Latin
| Latin lingua Latina | |
|---|---|
| Daughter languages | Romance |
| Spoken at | Vatican |
| Typology | SOV inflectional |
| Classification by family | |
| |
| Official status | |
| Official language of |  Vatican |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-1 | the |
| ISO 639-2 | lat |
| ISO 639-3 | lat |
| IETF | the |
| Sample | |
| Article I of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights of 1948 ( see text in French ): "Omnes homines liberi atque quique dignitate juribus nascuntur. Conscientiaque prditi ratione sunt erga alios cum et al Fraternitatis debent manage themselves. " | |
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Latin is an Italic language family of Indo-European languages , mother-tongue of the Romance languages. Since the time of the French Revolution, it is often called "dead language" label sometimes encouraged by nationalism but flawed insofar as its written use has continued until today spoke in religious or in scientific fields such as diagnoses in biology. In The World , Guy George mentions sixty thousand words or phrases added to the Latin in the past century, including res volans Inexplicata for UFOs or vis atomica for nuclear power.
Inflected language , it has seven cases , two numbers and three genera. His alphabet - which enriched additional letters and diacritics is still alive - in the classical period included 23 letters, 4 vowels, 2 semi-vowels and 17 consonants.
Summary |
Classification
Latin is an Indo-European language belonging to the Italic group , although the membership has been challenged by some linguists. Specifically, we rank among the Latin languages Italian Faliscans.
History of the Latin language
The Latin is becoming increasingly important with the expansion of the Roman state of the second century BC. BC to second century. Official language of the Empire , it spread throughout much of Europe, North Africa and Asia Minor. During the fall of the Western Empire in the fifth century , the invaders adopt the Roman way of thinking and the Latin language in order to establish their legitimacy. Throughout the High Middle Ages , although it is not a vernacular language, Latin is the language of official acts, diplomacy, liturgy and the scholarly literature (theology, philosophy, science). During the later Middle Ages, local languages and assert themselves within the literary level, and while it gives rise to numerous vernacular derivatives (the Romance languages ) and that non-Roman languages (like English or Gothic ) have borrowed vocabulary, Latin influence remains on the diplomatic, legal, scientific and philosophical.
Latin is then reformed to 800 in the eleventh century on the model of classical Latin, to avoid drifting into the vernacular languages that were derived. In the Renaissance , the scientific and philosophical basis of the Latin language began to decline, as its diplomatic function ( Ordinance of Villers-Cotterets , 1539). This will not prevent Erasmus published a number of Latin texts into a classic and once again become very rich as well, Rene Descartes (1596-1650) wrote in Latin happy ... especially when pressed (even if published his first speech in French for specific reasons, and the works of his time are often printed in Latin, to be broadcast throughout Europe). In the Germanic part of Europe (or the Roman law remains in force until the end of the Empire), the Latin language will remain longer important or scientific publications, whereas the French side, enormous efforts are made (especially with Louis XIV ) and replaced by a polished French and redesigned. Latin remains the language liturgical and official language of Catholicism (text doctrinal or disciplinary , law , etc.)..
In the nineteenth century , Latin is a language of choice in education as Western European (hours of courses, writing theses) in the east, although it is hardly ever used by reviewers and editors ancient texts. In Belgium, it was "tolerated" the use of vulgar language in the universities around 1835. In the twentieth century , it is primarily a language of culture, which is claimed by the Roman Catholic Church since the time of the Roman Empire, although only a few cardinals and theologians speak truly. This is one of the four official languages of the State of Vatican , and partially language of instruction in universities papal Rome. Latin secular publications are also made throughout the twentieth century, like those of the Russian Communists who publish all their botanical works into Latin during the Cold War. Nowadays, many movements advocated its retention as the language of European communication, and in particular use at conventions (see contemporary Latin ). Magazines and websites are published in Latin, while the Finnish radio broadcasts in Latin three times a week for over twenty years. The pronunciation seems to be called contemporary is the pronuntiatus Restitutus.
Geographic distribution
Latin is still today the official language of the Catholic Church. For example, the Code of Canon Law of 1983 and even the Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches (which however never used Latin as the liturgical language) from 1990 are written in Latin, and scholars constantly refer to the Latin text. The official language of diplomacy of the Vatican is itself the French but the use in the territory dedicated de facto domination of the Italian. The Romance languages (mainly Spanish , the language of oil and French , the Italian , the Occitan language , the Catalan , the Portuguese , the Romansh and Romanian ) are derived from Latin. The Interlingua is a synthesis of these Romance languages. His supporters put forward his identity and his Latin vocabulary directly accessible by the 900 million speakers novels. One of his current, which was known as "modern Latin" provides direct employment to the public every language novel, after some reforms (phonetic spelling, removing ancient words without issue, upgrading their lexical), comprehension would be immediately, provided they have learned about 50 words on a common vocabulary of 5000. Not to be confused with the " modern Latin "(also called the" living Latin "): there is not a new language, but to promote the classical Latin language as a true modern vocabulary with new additions.
Writing
The Romans are the creators of the Latin alphabet, which included, in the classical period, the following letters:
| A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | L | M | N | O | P | Q (V) | R | S | T | V | X | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| has | b | c | d | e | f | g | h | i | l | m | n | o | p | q (u) | r | s | t | u | x | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Pronunciation Pronunciation medieval
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