Marc Anthony
| Marc Anthony | |
|---|---|
 Marcus Antonius | |
| Title | Consul |
| Military Rank | General , Master of the Horse Roman |
| Investiture | -44 |
| Biography | |
| Birth | -86 , -83 or -81 |
| Deaths | -30 Alexandria |
| Child | Marcus Antonius creticus and |
| Children | Marcus Antonius Antyllus, Iullus Antonius, Antonia Major , Antonia Minor , Alexander Helios , Cleopatra Selene , Ptolemy Philadelphus |
Mark Antony born in -83 Early life He studied philosophy at Athens , where he teaches rhetoric. It is called by the governor of Syria Aulus Gabinius to quell the rebellion of a son of Aristobulus II against the Hasmonean ruler Hyrcanus II. He then received his first military award. In -55 , he participated in the military campaign in Egypt Gabinius to restore the throne Auletes Ptolemy XII. On this occasion he met Cleopatra for the first time. It binds with the tribunes Curio and Clodius Pulcher , then focuses on Julius Caesar. Marc Anthony is involved in the Gallic Wars and is especially at Alesia in -52 . The following year, -51, he marched with Cesar on the country of Ambiorix to ravage the region. Then it remains in Bellovaci with fifteen cohorts to prevent further uprisings among Belgians. At the end of the year, it is with Trebonius Gaius and Publius Vatinius and four legions in Gaul belgium. There particular battle with his cavalry the Atrebatian Commios who went into exile, vowing to never be faced with a Roman. Caesar was elected tribune of the plebs for the year -49 and with the tribune Caius Cassius Longinus , he will veto the Senate's order to disband his legions of Caesar . Caesar with the Senate through Curio and Marc Anthony, and attempts a final proposal: he agreed to keep only two legions and the government of Cisalpine Gaul and Illyria, provided they accept their candidacy to consulate. Despite the search for a compromise by Cicero , Cato refuses an ordinary citizen imposes its conditions on the state, the new consul Lentulus gets carried away and expelled from the Senate Curio and Antony. The historian Velleius Paterculus Curio accuse of being responsible for the break, while Appian present Marc Anthony as the initiator of the break. According to Plutarch, "Caesar was given to the most specious pretexts of all the" blame the tribunes of the plebs, the representatives of the people sacrosanct! The Senate decreed that Caesar should leave his post as governor and return to Rome as a private . Marc Anthony, income from Caesar, advised him to walk straight on Rome after the passage of the Rubicon. At that time, Antony commanded the right wing of the army at the battle of Pharsalia. Caesar became dictator -47 , chose to master of the horse , and they were both appointed consuls in -44. February 15, the feast of Lupercalia , Antony moved the royal diadem to Caesar, as it pushes to the cheers of the crowd. Marc Antoine insists, and the refusal of Caesar is again applauded. Caesar wearing this tiara in the Capitoline temple of Jupiter . But this reckless approach only hastens the death of the dictator. The conspirators had planned their attack to the Ides of March (March 15th of the year 44 BC. ) at the beginning of the meeting of the Senate in the Curia of Pompey on the Champ de Mars. Caesar alone is targeted, Marc Anthony (spared at the request of Brutus ), which accompanies Caesar is attracted away by false suitors, while Caesar is surrounded by the group of conspirators. Metellus ensures that Caesar does not protect, and all the assailed: he fell pierced with 23 stab wounds . The final blow comes from Brutus. On 20 March, a pyre was built on the Champ de Mars , near the grave of his daughter Julia, and one imagines the dramatic course of this closeness. The body of Caesar, lying on a bed of ivory hung purple and gold , was first placed in a gilded chapel, built on the forum before the rostrum. At its head, his gown was displayed on a bloody trophy. As the body lay, face to the sky, and could not be seen, they raised over him a life-size wax effigy, so the crowd could look twenty-three injuries (thirty-five by other authors ) that had been brutally inflicted on the body and face. To emphasize the ignominy of this crime, "said Marc Antoine read as an eulogy, list of honors that were conferred on Caesar, and the oath which had been loaned the senators to defend his life. They sang verses of whom returned to foster compassion, a quotation from the Judgement of Arms Pacuvius : "Should I save them for them to become my murderers? . Overturned by the able and pathetic staging of Marc Antony, the angry crowd piled around the bier of wood torn from the neighboring shops and everything that came to hand to build a pyre of apotheosis, as she had some years earlier for the funeral of Clodius. The veterans of his legions threw their weapons and some women's jewelry they wore. The Jews who did not forget that Caesar had enabled them to rebuild the walls of Jerusalem by Pompey killed, gathered several nights running around his tomb to mourn. Antony stirs up the people against the assassins, who leave the city before the commotion. In the aftermath of the Ides of March, Marc Anthony is the master of the situation, the Consul enjoys great popularity among the troops. But after the recall of "Csaricides" by the Senate, Antony can not tolerate, he will unsuccessfully besieged Decimus Brutus in Mutina ( Modena ) in -43. Under the influence of Cicero the Senate declared the enemy of the state, and consuls Hirtius and Pansa go against him and defeated. The two consuls are killed on this occasion, they were accompanied by Octavian who enjoyed an imperium through Cicero and whose responsibility in these two deaths is uncertain. After this defeat, Antony partially restores his status with the addition of reinforcements led by Publius Ventidius Bassus , a former lieutenant of Caesar. Ventidius had recruited three legions in military settlements in caesarean section and its region of origin, after which he joined Marc Anthony to Vada Sabatia on the Ligurian coast. The loser of Modena then had troops over Decimus Brutus pursuer. Marc Anthony could therefore reach safely Lepidus then governor of Narbonne. With the latter, Anthony met the young Octavian in Bologna. This meeting resulted in the formation of the second triumvirate whose first actions are the proscriptions of 43 BC. BC, which fill Italy bloody executions. Antoine requires the death of Cicero , who had violently attacked in his Philippics. The following year, Anthony, followed by Octavian defeated Brutus and Cassius in the plain of Philippi (Macedonia), and thus destroys the Republican Party. The triumvirate will then share the Roman Empire during the partition, Antoine gets Greece and Asia. We do not know since when Cleopatra , who was 29 years -41 , and the Roman general, who has a small forties, know each other. We know that Marc Anthony was one of the officers who participated in the restoration of Ptolemy XII in -55 but it is unlikely they will be popular, Cleopatra had at that time only fifteen years Appian says even if Antony had noticed the future Queen We have no certain evidence on the possible meeting. It is more likely they are busy during your stay in Rome with Cleopatra between -46 and -44. Yet when they met in -41 they seem to know each other pretty badly. In the division of the Roman world after the crash occurred Republicans, the east is devoted to Antoine. He then resumed the project of Caesar before his death, that is to say a great expedition against the Parthians. Why he calls the rulers of kingdoms customers Tarsus , in Cilicia , including the Queen of Egypt . It knows at least one of the shortcomings of the officer, his vanity and love of ostentation, as she arrives in a ship's stern and golden sails purple, sitting under a canopy of gold surrounded by a crew dressed as nymphs , Nereids and Love. Then she invited Antony to board a sumptuous banquet. So begins an affair ten years, without a doubt one of the most famous of the history although it is difficult to know what proportion of stone in the attitude of Antony, which needs to Egypt projects. At first, Marc Antony follows Cleopatra to Alexandria , where he spent the winter -41 / -40 , leaving his army . That's when a vast offensive Parthians allows them to seize the Syria , south of Asia Minor , and Cilicia. Antigonus Mattathias , a prince of the family Hasmonean , hostile to the Romans , sits on the throne of Jerusalem. Mark Antony led a short-cons offensive from Tyre and then is forced to return to Rome (was -40 ), where opposing supporters and those of Octave . It concludes with the latter's peace Brindisi in October -40 and marries his sister, Octavia . Meanwhile in Alexandria, Cleopatra gave birth to twins : a boy Alexander Helios , and a daughter Cleopatra Selene. In -37 / -36 , Antony began a campaign against the Parthians who turns into a disaster, largely caused by a severe winter in the mountains of Armenia and north-western Iran today. Antoine himself narrowly escapes. Cleopatra remained in Alexandria to give birth to the couple's third child, Ptolemy Philadelphus . After -37 , one begins to see in Rome in the alliance between Antony and Cleopatra a threat against the Empire and cons Octave. He sends his sister Octavia , the lawful wife of Antony and the mother of his two daughters, Antonia Major Elder (the future grandmother of Nero ) and Antonia Minor young (future mother of Germanicus and Claude ) in early spring -35 join her husband. Anthony directs his wife, when it comes to Athens , to turn back. Octavia, without showing any outward sign of annoyance, ordered troops to the accompanying reinforcements from his brother for her husband to continue their way to Alexandria. Anthony plans in effect to shed its military failure of -36 and spear -35 a second expedition luckiest. The Armenia and Medea are allegiance and Antoine celebrates triumph, not in Rome but in Alexandria, where Cleopatra and her children are involved. A little later Caesarion is proclaimed king of kings, Alexander Helios receives shared Armenia and the lands beyond the Euphrates , Ptolemy meanwhile was entrusted by name of course because it is about two years, Syria and Asia Minor. Finally Cleopatra Selene finds himself at the head of the Cyrenaica. It seems that the character of these haphazard and unrealistic grandiose and unrealistic, a significant proportion of these realms are not actually under the control of Marc Antony, Cleopatra is no exception to that simply to demand more prosaically to her lover, in vain, Judea. Relations with Octavian escalate again in -32 and confrontation becomes inevitable. No doubt Mark Antony and Octavian feared his popularity still strong in the Senate , but the triumph of Antony -35 and the designation of Ptolemy XV / Caesarion as King of kings make him look even bigger danger. After all, this young man is the only son of Caesar , and he might one day come the idea, if circumstances permit, to come and claim his inheritance his father. Octave also will seek to denigrate Marc Anthony by all means and especially Cleopatra, the Egyptian, which holds under its charms and who forced him to drop the Octave considers disastrous for Rome. Most of these accusations of bad faith and propaganda with the Roman public but are equally crucial to the origin of the black legend of Cleopatra in many ancient writers as Seneca and Pliny Old . Cleopatra is blamed for the war and the propaganda of Octavian not hesitate to say she wants to reign in Rome . Egypt sees the war provide a significant part of the war effort, more than 200 triremes , and the allied kingdoms, with the notable exception of the clever Herod who clearly is betting on a victory of Octavian. It is true that his interest as the Queen of Egypt eyeing his kingdom for a long time. But Marc Anthony, as he has the best troops and the numerical superiority led the war against all common sense, without energy and then just to be Octavian's army, he leaves him time to s organize. More involvement of Cleopatra in the conflict is viewed negatively by officers who surround Anthony, especially former Republicans, Caesar's assassins, who rallied to him. And Domitius Ahenobarbus absolutely refuses to acknowledge his Cleopatra as queen and ultimately defecting . This visceral hostility of some Romans to the monarchy, which removes many of Antoine men of worth, is not understood by the historians of Greek culture for centuries, who do not make much difference between the dictatorship of Caesar, the triumvirate and the monarchical principle of other peoples . Cleopatra also knows that hostility and does not leave Marc Anthony in the preparation of any conflict. It is present at Ephesus , in Athens and then to Patras. More lucid than the officers of Anthony, she understands very well that Octave does better denouncing it as undermining the prestige of Antoine still important in the Senate . Octave is not a great war leader but he counts with Agrippa , a competent officer who soon gave him the advantage. When the Gulf naval battle of Actium (September -31 ), Cleopatra quickly anticipate the final outcome of the war and broke the fight with his fleet. This leak only way to save what can be, is obviously used by Octave to the officers and men of Antoine many change their allegiance. The last months are poorly known. Antony returns to Egypt and takes practically no action to fight against the advance of increasingly triumphant of Octave . It consumes its forces in banquets, drinking parties and lavish parties regardless of the situation. It seems that Cleopatra has mostly sought to Caesarion away by sending it to Meroe , in Sudan. To August -30 Octavian reached Alexandria. At the false announcement of the suicide of Cleopatra, Marc Anthony puts his own life by throwing himself on his sword. Dying, he is transported by Cleopatra in her own grave. It is brought before Octavian, who lets it out with her maids, the Queen then committed suicide by being bitten by an asp. The Senate then forbidden to wear the name of Antony Marcus, the name of Marc Anthony is dedicated to damnatio memoriae. Antony claimed descent from Hercules , as reported by Plutarch , in Life devoted to him ( 5): Mark Antony and Fulvia had two son Marcus Antonius Antyllus, born in -47, and Iullus Antonius, born in -45 Mark Antony and Octavia had two daughters, both called "Antonia." The eldest, Antonia Major , was married to Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus (red beard Latin ), and the Emperor Nero was their grand-son. The youngest, Antonia Minor , married Drusus , the emperor Claude was their son. Marc Antony and Cleopatra had three children: twins Alexander Helios and Cleopatra Selene , born in -40 , and Ptolemy Philadelphus , born -36. Their half-brother Ptolemy XV ( Cesareo ), son of Caesar , was killed by Octavian (future Emperor Augustus ) to the death of Marc Antony and Cleopatra -30. But the three children were taken to Rome and raised by Octavia , the former wife of Marc Anthony. Cleopatra Selene married in -19 with Juba II of Numidia and became queen of Numidia and Mauretania. Her brothers probably remained some time with her, then lost track of them. His relationship with Cleopatra became legendary and was the subject of many works include in particular: - Appian , II, 111. Youth
Gallic Wars
Tribunate of the plebs
Civil War
Dictatorship of Caesar
After the Ides
Rivalry with Octave
Separation of powers, the second triumvirate
Meet Cleopatra
The war against the Parthians
Battle of Actium
The end
A mythical ancestry
IV cos Posterity in the arts
Bibliography
External Links
on Romulus and Theseus Numa Pompilius and Lycurgus Valerius Publicola and Solon Coriolanus and Alcibiades Camille and Themistocles Fabius Maximus and Pericles Claudius Marcellus and Pelopidas Scipio Africanus and Epaminondas Cato and Aristides Aemilius Paullus and Timoleon Quinctius Flaminius and Philopoemen Tiberius Gracchus & Gaius Gracchus and Agis & Cleomenes Marius and Pyrrhus Sylla and Lysander Sertorius and Eumenes Lucullus and Cimon Cicero and Demosthenes Crassus and Nicias Pompey and Agesilaus Julius Caesar and Alexander the Great Cato of Utica and Phocion Brutus and Dion Marc Antony and Demetrius Galba and Otho and Aratus and Artaxerxes List of publications Translation online at: Hodoi Elektronikai remacle.org Wikisource
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