Maimonides
| Moses Maimonides | ||
| Philosophy Cordovan | ||
| Medieval Philosophy | ||
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Moses Maimonides (based on a common artistic representation) | ||
| Birth | 30 March 1135 - Fustat , 13 December 1204 ) , considered one of the most important figures of Judaism, all ages and persuasions, as to be compared, in his epitaph to Moses : (From Moses to Moses, He did not like Moses raised ). Physician , Jewish philosopher , commentator of the Mishnah , Legal Adviser on Jewish Law and head of the Jewish community in Egypt , he excels in all these areas, and also influences the non-Jewish world, including Thomas Aquinas , who nicknamed the "Eagle of the Synagogue. "
  Early yearsMoses ben Maimoun born in Cordoba, where his ancestors for serving as rabbinic judge from his grandfather to the seventh generation, Ovadia (Abdullah) HaDayan. Some trace its ancestry to Judah ha-Nasi , compiler of the Mishna , himself known descendants of King David. He lost his mother at a young age. Around the age of 13, he was forced into exile during the making Cordoba by Almohads. They actually compelled to conversion or exile. The Maimon family emigrated to the Maghreb oriental Almohad (now Morocco), where the young Moses instructed himself Jewish and secular science. He read Aristotle , Hippocrates and many others and became acquainted with the writings of Averroes at the end of his life. The legend wants that he has quarreled with his father, in despair over his lack of interest shown for religious studies, before reappearing, veiled by his tallit , doing a masterful sermon at the Shabbat prior to reconcile with his father, overcome by the emotion and mastery of which his son was proof. If this is indeed a legend, inspired by the biography of Rabbi Akiva reported in the Talmud , it is likely that his interest in science or philosophical cause. However, the Talmud relates itself does not he: "The belief of Nations (idolaters), do not believe the wisdom of nations, believe it"? However, Fez she quickly became also the scene of fights against a backdrop of religious intolerance, and the family Maimon had to emigrate to the Land of Israel. This is where Rabbi Maimon died in 1170 , after encouraging his family down in Egypt , where Maimonides was asked by all communities to become their rabbi. It was only forty-two years, but the Karaism prevailed in Egypt , and only a man of his stature would be able to cope. On the death in a shipwreck of his brother David, whose trade beads make a living, he refused to "make a crown of Torah , "and served as medicine to meet its needs. His office was open to all, Jew, Christian, Muslim, rich or poor. He still managed to give sound lessons of philosophy, followed by all, and courses of study sacred. It quickly became medical officer of the Secretary of Saladin , which earned him much enmity Egyptian doctors as members of the Jewish community who suspected him to live as a converso. This assertion is false, comes from its rivals, but also his favorite disciple, Joseph ibn Aqnin , the destination to which Maimonides Guide for the Perplexed. Joseph had temporarily pretends to embrace Islam before fleeing, and travel to Egypt , where he found refuge with a scholar named Musa bin Maimun known. Although there was no malicious intent on his part, it is highly probable that he carried a large debt to this assumption, thereby giving them much more credit. Moreover, in his Epistle to the Jews of Yemen , Maimonides wrote that there is actually no shame or disgrace to convert under duress, and that better living but a converted Jew, provided he continues to practice his religion in secret, a dead Jew. As for Maimonides himself, his personality was too strong and too big for his prestige he had to use them: King Richard himself chose to attach to his court, provides that Maimonides declined. He died in Fustat , but was buried in Tiberias , next to his father. His first major work was the Commentary on the Mishna. In theology , he is the author of the Mishna Torah , a monumental work written in Hebrew, not Arabic or Aramaic, as was customary, and intended to remedy the millennium dispersal rules of Jewish practice ( Mishna ). His work in this area remains the basis of rabbinic law. As philosopher , he introduced the logic Aristotelian in Jewish thought and opened to door in the fields of psychology and of ethics. But his main contribution is a reconciliation of science and religion he presents in his Guide for the Perplexed wrote this time in Arabic. Maimonides believes that research without prejudice on the " scientific truth ", not exclude God, leads to better communicate its perfection - thinking that we find some way to another Cordouan Muslim , Averroes. InfluenceMaimonides was one of the few thinkers of Judaism medieval whose influence radiated beyond Jewish circles. This influence lasted until the Enlightenment : Spinoza , Moses Mendelssohn , considered by some as his successor (for some it might even be the "third Moses", cf. epitaph) ... Nowadays, it is one of the Jewish philosophers of the most respected and theories resume strength and force in the Jewish thought today. Over the following centuries, the influence of Maimonides was a source of conflict between Maimonides and antimamonidiens. But most scholars remain divided, recognizing the genius of the man and his vision of the Aristotelian world, but rejecting the elements they consider to be at odds with tradition. The most important critique of philosophy Maimonides, and Aristotle in general, was Crescas Hasdai , author of Gold Hashem. His criticism led many scholars of the fifteenth century to defend the work of Maimonides. See also: Jewish Philosophy Maimonides the physicianMedicine was not the prerogative of Maimonides, other scholars of Judaism , such as Judah Halevi before him, Abraham Maimonides, Moses ben Nachman , Joseph ibn Caspi , Levi ben Gershom , Moses Narboni , Solomon ben Adret and others after him were doctors and lived their art, whereas only a healthy body can work to sanctify the world. However, nothing beats the reputation of Maimonides. Maimonides makes his living in medicine after the sinking of his brother David, a merchant of precious stones in the Indian Ocean. Hayoun Maurice Reuben sees the fatal event, which made Rabbi Moshe ben Maimon Fig- Lighthouse Judaism of his time, Moshe Rabbeinu (Moses our Master, in allusion to Moshe Rabbeinu ), the Sage of Fustat. Magic and natural medicineMaimonides sees the disease as the interruption of a normal biological process, which may indeed result from the will of God, but His will is not to spread disease, otherwise why would He create medicinal plants and other means of healing ? He does not believe more in the evil eye , curse the human person subject weakening their feud. So what if the Sages of the Talmud believe, other sages of the Talmud are opposed, including Rabbi Akiva , which proves that the people of Israel have been affected by the magical practices of the surrounding peoples, up interpret Bible passages in this direction, while the Bible nowhere mentions them explicitly. Another striking feature of Maimonides is its experimental design, clinical avant la lettre, medicine. Although qu'instruit theories and practices of his predecessors, he does not necessarily rely on their word and never hesitated to question the established remedies, as well as his own trial when the patient's condition does not improve not. Good hygiene In fact of Medicine, Maimonides foremost advocates a healthy lifestyle. Ensuring that a complaint does not result from a disorder psychosomatic , it recommends, as if it were a religious requirement (and this is indeed a religious obligation) to maintain the health of his body, and avoid any substance that can harm them (the Orthodox Jews based on this precept to ban drugs , and some tobacco ). It is recommended to eat and drink without excess digestible foods, leaving the table with a little hungry, avoid fermented foods too, to curb the number of sex (Maimonides lived in the East, and the harem is commonplace. Addressing the important characters and likely, they subtly suggests "moderate physical activity"), to have a cycle of sleep and regular harmonious, avoid napping day , and waiting a few hours after dinner before bedtime. The choice of drugs should also be gradual. A diet rigorous if evil is light. Drug-like foods , otherwise book and do the drugs infected "only if desperate. These principles may seem obsolete today, and dictated by common sense, but "common sense" of the time was that of Galen , and recommended remedies based on a sympathetic understanding, almost magical disease. The court physicianMaimonides began practicing medicine in the death of his brother, David, in a shipwreck in the Indian Ocean. It is involved in medicine, so much so that it does not take long to be appointed personal physician to Al-Afdhal , son of Saladin. At the request of Al-Afdhal Maimonides that makes most of his medical treatises, including the Treaty on asthma, Healing the mind, and others. This position, occupied by most of his time, as he described to Samuel ibn Tibbon , earned him considerable prestige in the Jewish community, but also the jealousy of the Muslim doctors. If Maimonides is circumspect about the inconvenience he had to endure, the seed is full of legends where it is typically the one who, forced to measure his art in poisons and drugs to his opponents, will neither die nor kill, merely concocting of antidotes , while fear and doubt burn his rivals. Nevertheless, he had to suffer real damage, including false accusations of having denied the Islam after pretending to kiss her (see above), which might well have cost him his head. We find this kind of history in various fictionalized biography of Maimonides, a study of the works of Maimonides Just to clarify its position on this issue and it adheres to Islam in any way he sees as the heir of various beliefs of the time, but is not considered a movement as idolatrous monotheism (see letter to a student Muslim convert) which did not stop to debate with his Muslim counterparts. In his conception, a Jew can not and must renounce his faith even if it costs him the life (see Letter from Yemen) let alone for someone of his rank, service is a fault so much more grave and disgraceful. (See also Mishneh Torah on this, his masterpiece). An apocryphal legend inspired the story of Rabbi Shimon Bar Yochai said that seven years had to hide in a cave to escape their vengeance. This is precisely one of his opponents who brings proof of his undeniable success: King Richard the Lion Heart had asked him to put his service. Prayer medicalThe authorship of this prayer, which adorns the office of many doctors and dentists Jews, is not universally attributed to the "sage of Fustat," although it was written in his style. Fred Rosner (in medicine derived from the Mishneh Torah), for example, says it can not be earlier than 1783. 
Maimonides the philosopher
- Moses Maimonides, Guide for the Perplexed. Besides its small glossary of philosophical terms (Peroush Milei HaHigayon), the main contributions of Maimonides in Jewish philosophy , and philosophy in general, were the monumental Guide to the Perplexed and the Treaty of Eight Chapters , Introduction to Philosophical Treatise Fathers. These works exerted a lasting influence on scholastic philosophy, and its greatest figures, Albertus Magnus , Thomas Aquinas and Duns Scotus. Itself can be considered a Jewish Scholastic. More educated in reading the works of the great Muslim thinkers in the personal contact with their authors, developed, also an intimate knowledge of Arabic philosophy, a master of the doctrines of Aristotle. All his work is to reconcile Aristotelian philosophy and science with the teachings of Jewish tradition. The 13 principles of faithForward for the first time in his Commentary on the Mishnah (Sanhedrin 10:1 Treaty), they were subjected to criticism ardent, like virtually all his writings. Nevertheless they were quickly considered fundamental, and were versified form of the hymn Ygdal. We know them in their original form, however, Ani Maamin ... (I think). List of principles
Influence on halakha Related article: Mishna Torah. Terming his great work after a verse from Deuteronomy , Maimonides, based on the work of the Rif , together with a large systematic, all halachic decisions and legislative dispersed in the Talmud , and attach to the opinions of Geonim. Written in Hebrew , his avowed ambition is to allow every Jew to know what to do, even though he knew nothing of the Torah or the Talmud. In his letter to R 'Pinchas haDayan, he will defend you want to delete the study of the Talmud. Moreover, the sake of brevity, Maimonides does not include references (or, some say, all views, not hesitating to act as judge of what is valid or not in Halacha) For these reasons, although the Mishna Torah is currently considered a precursor of the "Four Pillars" ( Turim Arbaa ) and the Shulchan Aruch , he met in his time a masterful success, but also fierce resistance, and controversies between "Maimonides" and "antimamonidiens" would continue for centuries. The biggest opponents of Maimonides were the rabbis of Provence , especially Rabbi Abraham ben David Posquieres (Rabad). However, do not see the sense of attack. In objecting to the positions of Maimonides, Rabad does not issue its opinion in question, or expose his personal opinions. He just wants to show that there may be an opinion opposed to that of Maimonides. There are so successful that his criticism is on the sidelines for virtually all editions of the Mishna Torah. Works
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