Leo Xiii
| Leo XIII Pope of the Catholic Church | |
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| Lumen in coelo | |
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| Birth name | Vincenzo Gioacchino Raffaele Luigi Pecci |
| Birth | 2 March 1810 in Carpineto Romano ,  Italy |
| Election to the papacy | 20 February 1878 (67) |
| Enthronement | 3 March 1878 |
| End of the pontificate | 20 July 1903 (93 years) |
| Predecessor | Pius IX |
| Successor | Pius X |
| Lists of Popes chronology Alphabetical | |
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Leo XIII, born Vincenzo Gioacchino Raffaele Luigi Pecci ( 2 March 1810 - 20 July 1903 ), is the 257th pope of the Catholic Church (name Latin : name Italian :
Successor to Pope Pius IX on 20 February 1878 , he reigned until his death in 1903.
He is buried in the Basilica of the Lateran.
Summary |
Prelate
Born in Carpineto Romano , near Rome , in Italy , he is the son of Count Lodovico Pecci and Countess born Anna Prosperi Buzi, who had six other children, including the future Cardinal Giuseppe Pecci.
Student at the college of Jesuits of Viterbo , Joachim Vincent Pecci in 1824 between the Collegium Romanum with his brother who became a Jesuit. He continued his studies at the Ecclesiastical Academy of nobles who prepares future diplomats of the Holy See. He was received a doctorate in theology in 1836 and a doctorate in law in utroque jure , all in Rome. He was ordained priest on December 31 1837.
His academic qualifications are remarkable for the Cardinal Lambruschini who present to Pope Gregory XVI. He was soon named "Prelate of His Holiness," and papal legate to Benevento , papal enclave within the Kingdom of Naples where, for strong measures, he arrived to end the banditry.
Became papal legate to Spoleto , he was appointed papal legate to Perugia to prepare the visit of Pope Gregory XVI in this diocese of 200,000 people.
In 1843 he was appointed archbishop holder (or titular ) of Damietta and received episcopal ordination conferred on it by the hands of Cardinal Lambruschini, and it is immediately sent as apostolic nuncio in Belgium , on 28 January 1843 but there was less success: the young diplomat thirty fails to end the quarrel between the Jesuits and the Belgian episcopate.
It becomes in 1846 archbishop of Perugia and was to remain until 1877 and in 1846 Gregory XVI appointed Bishop ECCP cardinal in petto, that is to say, in secret, so that the new cardinal can remain in a position that normally hat cardinal prohibits it. On the death of Gregory XVI , his title of cardinal is the official opening of secret archives of the Vatican, but his popularity earned him permission PIE IX to remain archbishop of Perugia. In 1877 he was appointed Cardinal Camerlengo of Holy Roman Church, a position he held until his own election as pope on 20 February 1878.
It is reported that Leo XIII was addicted to wine Mariani , liquor with high levels of cocaine. He is said to be always with him a flask if necessary Pontificate It is possible that it was elected because he was frail and we saw him as a transitional pope. We had no idea he would reign for twenty-five years. He would have wanted to leave Rome, where demonstrations were taking place often hostile to the Church, but his secretary of state, Cardinal Rampolla , convinced him to stay at the Vatican and consider them as a prisoner. The major encyclicals: 1) A Thomistic Pope: From 1879 with the encyclical Aeterni Patris , (this is St. Thomas Aquinas ), he raised the Studies Thomists. 2) A defender of the Christian conscience: In April 1884 he was the author of the encyclical Humanum Genus , a violent attack against Freemasonry which summarized the many condemnations of it by its predecessors. 3) A political Pope: To the chagrin of monarchists , he is the initiator of the rally French Catholics to the Third Republic , characterized by the encyclical the middle of solicitude and toast, delivered at his request, in Algiers by the cardinal Lavigerie on 12 November 1890. This act shocked many Catholics and, for example, "the devout women of Brittany and Anjou were praying for the conversion of the Pope" , some even went so far as to argue that true Leo XIII had substituted a lookalike , Les Caves du Vatican contain an allusion to this fable we repeated with Paul VI. The Comtesse de Pange says that his father, the Duc de Broglie , was wont to invite to lunch once or twice a year the priests of the neighborhood, one of them, a little heated with wine champagne he was not used, did not hesitate to launch a dessert: "And when I think of that monster Pope!", he refused to withdraw. 4) An advocate of papal social teaching of the Church: In the footsteps of social Catholics like Frederic Ozanam , he seized the labor question, and in the encyclical Rerum Novarum of 15 May 1891 , he denounced the one hand as an evil "concentration in the hands of a few few of Industry and Trade, now sharing a small number of wealthy men and plutocrats , which impose a yoke little slave to the infinite multitude of proletarians , and secondly it condemns Marxism as a "deadly plague" to society. In this document, Pope Leo XIII criticizes liberalism and unbridled competition regime that reduces workers to poverty and rejects the socialism which wants to abolish private property, natural law, and establish the class struggle. It recommends the fraternal association of workers and state intervention to regulate relations between employers and workers. The encyclical Rerum Novarum has been, since then, successive developments, for example Centesimus annus in 1991. Leo XIII was the first Pope to be filmed , at his request. He was a humanist refined and poems Latin are remarkable. In April 1884 he was the author of the encyclical Humanum Genus , a violent attack against Freemasonry which summarized the many condemnations of it by its predecessors, and is generally considered to be the manifesto of modernist-cons Church, yet he denounced the hoax Taxila. On 20 September 1900 , Leo XIII formally dissolved the Papal States , bringing the papacy in line with political reality. He reorganized the great Orders in particular the College of St. Benedict in founding the Benedictine Confederation in 1893 by the brief Summum semper. The pontificate of Leo XIII was the fourth longest pontificate in history, after St. Peter , Blessed Pius IX and John Paul II. It was often contrasted the spirit of "progressive" of Leo XIII in "conservatism" of his predecessor Pius IX and his successor, Pius X , as its critics compared him to a Cure campaign raised in the chair of St. Peter. In fact, it is especially the caution that marked his pontificate. The choice of Pius IX was in the syllabus , to present the doctrine in Roman sentences short and concise that have shocked the merits of the non-Catholic readers and form a number of Catholics. Leo, meanwhile, developed his sense of pedagogy in clarifying the position of the encyclicals of his predecessors and paving the way for his successors, on traditional themes like new themes (the Christian Democrats in his encyclical Graves de communi st ). Leo XIII was able to renew also the receipt of encyclicals in a world that was crossed by the ideologies that would compete in the twentieth century. He continued his tireless defense of freedom of the Church was faced with new problems of modernity: rupture between the proletariat and the elite class of political stranglehold on education in different countries in Europe, secularization of consciousness , and the problem of dissolution of congregations in France ( Encyclical Nobilissima Gallorum People ) and other countries. We have considered that these encyclicals - the number of eighty-six - were learned and that few people read them through, but they had a significant influence on the participation of Catholics in the major intellectual debates and socio-political of their time (despite the political stalemate in Italy since the Non expedit ). He also knew how to renew the teaching seminars and pontifical universities, advancing biblical and patristic studies and open the Vatican archives. This aspect of his pontificate is too often overlooked but nonetheless fundamental, as it gave a real impetus to Biblical studies , so that the exegesis is in harmony with modern scientific discoveries of his time. This was the subject of the encyclical Deus Providentissimus , published in 1893. He clarified the Church's position vis--vis the Anglican Church , accompanying the continuation of a movement of conversion in England ( Oxford Movement was born in the middle of the century), around the Cardinal Newman. He laid the foundations of a more structured Catholicism to the United States , he treated the Negro question and the end of slavery in Brazil in his encyclical of 1888 In Plurima. His encyclicals were taken and quoted by his successors, Pius X , which kept the name, until John Paul II who referred the matter to Rerum Novarum on numerous occasions. Early in his pontificate, Pope Leo XIII had sent a missive to the conciliatory tone to the Emperor Alexander II in which he recalled the good memories of Czar the lives of millions of his subjects who were Catholic and wanted to live in loyal subjects the Empire. The emperor replied equally politely that he promised his Catholic subjects would have the same rights as others. Relations between Pius IX and Russia had been appalling because of the Polish question and were broken since 1870, as Leo XIII made it a first step by publishing, on 28 December 1878 , an encyclical condemning socialism, the anarchism and nihilism. This could only appeal to Alexander II (and other European rulers), who constantly had to defend against attacks on his person or the representatives of imperial power. On several occasions, Leo XIII had read letters from the pulpit against these attacks. In response, bishoprics were finally given approval Imperial and were filled. But the Polish question does not change much: The Holy See deemed unacceptable the use of Russian - administrative language of the Empire which was recently imposed in Poland - in teaching and catechism. More importantly, the Ruthenians predominantly Uniate had been forced to place themselves under the canonical jurisdiction of the Orthodox Church. When Alexander II was assassinated, Leo XIII had sent to the coronation in 1881 , the new emperor of all the Russias Alexandre III a high-ranking prelate to represent. Alexander III was grateful to him and asked the pope to urge the bishops of Poland not to support those movements Polish patriots and political unrest. Relations soured further when Leo XIII used his influence to reconcile Russia to France. Indeed, the pope saw a dim view of the creation of the Triple Alliance. It brought together an Italy governed by a Ministry of left anti-clerical, tempted by the experience of neighboring Kulturkampf of Bismarck , a Austro-Hungarian undermined by nationalism and a new German Empire which had driven the congregations of his country and enacted laws against Catholics. France, weakened by its defeat in 1870 , had a political system that was seen as the bogeyman of a monarchical Europe, but Russia needed the French capital to develop and defend a German too haughty to his borders, whereas France wanted out of its diplomatic isolation and counteract the power of the Triple Alliance. After the death of Alexander III, the question of Uniate and language in Poland was settled. An agreement in 1896 , allowed the establishment of new dioceses Catholics throughout the Empire. Nicolas II facilitated the financing of the management of Catholic seminary in St. Petersburg , Catholic churches were built in major commercial cities of Russia, while that 'Poland's last vacant episcopal seats were filled. But Leo XIII finally, old and preoccupied with more urgent matters, do not pick the fruits of his policy. The nunciature of St. Petersburg did not reopen. Relations with the new German Empire (proclaimed in Versailles on 18 January 1871 ) were broken since the arrival in power of Chancellor Bismarck. All the diplomacy of Leo XIII will be turned towards the gradual phasing out of Kulturkampf. Between 1871 and 1887 , Prince Bismarck would strengthen authoritatively and unilaterally "solidarity" component of the Empire and to the detriment of the Church (including the lowering of the Catholic party Zentrum ). So any criticism of the empire (it includes not only Prussia but also the Rhineland Prussian predominantly Catholic) was punishable by prison. He wanted to crush the spirit of autonomy and Lorraine recently annexed Polish Prussia , in Posen and Silesia , the Catholic population who were in the church a haven for their patriotic activities, and at the same time weakening the identity Catholic Rhineland, not enough "Prussian" in the eyes of the chancellor. It was the same processes elsewhere, but conducted briskly: civil marriage compulsory dissolution of all congregations, control over the appointment and training of clergy , law school, etc.. Notwithstanding the "Iron Chancellor" and had to retreat in 1882 , Leo XIII was able to restore diplomatic relations with Prussia. The Pope had argued with some success the bishops in their support for social action and training on the part of lay associations support workers. The bishops also claimed the party Zentrum which Bismarck was in need of votes. Thus in 1887, the congregations could gradually come back and the most repressive laws from the previous period of the Kulturkampf were no longer applied. But outside, from the renewal of the Triple Alliance in February 1887 , then with the abandonment of the reinsurance treaty with Russia in 1890, Pope worried about the offensive of the last Bismarckian system directed against France. The major encyclicals of Leo XIII: 
The "liberalism" of Leo XIII
The Pope "intellectual"
A papal diplomat
The Holy See's relations with the Russian Empire
The Holy See's relations with the German Empire
Quotes
Bibliography
External Links
- Michael Rosenzweig, Drugs in history: between medicine and poison, De Boeck, 1998 92.
- Anatole France, the Church and the Republic, 1904, reissued by BiblioLife, 2009, ISBN 978-1-110-86759-2 , p. 30.
- Comtesse de Pange, how I saw 1900, Bernard Grasset, 1962.
- show external link
- Apostolic Bull Apostolicae Curae 1896
- encyclical Quod Apostolici neration. I - Attitude of the Church in the face of communism - Previous Convictions.
| Preceded by | Leo XIII | Followed by | ||
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| Pius IX |
| Pius X |
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