Louis Xiii Of France
| Louis XIII | ||
| King of France | ||
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Portrait of Louis XIII by Rubens | ||
| Reign | ||
| 14 May 1610 - 14 May 1643 &&&&&&&&&& 012 053 33 years 0 months 0 days | ||
| Rite | 17 October 1610 , in the Cathedral of Reims | |
|---|---|---|
| Dynasty | House of Bourbon | |
| Full track | King of France and Navarre Co-Prince of Andorra | |
| Predecessor | Henry IV | |
| Successor | Louis XIV | |
| Heir | Mr. D'Anjou (1610-1611) Gaston de France (1611-1638) Louis XIV of France (1638-1643)  | |
| Other functions | ||
| King of Navarre | ||
| Period 14 May 1610 - 14 May 1643 | ||
| President | {{{}}} President1 | |
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| Predecessor | Henry III | |
| Successor | Louis III | |
| Co-Prince of Andorra | ||
| Period 14 May 1610 - 14 May 1643 | ||
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| Predecessor | Henry IV | |
| Successor | Louis XIV | |
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| Speaker (s) of the Republic | {{{President}}} rpublique10 | |
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| Governor General | {{{}}} Gouverneur10 | |
| Predecessor | {{{}}} Prdcesseur10 | |
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| Biography | ||
| Birth | 27 September 1601 | |
Fontainebleau ,  Kingdom of France | ||
| Deaths | 14 May 1643 (41 years) | |
| Saint-Germain-en-Laye , Kingdom of France | ||
| Father | Henry IV | |
| Mother | Marie de Medici | |
| Spouse (s) | Anne of Austria | |
| Descent | Prince Louis of France , Dauphin of France Prince Philippe of France , Duke of Orleans | |
| Residence (s) | Chateau Neuf de Saint-Germain-en-Laye Palais du Louvre | |
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| {{{List}}} sovereign | ||
Louis XIII said ( 27 September 1601 , Fontainebleau - 14 May 1643 , Saint-Germain-en-Laye ), king of France and Navarre ( 1610 - 1643 ). He is the son of Henri IV and Marie de Medici and the father of Louis XIV.
His reign was marked by the weakening of the Great and Protestants and the fight against the house of Habsburg. The image of this king is inseparable from that of his chief minister, Cardinal Richelieu.
Summary |
Biography
The son of Henri IV and Marie de Medici
Childhood
Louis XIII was born September 26, 1601 at the Chateau de Fontainebleau. It is the first son of King Henri IV and Queen Marie de Medici. The Dauphin Louis Children's fairly well known to us through the journal left by her doctor, John Heroard. All the details of his diet, his health and his private life are noted. The future king is installed in the month of November to the castle of Saint-Germain-en-Laye , where he found the illegitimate child of his father and later his brothers and sisters joined him in the castle .
Chteau de Saint-Germain, the young Louis XIII released shortly, his mother Mary does not like her son comes in contact with residents. The dolphin is quickly attracted by music and musicians often receives into his apartments . He also plays some instruments and sings. Dance, painting and drawing will also be the favorite entertainment of the future sovereign, but what he prefers, what are the weapons and what goes to the military .
He soon discovered a passion for the army, horses, and often speaks of war. He exercised very young at the bow and the musket and likes to enforce the obligations of its ceremonial guards . He received his first lesson at age seven from his teacher the poet Nicolas Vauquelin Des Yveteaux , it does not show a great interest in letters, either in French or Latin, for geometry, mathematics. Only history seems a little passion, outside of military arts and . Deemed inadequate, Des Yveteaux is replaced in 1611 by the philosopher Nicolas Le Fevre , who died in November 1612, replaced by M. Fleurence . Its military governor of Gilles de Courtenvaux Souvre .
The future Louis XIII has a deep adoration for his father, despite the fact that he does not hesitate to whip it at a young age and morally humiliated by a former practice whereby the dolphin is trained to serve the King and Queen . His father, however, shows signs of affection by asking her children to call her dad and not Mr. as is customary . His relationship with his mother are quite different. He shows no signs of affection for her and it either. He is never happy to go see it and refused several times to serve it, unlike what he did with his father, with whom he does not hesitate to play the role of valet .
Louis, the fatherless
On the death of Henri IV in 1610 , Louis XIII ascended to the throne. He was only 9 years old. Power is then provided by his mother Marie de Medici , who governs the kingdom as regent. The majority of the king was proclaimed in 1614 , but Mary says that Louis is "too weak in body and spirit" to assume the duties of his office, she dismisses the Council and its steering lets favorites Concino Concini and Leonora Galiga that account for the highest offices of state.
Traumatized by the sudden death of a father he loved, the little king was not a happy childhood. Firstly, there is no substitute for parental love to his mother Marie de Medici, who regarded it as negligible. Louis contains fast enough on itself. Patient may also be that Marie de Medici left him too seem his preference for his third son, Gaston , Duke of Anjou and Duke of Orleans (the death of second son, Nicolas , Duke of Orleans Born in 1604, cherished by the young king, who died from 1611), which was a very gracious and charming child Louis against the regency of his mother Moreover, the contempt for Italian favorites to it increasing its malaise. Growing up, Louis XIII became taciturn and suspicious. Yet there is in him, in light of these shortcomings, a strong desire to be worthy of his father Henry IV. He is indignant to see Concini, an alien incapable according to him, usurped the government of his state, while that relegates him, the young king in a corner of the Louvre. However, the regency of Marie de Medici's very difficult business management by its government is bad, and the forces of the kingdom, hostile to the centralization of power had begun Henry IV benefit. Serious disturbances broke out in the kingdom (religious, aristocratic, social), which causes unnecessary States General and political instability. The pro-Italian and pro-Spanish Queen's instilled in the young king a heavy feeling of bitterness. On 21 November 1615 in Bordeaux , Marie de Medici married the young king to Anne of Austria , Infanta of Spain. For Louis, it is a humiliation again, as, according to the memory of his father's choice, he saw Anne in a Spanish and therefore an enemy. Louis XIII, who was only fourteen, to avoid divorce by Spain, is obligated to consummate the marriage as evidenced by his doctor in his personal notes, taken hours and hours accurately recount the life of young Louis XIII. The king is shocked by this reporting requirement, so that he will wait four years before returning, led by the Duke of Luynes , the queen's bed, his wife. After the eventful and pro Spanish regency of his mother, Louis XIII restored the royal authority gradually breaking the privileges of the Protestants, those "Great", and the encirclement of the Habsburgs by a political conflict led by his minister Richelieu. This is a coup, the 24 April 1617 , Louis XIII came to power. Driven by his favorite Luynes he ordered the assassination of his mother's favorite, Concino Concini and enforces the Galigai his wife, Lady with her mother. He exiled Marie de Medici at Blois and finally takes his place as king. In reality replaces Louis XIII Concini by his own favorite, Charles d'Albert , Duke of Luynes. Very quickly, Luynes accumulate titles and fortunes. His promotion creates discontent, especially since the king's favorite is a very poor statesman. In 1619 , the queen mother escapes from the castle of Blois and raised an army against his son who chooses to reconcile with her, at the Treaty of Angouleme on 30 April 1619 , gives him the cities of Angers and Chinon but forbids him to return to the Council. In 1620 , Marie de Medici trigger a civil war which ended in complete defeat at the Battle of the Bridges-of-Ce on 7 April 1620 , where the king personally control. For fear of seeing his mother continue to conspiracy, the king accepts his return to the court of France, and is reconciled with her under the influence of Richelieu. Barely made peace, the king goes to Pau in Navarre , which he is the sovereign, to reestablish the worship catholic banned by the Protestants for half a century. Therefore, it intends to end military and political privileges enjoyed by Protestants since the Edict of Nantes and impose Catholicism state all his subjects. From 1620 to 1628 ( the siege of La Rochelle ), he fought and massacred the Protestants pillaged and destroyed the fortifications of their strongholds. He leads a first campaign against the Protestants in 1621 and allows the capture of St. Jean d'Angely , but it fails to Montauban in large part because of the incompetence of Luynes. It dies of scarlet fever during the siege of Monheurt , when he was already in disgrace. The Duke of Rohan defends Montauban and Montpellier against the troops of Louis XIII. Finally an agreement was reached between both parties, October 19, 1622. Louis XIII signed the Edict of Montpellier confirmed the Edict of Nantes : extension of the free exercise of religion of Protestants and limiting to two the number of places of safety (La Rochelle and Montauban). Louis XIII decided to participate more in matters of state and bind to a single minister, governing with Brulart Sillery and his son, the Marquis de Puisieux and with Vieuville are quickly disgraced for incompetence. In 1624 , Marie de Medici managed to bring the Cardinal de Richelieu, the king's council , a prelate who was the representative of the clergy to the Estates General of 1614 and Government Minister Concini. Most historians emphasize the close relationship between Louis XIII and Richelieu, who wrote: "I submit this idea as all other your majesty" to signify the king that he will never attempt to govern in his place. King's relationship with Richelieu is quite complex and has probably evolved over time towards a real affection. He is the author of this praise on the cardinal: "Cardinal Richelieu was the greatest servant that France has ever had." The two men share the same conception of the greatness of France and the right priorities in the political field. But the Cardinal, a lot more settled and responsible, appears to function much more respect that man . The political program of Richelieu comes in several ways: the lowering of the great feudal, streamlining the administrative system and fight against the house of Habsburg to the outside. Richelieu Protestants fighting less than a planned manner to ensure that the authority of the state. All the wars against the Huguenots are triggered by the lifting of one of their leaders ( Duke of Rohan , Benjamin de Rohan, duc de Soubise ). Even the siege of La Rochelle is probably not desired until Rohan triggered the hostilities. The surrender of that city, after a long siege which ended in 1628 , followed by the promulgation of the Edict of Grace Ales ( 28 June 1629 ), banning political meetings and suppressing the Protestant places of safety but now the freedom of worship throughout the kingdom except Paris. Louis XIII is facing hostility from some of the royal family against Richelieu and his anti-Spanish. He quarreled with his wife in 1626 , the queen, urged by the Duchesse de Chevreuse , part of the conspiracy count Chalais , aiming to assassinate the king. From that date, the couple is living apart. From the beginning of the involvement of France in the Thirty Years War , Anne of Austria is trying to secretly inform Spain on French political and military arrangements (although it is kept out of all decisions the king). The betrayal is discovered but the case was finally suppressed by the king himself, who is too pious to think seriously about a divorce of repudiation , which would cause further difficulties with the Holy See. He also dismisses his mother finally at the Day of Dupes ( 10 November 1630 ) during which the court believes the Cardinal dismissed, following a violent altercation between the king and the queen mother. The day ends with the exile of the queen-mother to Moulins (the king did not see her anymore), imprisonment of Chancellor Michel de Marillac and execution of the brother of the latter, the a href = "Louis_de_Marillac" title = "Louis de Marillac"> Marshal Marillac, on spurious grounds. Louis XIII to quell several revolts organized by Gaston d'Orleans , brother and potential heir, and locked up many of his half-brother as Duke of Vendome. Aware of the dilemmas that trouble the king, Pierre Corneille dedicates several replicas of the Cid. The King also wants to belittle the pride of the Great Kingdom and inflexible repeatedly ordering the execution of Count de Montmorency-Bouteville for violating the prohibition of duels and that of Duke of Montmorency to revolt. The legend of Louis XIII makes a puppet subject to Richelieu from the refusal of many contemporaries give King credit for the many executions that took place during his reign. Louis XIII is that children of the nobility, often rebels are gathered just outside Paris in 1638 and created the College Juilly for instilling the love of their king in a place where he can visit them regularly. Since Francis I , France is surrounded by the possessions of the Habsburgs , dominant Catholic power and colonial, which generally support the revolt against the king. Echoing the policy of his father, Henri IV , Louis XIII and Richelieu await a favorable opportunity to loosen the diplomatic domination. Since the death of his father, the war against Spain was postponed each time. The attention of the king, from 1631 , obsessed by the Thirty Years War. The recovery of France by Richelieu brought increased tensions between France and Spain. French diplomacy is closer to the enemies of Spain, and especially Protestant powers and finances its enemies. For several years the two countries are satisfied with a Cold War (no portion of Susa and Succession War of Mantua ). The year 1635 marks a milestone: France declares open war on Spain. The king is in a difficult international position, as is found in conflict with two Catholic kings: Ferdinand III, Holy Roman Emperor and King Philip IV of Spain and ally of the Protestant Gustavus II Adolphus of Sweden. From now until the end of his reign, the king is engaged in a terrible war in which he personally ordered several times (head of Corbie ). It occupies the revolt in Catalonia War Reapers (1641). After some difficult years, the French army has gradually overcame the Spanish army. The major concern of Louis XIII during his reign, is to be many years without a male heir. In poor health, shaken by violent illness, the king lost many times to die suddenly without heir: it maintains among the pretenders to the throne of Great Expectations ( Gaston d'Orleans , the Comte de Soissons , the Comte de Moret. ..). The difficult relationship of the king with the queen increases the hopes of those princes, who still embroiled in conspiracies, hoping that the king never heirs. The birth of the dauphin , the future Louis XIV in 1638 after 23 years of marriage, while the king and queen 36 years, are dubbed "the miracle child." The memoirs differ on the king's attitude towards his heir Tallemant des Reaux said that the king looked at his son with a cold eye, then retired. All other memoirists, including the Venetian ambassador Contarini who was present, saying that the king fell on his knees before his son and kissed him. Louis XIII and Anne of Austria in 1640 a second son, Philip , later Duke of Orleans. These two plots limit births to those who want to take the place of Cardinal, diseased (plot of the Marquis de Cinq Mars ). After the cardinal's death in December 1642, the king decides to reconcile with some of the old conspirators as his half-brother, Cesar de Vendome and his son, the Duke of Mercceur and the Duke of Beaufort. However, he continued the same policy. He brings to the board of a state of close associates of Richelieu, Cardinal Mazarin, which quickly became de facto prime minister (the king did not appoint a prime minister, but after a few months, when the Secretary of State for War, Sublet Noyers resigned, the king appointed to replace a protg of Mazarin, Michel Le Tellier ). After six weeks of terrible colic and vomiting, Louis XIII died on 14 May 1643 (33 years to the day after his father Henry IV , assassinated on 14 May 1610 ) to 41 years, the consequences of a poorly identified today as the Crohn's disease Personality and assessment: a weak king who restored royal authority Louis XIII is very religious, deeply Catholic. If it is tolerant of Protestants , out of respect of the reconciliation accomplished by his father. Marie de Medici nevertheless ensured that his son received a Catholic education severely. Louis XIII has a horror of sin. It's an obsession. King reluctant to luxuries of life. The difficulties he encounters in 1638 , and his temperament led him to place piles of France under the protection of the Virgin Mary. He also writes, with her confessor, Father Nicolas Caussin , a prayer book. In some ways, it seems to show more religiosity than religion. His religious policy endorses the active clergy limiting challenges Catholics to his diplomacy alliance with Protestant powers against the Habsburgs. The king by his centralizing government control of local authorities in concern for the well-being of peoples and the salvation of his kingdom. It is the source of the edict which requires bishops to grant compensation to the officers of worship. It allows the return of the school of Jesuits of Clermont in Paris and opens it to the son of the bourgeoisie. It also helps St. Vincent de Paul to found a religious congregation whose goal is to help the poorest. The body of Stewards seneschals replaces the bailiffs and the administration of the territory A warrior king who expanded his kingdom King Louis XIII is a soldier like his father. Historically, he is passionate about horses and weapons. Excellent rider, he is frequently on the battlefield, where he showed great courage. In peacetime, hunting is his favorite pastime. He is not afraid to sleep on straw, when his rides took him away from the city. He writes articles for military Gazette Theophrastus Renaudot. Although passionate about drawing and dancing, Louis XIII, King is not a patron. The only statue in his likeness was cast in the Revolution. However, he protected the painter Georges de La Tour , wanted to stay Poussin in France and issued several edicts in favor of the theater. It clearly affirms the unity of the kingdom, against Protestants, large and Spain, usually through the use of force. The Barn and Navarre are attached to the crown while Protestants continue to form a " state within a state. " Perpignan , the Roussillon , and Catalonia in revolt against Spain annexed to France, as well as the entire Savoy and Piedmont , and the town of Casale Monferrato. In the north, much of Hainaut was captured with the capture of Arras. To the east, the Lorraine is fully occupied by French troops. Finally, the king subsidized shipments of Champlain in Canada and promotes the development of New France. It also allows for France, the slave trade in 1642 . All French ports will participate, primarily those of Nantes and Bordeaux but Le Havre, Marseille, Brest, Lorient, La Rochelle or St. Tropez. Trafficking raises nevertheless violent protests . Many historical accounts have led historians to question the sexuality of Louis XIII. His rejection of vanity causes him great distrust of the courtiers in general, and especially women that are frivolous and vicious. It is a reputation for austerity. His wife is abandoned: after the night of his wedding with Anne of Austria, the young Louis XIII "of shame and a high fear" in the words of Heroard to go see the queen, unlike many of his predecessors. He then fails quite often. However, most historians and novelists who support the thesis of non-consummation of the marriage of Louis XIII and Anne of Austria before the birth of Louis XIV forget that the Queen had three miscarriages, one row at a accidental fall down stairs. His fragile health and religiosity may explain part that distance vis--vis a wife imposed by his mother. His political distrust (justified) plays a role at least as important. Another reason: the memory of the political and marital discord between his parents: In addition to his position antiespagnole Marie de Medicis to Henri IV blamed his infidelity open (Louis was raised with his half-brothers). However, little is known of the king two female connections, both platonic it is true: one with Mary Hautefort , future Duchess of Halluin, the other with Louise de la Fayette , with whom he wished to retire to Versailles. The existence of favorites forcing contemporaries and historians to wonder about the possible homosexuality of the King: The Duke of Luynes , Blainville, Vendme (Commander of Souvray) Montpuillan la Force, the Marquis de Toiras , the Marquis de Grimault, Barada , the Duc de Saint-Simon and Marquis de Cinq-Mars (which Richelieu would have presented to the King to reduce the influence of Marie de Hautefort). The sources in this regard are Gideon Tallemant des Reaux (main source), columnist fairly hostile to Richelieu , but Heroard , Household and Saint-Simon. For example in the following excerpt from the Reaux: King began his coachman Saint-Amour to show affection to someone. Eunsuite he had the willingness to Vendome, and the commander of Souvray Montpuillan la Force ... which were removed one after another by the queen mother. Finally M. de Luynes came . The stories of Tallemant Reaux is essentially made up of testimony of a second or third hand, what the author does not hide, historians have since considered the contention of homosexuality or bisexuality Louis XIII could not, like most historical figures probably homosexual, to produce definitive proof, nor evidence of the theory of strict heterosexuality of Louis XIII. The argument from impotence or latent homosexuality of the king allowed to develop hypotheses about the romantic bastard son of the king. This king appears in many films, mainly due to various adaptations of the novel by Alexandre Dumas , The Three Musketeers , which was adapted thirty times. The King often appears as a sad and unfortunate. Some adaptations of Dumas, as those of Sidney George or Richard Lester , portrayed Louis XIII as a simpleton or a clumsy, to make a comic character. The reign of Louis XIII gives the film a cape and sword, especially in the fifties and sixties, its glory days. 481 Clovis I 511 Clotaire I. 561 Caribert I. 561 Gontran 561 Chilperic I. 561 Sigebert I. 584 Clotaire II 629 Dagobert I. 639 Siegbert III 639 Clovis II 657 Clotaire III 673 Thierry III 691 Clovis III 695 Childebert III 711 Dagobert III 715 Chilperic II 717 Clotaire IV 721 Thierry IV 743 Childeric III 751 Pippin 768 Carloman I. 771 768 Charles I. 814 Louis I 843 Charles II 877 Louis II 879 Louis III 882 879 Carloman II 884 Charles the Fat 888 Eudes 898 Charles III 922 Robert I. 923 Raoul 936 Louis IV 954 Lothair 986 Louis V 987 Hughes Capet 996 Robert II 1031 Henry I 1060 Philip I 1108 Louis VI 1137 Louis VII 1180 Philip II 1223 Louis VIII 1226 Louis IX 1270 Philip III 1285 Philip IV 1314 Louis X 1316 John I 1316 Philip V 1322 Charles IV 1328 Philip VI 1350 John II 1364 Charles V 1380 Charles VI 1422 Charles VII 1461 Louis XI 1483 Charles VIII 1498 Louis XII 1515 Francis I 1547 Henry II 1559 Francis II 1560 Charles IX 1574 Henry III 1589 Henry IV 1610 1643 Louis XIII Louis XIV 1715 Louis XV 1774 Louis XVI 1792 1804 Napoleon 1815 Napoleon II (not yet proclaimed) 1815 1814 Louis XVIII 1824 Charles X 1852 Napoleon III 1870 Robert de Clermont (1256-1317) Louis I de Bourbon-Vendme (1376 - 1446) Antoine de Bourbon (04/22/1518 - 1562) A asserts its sovereign authority
Exit the regency of the Queen Mother
Against Protestants
Choosing Richelieu
A policy conducted by the Great and cons Richelieu Spain
Weakening the Great
Breaking the siege Spanish
Ensuring continuity and succession of the King
The lack of inheritance promotes conspiracy
The death of Richelieu, Mazarin and the rise of the King's death
"Louis the Just": a religious king
An ambiguous sexuality
A misogyny avowed
The place of his favorites
Cinema
References
See also
Bibliography
Related articles
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on See also
Preceded by Louis XIII of France Followed by Henry IV 
King of France and Navarre 1610 - 1643 Louis XIV 
Co-Prince of Andorra 1610 - 1643
from 481 to 1870 Kings of the Franks 
Kings of France French Emperor Kings of France
King of the French
1830 a href = "Louis_de_France_ (1775-1844)" title = "Louis of France (1775-1844)"> Louis XIX
1830 Henry V
1830 Louis-Philippe I 1848 French Emperor
Louis I de Bourbon (1279 - 1342)
Jacques I de Bourbon-La Marche (1319 - 4.6.1361)
John I of Bourbon-La Marche (1344 - 11.6.1393)
Jean VIII de Bourbon-Vendme (1428 -1477)
Franois de Bourbon-Vendme (1470 - 1495)
Charles IV de Bourbon (06/02/1489 to 03/25/1537)
Henri IV of France (12/13/1553 to 05/14/1610)
Louis XIII of France (09/27/1601 to 05/14/1643)
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