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Louis Antoine De Saint Just

Saint-Just

Pierre-Paul Prud'hon , Portrait of Louis de Saint-Just (1793), Muse des Beaux-Arts de Lyon

Birth name	Louis Antoine Lon de Saint-Just
Nickname (s)	"The Archangel of the Terror," "Archangel of the Revolution"
Birth	25 August 1767 Decize
Deaths	28 July 1794 (26 years) Paris
Nationality	French
Occupation (s)	Lawyer
Other activities	Politician

Louis Antoine Lon de Saint-Just is a politician French, born in Decize ( Nivre ) on 25 August 1767 death and guillotined in Paris on 28 July 1794 (10 Thermidor Year II ), at 26, who distinguished himself for his intransigence in the Terror. He was nicknamed "the Archangel of the Terror" or "the archangel of the Revolution."

Summary

1 Biography
2 Quotes
3 Works
4 Recent Editions
5 Bibliography
6 Representations of Saint-Just in film and television
7 Source partial
8 Notes and references
9 External links

Biography

The house of Saint-Just to Blerancourt , now the tourist office and museum.

Louis Antoine de Saint-Just is the eldest son of Louis Jean de Saint-Just de Richebourg ( 8 November 1716 - 8 September 1777 ), a cavalry captain decorated with the Order of St. Louis , and Marie-Anne Robinot ( Decize born in the 8 June 1734 , died 1791 ), herself the daughter of Leonard Robinot, counselor, notary royal Grenetier the attic salt Decize , and Jeanne Houdry, married on 10 May 1766. His parents have two other children. His two sisters, Louise-Marie-Anne de Saint-Just de Richebourg and Marie-Franoise-Victoire de Saint-Just de Richebourg, are emerging to Nampcel ( Oise ), on 12 September 1768 and 10 November 1769 . In late 1785 , during his vacation, he falls in love with Theresa Sigrade Gell Louise, daughter of Louis-Antoine Gell, royal notary in the Bailiwick of Coucy-le-Chateau , but despises his father and married enough precipitately, daughter to Francis Emmanuel Thorin, clerk of the study, the Blerancourt 25 July 1786 (she flees to Paris on 25 July 1793 to reach Saint-Just) .

Terracotta bust at the museum Lambinet at Versailles.

From September 1786 to March 1787 , Saint-Just is placed at the request of his mother in a house of correction in Paris, Rue de Picpus , following a fugue. Then became clerk to master Dubois Attorney Soissons, he enrolled in October 1787 to law school in Reims , which had been already visited Brissot and Danton before returning the following year Blerancourt, where he stayed until in September 1792.

The episode of the house of correction has probably had an influence on his poem Organt, critique of absolute monarchy and the Church, often pornographic in nature and in the tradition cynical, published in spring 1789. He attends the beginnings of the Revolution in Paris, then left to join his family in Blerancourt , where he became lieutenant-colonel of the National Guard in July 1789. Is in contact with the rural population that will make his learning as a politician with a strong sense of local life. Revolutionary exalted, he participated in the Festival of Federation in 1790 , is part of the procession escorting Louis XVI after his attempted escape. He became acquainted with Robespierre , whom he wrote a first letter in August 1790 , and he becomes a close. Like the latter, he is fascinated by the Greco-Roman culture (which come from the Democracy and Republic ) and likens herself to Brutus.

MP in 1791 to the Legislative Assembly , he is denied the right to sit because of his age. He was elected to the Aisne on 5 September 1792 , ^the 5th of 12 with 349 votes out of 600 voters at the convention he was the youngest, and joined the Montagnards. From his first speech of 13 October 1792 , there is a keynote speaker, both at the trial of Louis XVI , during which he utters these words, according to a relentless rhetoric inspired by Rousseau : "We can rule innocently," " every king is a rebel and a usurper, "that during the drafting of the Constitution. His toughness and his undeniable talent rhetoric, making it one of the voices of the mountain and then hello Committee public , rages against his opponents Girondins.

On 9 March 1793 , he was sent by decree in the Ardennes and the Aisne with Jean-Louis Deville , his friend since before the Revolution , for the lifting of 300,000 men. Back from the March 31 in Paris, where he intervenes in the Jacobins , its mission officially ends by decree of April 30 .

Assistant Committee hello public on 31 May 1793 , then elected on July 10 when the extension of the committee, he was sent to the Aisne, the Oise and the Somme by order of the committee on July 18 , but does not meet not the mission. Then appointed by order of the committee on October 17 and Decree of October 22 representing the armies and conventional with his friend Philippe Le Bas , he joined the Army of the Rhine until 25 Pluviose Year II ( 6 January 1794 ), except for a stay Paris from 14 to 20 Frimaire Year II ( 4 - 10 December 1793 ) . Both officials are transforming the five Brumaire ( 26 October 1793 ) the military court "and revolutionary special commission" to speed up procedures and improve the severity against the transgressors and "supporters of the enemy" . Saint-Just caught Bitche and issue Landau.

Then sent to the northern army with The Netherlands by order of the Committee of Public hello 3 Pluviose Year II ( 22 January 1794 ), he was back in Paris on 25 Pluviose ( February 13 ) .

Back in Paris, he is one of the players falling Hebertists , then Dantonists.

The battle of Fleurus, French victory of General Jourdan , on 26 June 1794 , against the Austrian army led by the princes of Coburg and Orange (right Jourdan, Saint-Just on a mission behind him Kleber , Championnet and Marceau ), oil painting by Jean-Baptiste Mauzaisse (1837), in the Muse du Chteau de Versailles.

Following a decree of the Committee of Public hello 10 Floreal ( April 29 ), he goes on a mission to the northern army with The Netherlands . Proponent of the out offensive , he led the de facto operations in early May and, despite strong reservations from several generals as Kleber and Marceau , orders to launch an offensive on Charleroi who fails . Its action is, however, crowned by the victories of Kortrijk and Fleurus. Posing as a military expert, because of its various missions with the armies, he opposed at the time Carnot .

The Committee having noted in a letter dated 6 Prairial ( May 25 ), he returned to Paris on the 12th ( May 31 ). Then an order of the Committee of 18 grassland ( June 6 ) the charge of a mission to the armies of the North and East , "the sea to the Rhine. " He is back in the capital on 11 Messidor ( June 29 ) .

During the crisis of Thermidor , he tries, with Barrere , restore harmony within the committees, including organizing the meeting on 5 Thermidor. On this occasion, he is responsible for reading a report to the Convention on the clashes that rocked the revolutionary government. But Robespierre's speech before the assembly, on 8 Thermidor accelerates the resolution of the crisis. Taken part in the night by Billaud-Varenne and Collot d'Herbois , he reoriented his speech in a more critical with respect to these two men, indicating the fifth paragraph: "somebody that has blighted my night heart ". However, far from seeking to kill his enemies, he hopes, through this intervention, to restore the agreement among the members of the public hello. In conclusion, he proposed to the Convention a decree stating that the republican institutions, while being prepared, "means that the present government without losing its revolutionary spring, can tend to arbitrarily promote ambition, and oppress or usurp the national representation. "

The next day, as he begins his speech, he is interrupted by Tallien and rather than fight, is ripe in enigmatic silence, it is decreed of accusation. Released by the insurrection of the Commune of Paris, he lets himself arrested by troops loyal to the Convention, silent on the morning of 10 Thermidor, and was guillotined at the age of twenty-six years, with key supporters Robespierre in the afternoon.

Quotes

"No freedom for the enemies of freedom. "
"Happiness is a new idea in Europe" (Report on behalf of the Committee on Public hello embodiment of the decree against the enemies of the Revolution, presented to the National Convention on 13 Ventse II - March 3, 1794)
"The poor are the powers of the earth. They have the right to speak as masters to the governments that fail. "(Report on behalf of the committee hello and public safety committee on general prisoners, presented to the National Convention on 8 Ventse II - February 26, 1794)
"The tragedy today is politics ... "
"What constitutes a republic is the total destruction of what he opposes. "
"I despise the dust that composes and me talking to you. We can persecute and kill the dust! But I defy anyone to tear myself this independent life that I gave myself for ever in heaven. "(Fragments)
"The force has neither law nor reason, but it may be impossible to do without them to enforce the law and reason. "
"A nation has a dangerous enemy, it was his government. "
"Only those who earn in battle. "
"The order today is the mess tomorrow. "
"At least we will have done something. "He said, pointing to human rights and citizen shortly before his death.
"The revolution is frozen, all principles are weakened, there are only red caps worn by the plot. The exercise of terror has jaded crime as strong liquors blasent the palace. "(Constitutional Institutions)
"I am in no faction will fight against them all. "(Early speech of 9 Thermidor Year II interrupted by Tallien in the gallery of the National Convention)
"Among the people truly free women are free and adored, and lead a life as sweet as merit their weakness interesting. "(The Spirit of the Revolution and the constitution of France, Chapter XII:" Women ")

Works

Organt , a poem written in 1787-1789, published in spring 1789.
Harlequin Diogenes , play written in 1789.
The Spirit of the Revolution and the Constitution of France , written in 1790, published by Beuvin in June 1791. Saint-Just exhibits his reflections on the French Revolution. Anxious to raise awareness awaiting eligible, there is evidence of some moderation in criticizing little Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette, thus remaining in line with majority thinking, a year after the storming of the Bastille. Found in this book the basis of constitutional ideas that develop from 1792. Reading this book shows the important influence What was Montesquieu and Rousseau on the revolutionary thinkers.
Nature, Vital Statistics of the City or the rules of independence from government , incomplete text, probably written between September 1791 and September 1792, published posthumously by Albert Soboul in 1951.
Fragments of republican institutions , fragmentary and incomplete text written between autumn 1793 and July 1794, published posthumously in 1800 at Fayolle (incomplete edition) with an introduction anonymous cake, a friend of Saint-Just. This first edition was reprinted in 1831 at the initiative of Techener Charles Nodier then been republished many times, including the complete works published in 1908 by Charles Vellay. Soboul Albert publishes the first complete edition in 1948, then a new version, reconstructed in nine fragments, Einaudi in 1952. Alain Linard published in 1976 under the title of political theory a version that closely follows the wording and order of the fragments and deleted passages reproduced in the alert. In 1984, the complete works published in Lebovici Gerard, Michele Duval offers a fragment taken from the unpublished papers found in Robespierre, Saint-Just, Payan, etc.., Deleted or omitted by Courtois (1828) and another done Courtois Report behalf of the commission to review the papers found in Robespierre and his accomplices (Nivse III), complemented by a fragment of the 1800 edition of republican institutions, the republication of the texts published in 1949 in the Annals of the historical French Revolution by Albert Soboul and extracts a carton of the National Archives devoted to Robespierre, and finally a fragment and the passage of a short fiction story from the book of Saint-Just. The 2004 edition of the Complete Works reproduces the current manuscript, as Alain Linard, adding to the end and clearly the text book and fragments that appeared in the 1800 edition which does not appear in the manuscript its current state .

Recent Editions

Complete works, edited and presented by Anne Kupiec and Miguel Abensour, Gallimard , coll. Folio / History, 2004.
Complete Works, edited by Michele Duval, bound, Champ Libre , Paris, 1984. Reprinted by Editions Ivrea , Paris, 2003.
We can not rule innocently (Speech on the Constitutions of France) (with an afterword by Joel Gayraud), Thousand and One Nights, Paris, 1997.

Bibliography

Marc Eli Blanchard, Saint-Just and Co., A.-G. Nizet, 1979, 111 pages.
Anna Charmelot Madeleine , Saint-Just, or the Chevalier Organ Sesame Publishing, 1957.
Derocles Peter (pseudonym of Albert Soboul ), Saint-Just, his social and political ideas, social Publishing International, 1937, 173 pages.
Dommanget Maurice , Saint-Just, Circle Publishing, 1971, 200 pages.
Edward Fleury , Saint-Just and the Terror, 2 vols., Divya, 1852, read online theft. 1
Jean-Pierre Gross, Saint-Just: its policy and missions, National Library, 1976, 570 pages ( ISBN 271771278X ).
Ernest Hamel , Histoire de Saint-Just, deputy to the National Convention, Paris, 1859.
Ipotesi Monique, Saint-Just and antiquity, Schena, 1984, 135 pages.
Ralph Korngold, Saint-Just, translated from English by Albert Lehman, Bernard Grasset, 1937, 255 pages.
Albert Ladret, Saint-Just, or, The vicissitudes of virtue, Presses Universitaires de Lyon, 1989, 326 pages ( ISBN 2729703454 ).
Albert Ollivier, Saint-Just and the nature of things, Gallimard, 1954, 587 pages.
Soboul Albert (Eds.), Proceedings of the Symposium Saint-Just: Sorbonne, June 25, 1967, Society of Robespierrists Studies, Paris, 1968, 466 pages.
Soboul Albert , "On the mission of Saint-Just to the army of the Rhine (Brumaire Year II)," Historical Journal of the French Revolution , 1954, p. 193-231 and 298-337.
Vinot Bernard, Saint-Just, Fayard, 1985, 394 pages.
Levandovski Anatole Le Chevalier de Saint-Just, Progress Publishers, 1988, (translated from Russian by Jennifer Smith), 446 pages.

Representations of Saint-Just in film and television

1974: Saint-Just and the nature of things , a TV movie in two parts by Cardinal Pierre Saint-Just is portrayed by Patrick Alexsandre.
1989: The French Revolution , a film by Robert Enrico and Richard T. Heffron : it is played by Christopher Thompson.
1964: Terror and Virtue (2 episodes: "Danton" and "Robespierre"), TV movie Stellio Lorenzi , issuing The camera explores the time : it is interpreted by Denis Manuel.

Source partial

Adolphe Robert , Gaston Cougny , Dictionary of French parliamentarians from 1789 to 1889, Paris, Bourloton, Volume 5, pp. 238-240

References

G. Lenotre , revolutionary Paris: Old houses, old papers, vol. 1, Perrin et cie, 1920, p. 324.
Albert Ladret, Saint-Just, or, The vicissitudes of virtue, Presses Universitaires de Lyon, 1989, p. 21.
Lenru Marie, Saint-Just, Bernard Grasset, 1922, 181 pages, p. 95.
Michel Biard , Missionaries of the Republic, Paris, CTHS , 2002 96.
^{a , b , c , d , e and f} Michel Biard , op. cit., 2002, p. 195.
Michel Biard , op. cit., 2002, p. 302.
Michel Biard , op. cit., 2002, p. 306.
Michel Biard , op. cit., 2002, p. 220.
Louis-Antoine de Saint-Just, Oeuvres completes, Gallimard, coll. "Folio history", 2004, p. 673 .
Louis-Antoine de Saint-Just, Oeuvres completes, Gallimard, coll. "Folio history", 2004, p. 667 .
Louis-Antoine de Saint-Just, Oeuvres completes, vol. II Vellay, 1908, p. 520 .
Louis-Antoine de Saint-Just, Oeuvres completes, Gallimard, coll. "Folio history", 2004, p. 769 .
Louis-Antoine de Saint-Just, Oeuvres completes, Gallimard, coll. "Folio history", 2004, p. 409 .
Saint-Just, Oeuvres completes, Gallimard, coll. Folio / history, 2004, p. 1085-1086.