (Terror in the war, for ornament in peace time).

There is no specific condition to be raised to the dignity of Marshal of France. The custom application that we have an army chief ordered and obtained the victory, it is not necessary that this victory has been carried on national soil.

Contrary to popular belief, the dignity of Marshal of France was awarded throughout the twentieth century by decree and not by legislation. However, legislation has been previously authorized a decree. Thus, the elevation to the dignity of Marshal Jean de Lattre de Tassigny accomplished by the decree of 15 January 1952 following the law of the same day that Article 2 provides that "The Government is authorized to confer on posthumous dignity of Marshal of France in the Army General Jean de Lattre de Tassigny. Similarly, the law of 11 July 1952 authorizes the President of the Republic to be promulgated by decree on 23 August 1952 the elevation of General Leclerc to the dignity of Marshal of France. However, these two laws came from the government (and not bill bill).

French official texts are struggling to agree on the use of capital letters ("Marshal of France" or "Marshal of France").

Finally, there was, until the nineteenth century, a dignity superior to that of Marshal, that of Marshal General of the camps and armies of the king.

Benefits related to marshal

The marshals are entitled to an endowment for personal entertainment expenses of 9000 francs. This allocation is determined by Article 1 of Decree of 2 August 1960, still in force.

The Act of March 27, 1929 stipulated that the marshals and generals who commanded during World War I could be buried at the Hotel National des Invalides.

Through legislation, supplemental pensions were granted to widows of marshals (Act of April 14, 1929) with special provisions for the widow of Marshal Foch (Act of March 29, 1929) and the widow of Marshal de Lattre de Tassigny (Act 11 July 1952). Another law called personal exemptions marshal's widow inheritance June 28 December 1967.

Families

The marshal of France gave the families an illustration of the more popular it was rare and generally corresponded to a real military value. Among families who have given at least two marshals (or admirals), found:

Heraldry

The marshals of France bear a mark of their dignity, behind the shield of their arms two sticks of blue, passed in saltire , sown : the fleur-de-lis of gold under the old regime and the Restoration , of eagles of gold under the First Empire and stars of the same from the July Monarchy The Capetian

Six Marshals under Philip II Augustus , from 1180 to 1223

Eight Marshals under Louis IX, St. Louis , from 1226 to 1270

Four Marshals under Philip III the Bold from 1270 to 1285

Six Marshals under Philip IV the Fair , from 1285 to 1314

One Marshal under Louis X le Hutin , from 1314 to 1316

Three Marshals under Philip V the Tall , from 1316 to 1322

One Marshal under Charles IV the Fair , from 1322 to 1328

The Valois

Five Marshals under Philip VI of Valois , from 1328 to 1350

Four Marshals under John II , from 1350 to 1364

Two Marshals under Charles V the Wise , from 1364 to 1380

Nine Marshals under Charles VI the Beloved , from 1380 to 1422

Six Marshals under Charles VII , from 1422 to 1461

Four Marshals under Louis XI , from 1461 to 1483

Two Marshals under Charles VIII from 1483 to 1498

The Valois Orleans

Four Marshals under Louis XII , from 1498 to 1515

The Valois Angouleme

Eleven Marshals created by Francis I between 1515 and 1544

Five Marshals created by Henry II , from 1547 to 1559

A marshal created by Franois II in 1559

Seven Marshals created by Charles IX , from 1560 to 1574

Eight Marshals created by Henry III , from 1574 to 1589

The Bourbons

Eleven Marshals created by Henry IV between 1592 and 1602

Thirty-two Marshals created by Louis XIII between 1613 to 1643

Fifty-four Marshals created by Louis XIV , between 1643 and 1715


Leave a Reply

0 vote, average: 0.00 out of 50 vote, average: 0.00 out of 50 vote, average: 0.00 out of 51 vote, average: 0.00 out of 50 votes, average: 0.00 out of 5 (0 votes, average: 0.00 out of 5, rated)
Loading ... Loading ...
Help us improve the wiki Send Your Comments