John Xxii

John XXII Pope of the Catholic Church
John XXII receiving Odorico of Pordenone
Birth name	Jacques Dueze
Birth	1244 in Cahors
Election to the papacy	7 August 1316
Enthronement	5 September 1316
End of the pontificate	4 December 1334
Predecessor	Clement V
Successor	Benedict XII
Antipope	Nicolas V (1328-1330)
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Dueze Jacques, born in 1244 in Cahors , died in 1334 in Avignon , from a wealthy bourgeois family of Cahors, became pope in 1316 under the name John XXII.

Arnaud due and Helena Brail, wealthy citizens of Cahors , a town active in commercial banking, had several children including:

• Jacme, became pope under the name John XXII
• Peire Consul of Cahors , who had two children:
  • Arnaud, Vicomte of Caraman husband Margarita Isle
  • Aigline, married Hugh III of Castelnau-Calmont
• Huguette wife Guilhem de Trian, a citizen of Cahors
• Mary, wife of Peter Via, they had three children:
  • Via Jacques , Cardinal
  • Arnaud de Via , Cardinal
  • Peire
• A girl marries N. Joann, they had one son:
  • Gaucelm of John , Cardinal.

Jacques Duse studied among Dominicans in Cahors and its right to Montpellier and the faculty of theology in Paris . He was appointed dean in Cahors , canon of St. Front at Perigueux , archpriest of Sarlat and dean of Puy. He is the clerk of Charles II of Anjou and is part of the entourage of St. Louis d'Anjou in Toulouse. Bishop of Frejus in 1300 , he was appointed by Charles II d'Anjou King of Naples as chancellor of Provence in 1308 ^{Early pontificate}

After the death of Clement V , the Sacred College arrives at Carpentras , on ¹May 1314 to elect a new pope. Three parties opposed: the Gascon ten in number, the Italian seven in number, fierce opponents of Gascony, with Napoleon Orsini, Nicolas Albertini Porto, cardinals from diverse backgrounds: three from Languedoc, Quercy one and two completed Norman the Sacred College. The struggle of tendencies between Italians and French were Gascons like two long months passed without an agreement for a successor to Clement V was possible.

A difficult election

On July 24 , the conclave is under appeal. Those responsible for this coup is Bertrand de Got, lord of Monteux , and Raymond Guilhem de Budos, rector of Vaison in Vaucluse, nephews of Clement V. They looted the city, burning many houses and above carry with them the war booty of their uncle, one million guilders for the crusade. The cardinals terrified merry like sparrows.

Two years later, Christianity was still without a pope. On the initiative of Philippe de France, count of Poitiers , brother of King Louis X le Hutin , a new conclave was held in Lyon. It began its work in early March 1316 , with some ill-will . The cardinals, between two sessions, learn that on June 5 , the Hutin had passed away.

Count of Poitiers, which is currently only for the queen regent Clemence expects a child to be the posthumous John I and died at 4 days, wants to expedite the appointment to return to Paris. On June 28 , on the pretext of celebrating a funeral service in honor of the late king, it assembles the College of Cardinals in the Dominican church. She was immediately surrounded by troops of Guigue Drill and at the office, the Regent makes doors and wall openings. The Cardinals had to find a pope.

However, it took until 7 August 1316 , that Napoleon Orsini concordance with colleagues and Francesco Caetani Arnaud Pellegrue. The proposed three cardinals to elect the candidate for whom Philippe had already spoken of Poitiers, and Robert of Anjou, the new Count of Provence and king of Naples. Dueze was Jacques, a native of Cahors, former bishop of Avignon and Cardinal of Porto, in which his colleagues could see an old cacochyme.

The pope was 72 years old. It is not impossible that his age was taken into account by the cardinals who thought electing a pope and transition. Especially since neither Italian nor Gascon, he had had a political role so far removed . But his puny appearance, small stature, his complexion pale, his voice reedy hiding robust health enhanced by a remarkable lifestyle. The Pope died at age 90 after 18 years of pontificate was the longest of all the popes of Avignon

In Lyon in jubilation, the new pope is crowned on September 5 and chose the name John XXII. He decided to join Avignon. The Pope arrived at the foot of the Pont Saint-Benezet, the 2 October 1316 , and settled in the episcopal palace he had long occupied .

Conspiracy

Judicial proceedings had been initiated against the Bishop of Cahors , Hugues Geraud accused of embezzlement . This feeling lost, decided to poison the Pope. He enlisted the help of two people from the hotel Pontifical Pons de Vassal of Escodata and Isar.

It provides poisons and wax statues of proceeding with the spell of the pope. The ritual was first performed cons Via Jacques who died (coincidence?) on 13 June 1317. Three wax figures at the effigy of the Pope, Bertrand du Poujet Gancelme and Jean are hidden in loaves and given to messengers to bring them into the episcopal palace. The strange behavior of travelers caught the attention of the police who discovered the pontifical figurines. At the end of March 1317, all persons involved with Hugues Geraud stopped. This one is convicted of the murder of Jacques de Via, gradient of the episcopate and delivered to the secular arm, and he will perish at the stake.

This plot illustrates the practices of an era when the use of witchcraft was not exceptional. By a papal bull of 1318 , John XXII expands the powers given to the inquisitors for taking action against witches.

Choice of Avignon for residing

Map of Avignon with its two enclosures of walls and the bridge spanning the Saint-Benezet Rhone

For Clement V 's predecessor, John XXII in Avignon was a stop rather than a residence. Instead John XXII was the pope who actually took root in Avignon. The choice of this city had many advantages. In fact the Church had already Venaissin County through the Treaty of Paris signed on 12 April 1229 between St. Louis , King of France, and Count Raymond VII of Toulouse. The latter stipulated in the treaty "and own country as to areas that are beyond the river (Rhne) in the Empire, with all rights which belong to me, I have accurately and completely transferred in perpetuity to the Roman church. "Avignon which was not part of this donation because the city belonged to the Counts of Provence, had many advantages. It is located at the crossroads of routes, it has a river port and has the famous bridge Benezet, First Crossing back into the river Rhone. Furthermore, this city is within a rich agricultural area producing the necessary resources to supply a large population such as that of the papal court.

Only nine days after his election, John XXII reserves the 16 August 1316 available to the convent of the Dominicans. His nephew, Jacques de Via being bishop of Avignon, he appointed him cardinal without him appoint a replacement to have the bishop's palace that he had previously lived . He knew that these buildings were in the area of the city easier to defend, hence its choice. He began to adapt his former palace in his new charge . Guasbert Duval (or Gasbert of Val) vicar general, a compatriot of the pope and future bishop of Marseilles , was charged with the necessary acquisitions to expand. It will be named Aug. 26, 1323 Archbishop of Arles , then Archbishop of Narbonne October 1, 1341 by Pope Benedict XII. The first works were entrusted to William of Cucuron. The housing of the pope was in the west wing, as well as offices and apartments of his closest collaborators. The north side was formed by the parish church of St. Etienne which was transformed into papal chapel. To the east of the units were installed nephews cardinals, and various services. In the east wing, but further south, were the services of the treasurer and chamberlain. South building was built for the hearings.

The thorny issue of Franciscan

All Christendom was shaken by a profound debate about the poverty of the Church. It was initiated by the Franciscans and had caused them within fractions, dividing into the College and convents spiritual.

Spiritual and convent

To try to calm tensions, Jean XXII, 7 April 1317 , canonized Louis of Anjou , Franciscan archbishop of Toulouse close to spiritual. But the elder brother of King Robert is focused on the altars as a man of any science, any compassion and any charitable, compassionate toward the poor .

That gesture won him the gratitude of Michael of Cesena , general of the Franciscans, who works with the Sovereign Pontiff that he fixed the Franciscan formation. Also, 7 October 1317 , John XXII issued its decretal "Quorumdam requires" that recognizes deliberate the last General Chapter of Perugia as "lucid, solid and mature," while attributing her own property to the Friars Minor .

The pope further directs that all minorities are bearing the coat of convent and obey their superiors under pain of excommunication. What makes them angry supporters of absolute poverty of the Order . Beginning in December, the spiritual and Fraticelli come into open revolt. At the request of Michael of Cesena, minister general of Minors, the pope responded by speaking harshly, by the bubbles of 30 December 1317 and 23 January 1318 , the excommunication of spiritual and Fraticelli.

Among these, he had to make an example. Jean Michel Monachi XXII load, said Lemoine, Franciscan inquisitor, to investigate the matter and to excommunicate disobedient. Thus, at Marseilles , he arrested five Franciscans. One confesses his mistakes and the four others, called Barrani Jean Dieudonn Michaelis, Guilhem Sancton and Pons Rocha de Narbonne refused to recant, they are found guilty and burnt alive on 7 May 1318 in the cemetery Accoules in Marseille. As a result, spiritual and Fraticelli proclaim the saints and martyrs. And in their sermons they deal openly with the Pope Antichrist and devouring monster .

A Franciscan Languedoc Delicious Bernard , went to Avignon to defend before the Supreme Pontiff the cause of his brothers. Upon his arrival in May 1318 , he was arrested and sent to Carcassonne before the Inquisition tribunal chaired by Jacques Fournier says Novella, bishop of Pamiers . His trial opens on 8 December 1319 , on a sentence of life imprisonment .

Michael of Cesena and William of Occam

But John XXII, while condemning the distortions of the spirit, did not hesitate to use the skills of the convent. On 15 August 1318 , at the request of Philip V , he sent an embassy to Louis de Nevers , Count of Flanders. It is led by Michael of Cesena.

For the occasion, General of the Franciscans had secured the services of very wise William of Occam , the famous Franciscan who supported the original thesis about the existence of God and the Real Presence in the Eucharist .

The Embassy of the two beggars is successful: the Count of Flanders accept offers of peace from the king. Jeanne, the daughter of Hutin, waives all claims to the crown of France. But it retains its rights over that of Navarre , who came from his grandmother, and to marry Philip of Evreux, a cousin of the king of France. It is expected that a later treaty will formalize the agreement under the pope.

John XXII is still a gesture to the friars, on 17 April 1320 , carrying on the altars of Thomas Canteloupe , English Franciscan bishop, who died in 1282 , however, he refuses to sanctify the nun Clare of Montefalco , d. 1308 , because of his obvious sympathies for the Fraticelli.

The dispute over the poverty of the Church

Despite the papal concessions, differences erupt again in early 1322. Ubertino Casale , theoretician of the spiritual Franciscans, that Cardinal Napoleon Orsini had taken under his protection, selecting him as a penitentiary, was asked by the Supreme Pontiff submit to a relationship motivated on the issue of poverty. His findings were immediately condemned by the pope.

To replicate this papal bull of 26 March 1322 in which the principle of poverty of the Church is challenged, Michael of Cesena had assembled at Perugia on June 4 after the General Chapter. He defends the arguments of the spiritual Beranger Talon that the pontiff was jailed for saying that Nicolas III had made poverty a dogma in a bubble "that seminal Exit."

On December 8 the pontiff at Avignon replica Chapter Perugia by the bull "Ad conditionem canonum. He decides that the Apostolic See will discharge on the "poor" Franciscans of all the property he managed on their behalf.

On 14 January 1323 , John XXII accepted yet, during a consistory, to listen to the arguments of minorities. Their spokesman, Bonagratia Bergamo, in a fiery peroration, began to challenge the Pope the right to dictate their order as it was by divine right. Infuriated by this excess the Pope immediately sent the impertinent reconsider his thesis within four walls.

Finally John XXII, in his decretal "Cum inter non nullus," condemns the Chapter of Perugia. Suddenly Louis of Bavaria, which the Pope challenged the Empire is committed to supporting the Franciscans in a statement to Sachsenhausen , a poor Church can not deny him the right to legislate on land matters. John XXII reply to this position by his decretal 'Quia quorundam "and unceremoniously summoned Michael of Cesena in Avignon. Preferring to stay in Italy as a bastion of Perugia, General of the Franciscans is malingering and delegated to his place the brothers Custodio and Jean Modeste Fidanza. Prudent, Cardinal Orsini convinced the pope to instruct Ubertino Casale increase its decretal to the King of Aragon.

Domestic policy

The first palace of the popes

Upon his arrival, taking advantage of his knowledge of the Diocese of Avignon, John XXII reorganizes. One of his first acts was to provide the manse canonical chapter of Notre-Dame des Doms by attaching the abbeys of Saint-Paul-de-Mausolus at Saint-Remy-de-Provence and Saint-Michel de Frigolet, to Barbentane.

At the outset, the new pope is needed as an outstanding administrator and a great builder. Just installed the last quarter, he built a new castle, in what would become Chateauneuf-du-Pape . The accounts of the Reverend Apostolic Chamber we learn that John XXII consecrated 3000 guilders for the restoration of the old castle dating from the ^twelfth century .

The work will last from 1317 to 1333. Its main contractor is Raynaud Hbrard and her master carpenter Raymond Mezieres. The latter had to down two full trains of driftwood on the Rhone by radeliers of Seyssel. At the same time, the pontiff made planting by growers from Cahors, the first papal vineyard.

They say it's still the love of wine who decides his Holiness, in 1317, to acquire from John II, Dauphin of Vienne, the land and the city of Valras. This purchase was concluded on 13 August 1317 for 16,000 livres of Paris that John XXII will be recovered by imposing on cities and villages of the Comtat Venaissin. And it is the 20 September 1325 he bought from Giraud Amic Sabran his vineyard Seoul (Sylla today) on the soil of Saint-Saturnin-ls-Apt.

At the same time the pontiff had built other castles in New Bdarrides , Barbentane , Chateauneuf-de-Gadagne (then-Giraud Amic), Noves and Saint-Laurent-des-Arbres. To decorate and embellish, he brought Pierre du Puy, a Franciscan Toulouse called "painter of the pope, assisted by Pierre Massonnier. Between 1316 and 1322 , the architect of all these sites is Guillaume Giraud Cucuron , the pope will meet profit-Noves, St. Andiol and make a canon of St. Agricola of Avignon.

In 1322 , when the Abbot of Cluny surrender to John XXII Pont-de-Sorgue , where since 1274 the shop was installed coinage pontifical, the pontiff made to organize the first papal palace in the castle that belonged to the Counts of Toulouse .

The restructuring of dioceses Occitan

Then, between 1317 and 1318 , it was a huge change that the pope was subjected to a majority of dioceses in the south of France. That of Toulouse , was cut from the dioceses of San Papoul on 22 February 1317 , of Lombez on 11 July 1317 , and Lavaur on 26 September 1317. To pass his reform, John XXII judged policy of raising the bishop of Toulouse in the archdiocese status 26 May 1317. The Archdiocese of Narbonne , meanwhile, was cut from the dioceses of Alet , after removing the ephemeral bishopric of Limoux , and Saint-Pons-de-Thomires on ¹ March 1318.

Diocese of Clermont was released from the Saint-Flour , on 22 February 1318 , the diocese of Albi , Castres in 1317 , and that of Agen , Condom , in 1317. The Diocese of Poitiers to remove those living in Luzon and Maillezais on 13 August 1317 , that of Cahors , Montauban , on 25 June 1317 ; Pamiers those of Rieux , on 11 July 1317 , and Mirepoix , the 27 September 1317. Diocese of Prigueux , it was Sarlat ; that of Limoges , Tulle , and Rodez , Vabres , all made in the diocese 13 August 1317.

By multiplying the bishoprics, the second pope in Avignon, in good Cahors , recovering the spiritual power of the prelates in urban, natural allies of the merchant class. John XXII did not forget the city of earls, bishops of Cahors in 1332 by setting up a university to strengthen the elite.

Reorganization of Vaison in Vaucluse

To consolidate its power as a count of Vaucluse, John XXII inform the Grand Master Fulk de Villaret , on 13 June 1317 , he wanted to get back all the possessions that the Hospitallers of St. John of Jerusalem ran in the Comtat since 1276.

The order of the hospital, badly directed by Fulk de Villaret, was heavily indebted. In 1319 , the knights Fulk file and replace it with Maurice Pagnac. John XXII summoned both players to Avignon. To avoid squandering the possessions, it prohibits the alienation of land and sets up new resources. It saves so this prestigious order.

He then undertook to restructure the administration of his dominions. By the "bubble dismembration", dated 12 April 1320 , he authorized his nephew, Arnaud de Trian, Rector of Comtat, leaving Pernes moved to Carpentras , which thus became the new capital of Venaissin .

June 18, 1319, he appointed on the recommendation of the dignitaries of the Order of the Prior Provence a href = "% C3% H A9lion_de_Villeneuve" alt = "Helion de Villeneuve"> Helion de Villeneuve Grand Master of the hospital . The Knights of St. John of Jerusalem dispossessed of all their strongholds Comtadins, rights under the bailiwick of former Temple Richerenches and the majority of their property.

The Crusade Shepherds

Following a pilgrimage to Mont St. Michel , Miquelets groups, mainly young peasants of northern France, had arranged to go on crusade. These are the Shepherds. This vast grassroots movement is supported by the fiery sermons of a Benedictine apostate and a priest banned for his conduct, that has convinced them of the urgency of the "Holy Journey" to fight the infidels. By whole bands, these Shepherds converge Paris where they enter the 3 May 1320 . Five days later, warned that uncontrolled movement and subversive, John XXII launched excommunication against all who cross without papal approval.

After a few pogroms , they were persuaded to leave Paris on their way to recruit new followers. In early June, crossed the Shepherds Saintonge and Perigord , they devastate and plunder. More and more, they come in Guyenne. Arrived in the Agen region , they are divided into two groups. The first crosses the Pyrenees by way of Saint-Jacques to continue its massacres in Spain, . The second group went up the valley of the Garonne murdering bigots and Jews.

Made aware of the carnage, Pierre Raymond de Comminges, that John XXII had appointed Archbishop of Toulouse , wrote to the Pope asking him for help and advice. Pope accuses the king of France and wonders of irresponsibility, with his legate Gaucelm of John, "that the pension Royal has failed to curb the excesses and the pernicious example of the Shepherds, we should rather call wolves prey and killings, including the processes gravely offend the Divine Majesty, dishonouring the royal power and preparing for the kingdom, unspeakable dangers if we do not stop them. "

Which does not prevent the June 25 , the little shepherds to attack Jews of Albi and Toulouse. Four days later they were at the gates of Carcassonne , where the royal army awaits them. Under the command of Aimee Cros, the Seneschal of Languedoc , she has the support of the troops of young Gaston II of Foix-Barn , at the age of twelve. The Shepherds are crushed.

The survivors of the massacre fled to the region of Narbonne. The consuls , advised by the Seneschal , put their city on the defensive . The Pope wrote to the Archbishop Bernard of Fargues for him to do the same. Roads and passes are crossed and it hangs systematically tramps, fugitives and everything looked near and far to Pastoureau. In short there remained one more in the Languedoc in fall 1320 .

Pope robs Jews

But the misfortunes of the Jews were not finished however. Charles IV of France , third son of Philip the Fair, after the death of his brother Philip was crowned at Reims by Archbishop Raymond de Courtenay, 9 February 1322. Whereas the Treasury is too empty, he does not hesitate to pursue the policy of his father, and expelled the Jews from France to retrieve their property. John XXII is excellent and so far, not to be outdone, he does the same with the Jews of Avignon and the Comtat who take refuge in Dauphin and Savoy. To complete the eviction, the Pope sees fit and necessary to lay down with the synagogues of Bdarrides , Bollne , Carpentras , Le Thor , Malaucne , Monteux and Pernes .

The hunt for Jews does not prevent the royal court to consider the case of robber Gascon named Jourdian Isle. His actions earned him being arrested in May 1322 on the eve of the Trinity. He is a nephew by marriage of John XXII. Accused of rape, murder, extortion and robbery and sentenced to death and executed the following month .

Pope unsuccessfully attacked by the musical innovations

The composer and theorist Philippe de Vitry who published around 1320 in Paris's famous treatise Ars Nova which reported on a number of innovations in musical notation that would allow composers of the time to get rid of some particular rhythmic stress and enrich the musical language, the pope urged by some authorities ecchsiastiques, writes in 1324-1325, the Decretal Docta Sanctorum Patrum in which he castigates these innovations and their consequences, "they put all their attention to measuring time, apply to the notes in a new way, prefer to compose their own songs that sing the ancient ecclesiastical parts divide semibreves and minimal, they hatch the song with the notes of short duration, buck melodies by hiccups, pollute the melodies with descants and go up the stuff of "triple" and motets in the vernacular. "

This decretal was never implemented and the Pope took his party because eventually testify to Philippe de Vitry in his opinion the benefits of bridging and inviting him to Avignon.

Foreign policy

Northern Italy

Enjoying the protection of the Kingdom of France and Naples, the papacy is no longer vulnerable to the intrigues of Italy or intervention of the imperial army in Italy. Cons by the pope is aware of the rule of Ghibellines . in the cities of northern Italy and is particularly concerned about the power of Matteo Visconti . On the death of Henry VII in 1313, there is competition between Louis of Bavaria and Frederick of Austria with a double election made respectively at Aix-la-Chapelle and Bonn.les princes had split into two factions, the John XXII think I can enjoy it: he refuses to choose between the two elected. He said Empire vacant and appoint the King of Naples, Robert Wise vicar for Italy March 14, 1314 . The conflict turns to the showdown with the Ghibellines: Matteo Visconti, the master of Milan excommunicated, sends his son Marco Visconti besieging Genoa. The Robert Wise unlocks the city July 21, 1318 . The legate Bertrand du Pouget , sent to the head of a papal army to implement the decision carries out its task with rudeness and attracts many enmities .

The Pope and the Emperor

The empire in the thirteenth and fourteenth century Possessions of the Wittelsbach Possessions of the Habsburgs Possessions of Luxembourg

Louis IV of Bavaria, winner of Frederick of Austria at Mhldorf on 28 September 1322 , began to assert his rights in Italy and protested against the occupation of Lombardy "empire earth" by the papal troops and Angevin. Intervening militarily in favor of the Visconti, it delivers the besieged Milan 28 July 1323 and occupies Pavia . and made contact with Milan facing vicars in the King of the Romans and collide with the representatives of the pope. This conflict raises a question of principle: the pope claims to be the vicar of the empire in Italy for the vacant imperial throne. However, in his eyes the throne is vacant since the appointment of Louis of Bavaria has not received papal approval . 8 October 1323, the pope declares that the "Bavarian" has usurped the rights that they used and if there is not waived within three months he would be excommunicated, meanwhile, the Vicariate of empire in Italy would the king of Naples , Robert of Anjou. The ultimatum is the starting point of a feud that lasted nearly a quarter century. The emperor dispatched an army in the peninsula and says he holds the empire of God only through the election of princes and therefore that his election does not require confirmation and the only papal prerogative in this area is the crown.

John XXII, which is more conciliatory in nature, must understand the Christian world that the movement of the papacy from Avignon to Rome does not affect the authority of the successor of Peter. Excellent lawyer, he intends to enforce the letter of the canonical texts. Far from submitting, Louis of Bavaria responded by issuing three "names", between December 1323 and May 1324: in principle for the pope, they also go to all those who are capable in Germany, especially in towns, to discern the stakes of the debate. John XXIII excommunicated 23 March 1324 . For its part, the Chapel of Teutonic Sachsenhausen Louis appealed to the council to condemn the pope general, accused of heresy and theft of property of others. The Avignon popes who live in opulence face years of opposition from the mendicant orders and Louis of Bavaria, welcomes and supports Franscicains. On May 22 , the alliance between the emperor and excommunicated the spiritual Franciscans is published . This united front is as unexpected as it is dangerous. Also on July 11 , Pope says Bavarian revoked imperial and contemptuous. 14 July 1324, John XXII deposited Louis of Bavaria .

The Franciscans support the Empire ...

But Louis of Bavaria that the pope knows is vulnerable and does not yield. The cost of the reorganization of the Holy See in a modern state does create enemies: the lifting of annates and centralization, annoy the ordinary collators she clipped the powers and push relentlessly to end taxpayers squeezed . The fraction of the Franciscan order, which advocates a radical poverty was deeply shocked by the wealth of ecclesiastical dignitaries, some of these " Spiritual "professed the Joachimism which announced the arrival of a new era. Condemned by the papacy, persecuted within their religious family, they might think they were only to be marginalized, yet in 1323, many people who disagree with the weight of papal taxation, accusing it of use in finance the luxuries of the court of Avignon. In fact, John XXII refused the luxury of princely courts even though it was not austere . The Fraticelli were surprised to see the majority of their colleagues, minister general in mind, join them in opposition to the Pope: it had to condemn an opinion shared by most of the Franciscans: poverty of Christ personal. By enacting this text is John XXII opponents throughout Christendom, and many theologians of talent, as William of Occam bringing them together. Louis of Bavaria in plays and hosts the Franciscans at odds which joins Marsilius of Padua , whose masterpiece, the Defensor pacis, makes the spiritual power in the temporal . Advised by the staff, Louis went to Rome decides to have himself crowned in Rome. He descended into Italy with his army and put an end to a series of military successes of the legate Bertrand du Pouget who rallied Emilia and Romagna , occupied Modena, Parma and Reggio in the summer of 1326 and submitted Bologna (which could be a more stable capital papal Rome) in February 1327 .

William of Occam

In an outburst from Avignon Michel of Cesena and Pope stirs up a storm. On 9 April 1327 , John XXII is used to treat the general of the Franciscans' tyrant, abettor of heresy and serpent warmed in the bosom of the Church. " House arrest, Cesena expects to be arrested at any time. That's when we learn to the Papal Court that Louis of Bavaria and the imperial troops entered Italy. Arrived at Trent, he said that John XXII - he no longer calls the "Prester John" or "Jacques de Cahors" - is heretical and unworthy of the throne of St. Peter. Then he leaves the Trentino on March 15 to join the Lombardy.

On May 27 , Michael of Cesena and William of Occam, accompanied by Francis of Ascoli, Bonagrazia Bergamo and Henri Talheim, eclipsed Avignon. At Aigues-Mortes , they were joined by Cardinal Pierre d'Arrablay trying to convince them to return to the papal city. His mission fails. The five Franciscan embark and go through Pisa during the month of June 1327. The Archbishop of Pisa, Simone Saltarelli , immediately notify the Apostolic See to Avignon. On 11 October 1327 , when Louis of Bavaria into Pisa, Simone Saltarelli leaves town with his friends and many clerics. He fled to Siena , then Massa Maritima on 7 January 1328 , then to Florence and finally, moved to Avignon to the pope.

Driven by the Franciscans, the excommunicated emperor is expected by the Ghibellines as one who can oppose the papal legate, it rapidly unpopular with many odd. May 31, 1327 in Milan, he received the crown of the Lombard king of the hands of a bishop excommunicated because the archbishop was absent not officer. He arrested Galeazzo Visconti, who has yet clear, but lavishly received too much sense of independence. The Emperor believing all possible nome 3 bishops. Its popularity is collapsing even among the most convinced Ghibellines: to return to Pisa he must besiege the city for a month . Rome opens its doors for revenge over the transfer of the papacy to Avignon by appeal to the emperor. The legate Giovanni Orsini had ordered all the clergy to leave the city, it Sciarra Colonna , a powerful member of the Roman nobility who as representing the Roman people which crowns the emperor, January 17, 1328. By using lay people to a function that is sacred to religious part of Bavaria Louis loses his credit. The pope took the opportunity to declare the forfeiture of the Emperor April 3, 1328. Only the inability of voters to agree prevented the election of a new emperor .

... and are swearing an antipope

On April 9 , the emperor was joined in Rome by Michael of Cesena and William of Occam. They are supporting him and he is not negligible, General of the Franciscans justifying its presence by a very occam axiom: "Every pope can err in faith or morals, but the Church as a whole strays ever. " It grows to outbid Louis: April 14, he declared John XXII filed for heresy. Michael of Cesena and William of Occam had no trouble convincing the Bavarians, he needs a new Pontiff at his convenience. Wishing to secure the support of the Romans, it enacts April 23 that the pope could no longer leave Rome without their consent and that he should not depart more than two days ! But no cardinal has left the pontiff and it therefore takes the election: it means the Franciscan Pietro da Rainalucci Corbara on a proposal from Michael of Cesena. It is validating the appointment by acclamation by the people of Rome. The anti-pope took the name of Nicolas V and is crowned at St. Peter's 22 May 1328 . The pontiff being recognized by any bishop, he promotes sixteen clerics but none is recognized in his diocese: the hearing of Nicolas V is limited to the convents of Franciscans . Louis of Bavaria then appoint Marsilius of Padua "Vicar to the spiritual" in Rome before returning to Pisa he would return shortly announce the Brenner Pass .

In this case Louis of Bavaria was completely discredited: Christianity, remains faithful to John. He leaves Rome booed August 4, 1328. He moved to Pisa after having ravaged the Duchy of Spoleto. Nicolas V can be maintained in Rome and has to flee and join the emperor at Pisa in January 1329, thus derogating from the edict of 23 April. Learning that the Visconti were close to the Legate of Poujet Bertrand, Louis dreads to see the close connection of a return to Italy. He hastily left Pisa to support the Ghibellines in Lombardy, but he found the door closed. Meanwhile Bertrand du Pouget reinforced by a Florentine army has a fierce repression against the Ghibellines. Louis of Bavaria, Germany returns to the and the League Ghibelline private chef and rationale dissolves in 1330 . Reassured by their next departure from Italy, August 12 , the cities of Florence and Pisa deem it expedient to make peace with the Imperialists.

Nicolas V is isolated, after many adventures , he took refuge on 11 April 1329 , at Count Donoratico. It gets saved by the Franciscan life after a year of transactions. The antipope must agree to abide by and make amends . Delivered to John XXII, he abdicated on August 25 and publicly abjured his errors on Sept. 6. In the words of the chroniclers of the time, "the pope treats friend and foe in custody." He died recorded in the papal palace October 16, 1333.

Louis of Bavaria gets very weak in seeking a negotiated solution. But the points of view are irreconcilable and negotiations lasted seven years without result: Louis is willing to admit his mistakes, but he refuses to make the pursuit of its power of approval of the Holy See, yet the Holy See maintains this requirement. Benedict XII , who succeeded in 1334 to John XXII, is more flexible than its predecessor but does not yield on the issue of papal approval. In addition to substantive differences were delays of a canonical procedure extremely complex.

John XXII and Spain

The death of King Sancho of Majorca on 4 September 1324 had led to a conflict between Jaime III (or Jacques) de Mallorca nephew of the deceased but who was only 10 years and Jaime II of Aragon. John XXII had intervened and accept Philippe de Mallorca as guardian of the young king. Perpignan having seized the young king, the ban was thrown over Perpignan. A compromise was reached on 24 September 1325 : James II of Aragon gave up all rights to Mallorca and Mallorca Jaime III was to marry the daughter of the Infante Alfonso through a papal dispensation. John XXII granted the exemption after the King of Aragon had pacified the city of Perpignan and made the young King Philip of Majorca to the regent. John XXII and won a brilliant political success.

The Kingdom of Naples

The King of Naples, Robert of Anjou, Count of Provence, had, since his second marriage to Sancha of Majorca , one ear listening to the arguments in favor of the Fraticelli. Among the mendicant orders, John XXII had made his choice and the Franciscans, followers of the absolute poverty of the Church, he will prefer the Order of the Dominicans who defended the notion of relative poverty of the Church.

The canonization of Thomas Aquinas

At Avignon, in the first half of 1323 , we spoke only of the canonization of Thomas Aquinas, a Dominican theologian whose trial began in 1318 had ended in 1322.

Thomas Aquinas is from the family of the Counts of Aquino, in the kingdom of Naples, it served as a pretext to John XXII to invite to the ceremony Robert of Anjou to attempt to turn right into the path of truth. The count-king himself attended the consistory 18 July 1323 during which the pope proclaimed the sanctity of life and morals of the future "Angelic Doctor".

Brothers of the Poor Life and Angevin Naples

Philippe de Mallorca , brother of King Robert and "strange and mystical revolutionary" wise judge, meanwhile, compete strongly with the papacy. On 6 December 1329 ("holy day Nicolas'), in a violent sermon, he defends against John XXII, and crushes his brothers of the Poor Life, a branch of Fraticelli or "zelanti in Italy. Thanks to the royal couple, the Franciscan had a decisive role in the Angevin Court. It was also at his request that Delphine de Sabran , friend and confidante of Queen Sancha, addressed in 1331 , his vows of poverty. To achieve its promise it had to sell the estates and property assets it inherited in 1317 , her late husband Elzear Count of Ariano.

Under the influence of Philippe de Mallorca and the Countess of Sabran, the Court of Naples had become a den of deviants Franciscans. The royal chaplains, Andrea Galiano and Pietro Cadeneto, supported the thesis of Michael of Cesena. Roberto de Mileto, another eminence grise of the Court, was a relative of Angelo Clareto, mastermind of the Fraticelli. Queen Sancha had even hosted two bishops at odds, Giovanni Bartholeo, relieved from his seat of Calvi, and William of La Scala, which had become her confessor.

Differences with King Robert

Jean de Luxembourg

John XXII wants to profit from the weakening of the Emperor to take control of all Italy. John of Luxembourg , said king of Bohemia, son of Henry VII, who was ousted in the election of Louis IV as too young, has views of Lombardy. Northern Italy is plagued by many conflicts. The city of Brescia is the subject of one of them: The city besieged by the Ghibellines Guelphs uses John of Bohemia. So he responds in December 1330 and the master is like having released by Bresciani. Launched against the Ghibellines, he puts his hand in 1331 on cities Ghibelline Bergamo, Pavia, Vercelli and Novara. He continued his offensive and captured the border cities of the Papal States Parma, Reggio and Modena. It also takes Lucca what worries the Florentines. Undertake negotiations with the papal authority and April 17, 1331 John of Luxembourg returns Parma, Reggio and Modena but gets held as fiefs of the Holy See . One can imagine creating a kingdom in northern Italy Guelph subject to papal authority equivalent to the Kingdom of Naples in southern Italy. It would also limit opportunities for Robert of Anjou to submit to the papacy real protectorate. John of Bohemia, frequent long the court of Philip VI . The King of Bohemia in need of French support in the affairs of Lombardy and trading at Fontainebleau an alliance that would be cemented by the marriage of a daughter with the future John the Good. The military clauses of the Treaty of Fontainebleau stipulate that in case of war, the King of Bohemia would join the army of the king of France with four hundred men at arms if the conflict takes place in Champagne or in Amiens, with three hundred men, if the theater is farther away. The political clauses provide that the Crown of Lombardy is not challenged on the King of Bohemia if he can conquer it, and if it can have the kingdom of Arles, it would return to France. Finally, the city of Lucca is transferred to the King of France. But King Robert, Count of Provence, can only be hostile to this project supported by John XXII and the Italian cities have long tasted independence: it is not possible in practice to impose submission to a Guelph kingdom as is the case in southern Italy. Guelphs and Ghibellines join forces and create a league Ferrarare which undermines the forces of John of Luxembourg and Bertrand du Pouget . Brescia, Bergamo, Modena and Pavia fall in fall 1332. Jean de Luxembourg returned to Bohemia in 1333 and Bertrand du Pouget driven by an insurrection in Bologna in 1334 .

End of the pontificate

Controversy theological vision beatific

Although he was careful to avoid controversy, John XXII provoked a serious dispute which had a major impact. This workaholic and outstanding manager - he had effectively restructure the papal finances - decided to meddle in theology and is a bubble literally and figuratively on the beatific vision. In a sermon at Notre Dame des Doms delivered on ¹November 1331 , commenting on a text by Bernard of Clairvaux, he asserted, contrary to the general opinion of theologians, that the souls of the righteous before God does not contemplate the resurrection of the body and that only after this they will have the contemplation of the divine essence. This idea was repeated in two other sermons 15 December 1331 and 5 January 1332. In this sermon, John XXII finds his new theological orientation by stating that the damned will not go to hell after the resurrection of the body.

There was an insurrection in the Church who no longer knew which way to turn. Some Franciscans delighted again to "speak ill" of the pope, the new antichrist. But their general, Gerard Odon, defends the theses and declared the papal 19 December 1333 at Notre Dame de Paris a sermon echoing the pope.

However supporters of Louis of Bavaria are quick to call John XXII a heretic. Napoleon Orsini, Cardinal lifestyle in the most opulent of the Sacred College, who had been the source of his election, Pope loose, approximates its spiritual enemies. There was talk of impeachment. Philippe de Mallorca was even tipped to succeed him. This brother of the Poor Life, was the candidate of Cardinal Napoleone who labored for an open council the applicant "heretical pope." The pope is then called in derision Jacques de Cahors. An assembly of prelates and theologians met on 19 December 1333 is against the papal doctrine. The Sorbonne is not lacking to inform the king of France of its concerns ... The archbishop Pierre Roger was immediately summoned to Avignon, where it reaches the end of February 1332 and made a sermon to the Pope lectured without .

The sagacious sermon Avignon Pierre Roger was so delighted that John XXII appointed him to preach in Paris, the holy trip Oultre Sea, a crusade that never took place. And, seriously ill, the Pope retract the 3 December 1334.

The last papal initiative

The news from the flatlands of the north were not very reassuring. Duke Wenceslas of Brabant was subjected to threats of war from his neighbors since he allowed Robert d'Artois , the brother of the king of France felon. On ¹ March 1334 , the case appeared serious enough to Avignon to the pope sent a legation Aimee Hughes, Bishop Tricastin, Artaud and Jean, Bishop of Marseilles. They left four days later bearing missives for the Duke of Brabant, the aldermen of Mechelen and Louis de Nevers, Count of Flanders .

Deaths

Notre-Dame des Doms enlarge and embellish what did John XXII

On 4 December 1334 , at dawn, John XXII died at age 90. Thus disappeared a pope of irreproachable conduct, endowed with an extraordinary capacity for work. Contrary to what has been said, it does not indulged in the occult, he granted, however, like his contemporaries, some credence to the "horns" and "Wormtongue" designed to detect the presence of poisons in food. John XXII was above all the great organizer of the papal administration and structuring of the ordinary functioning of the Church. He extended the reservation snacks, introduced a tax on profits, created the machinery of central government. He showed himself an excellent manager and left a substantial cash to his successor.

John XXII had done to enlarge the church Notre Dame des Doms and restore the gates, desired that his remains had his burial there. His nephew, Jacques de Via died in 1317 , had already been buried in a chapel in this church. The tomb of John XXII was a magnificent monument that became the model for his successors. This is a tomb stone canopy of Pernes with multiple turrets. Unfortunately, this monument attributed to the English sculptor Hugh Wilfred was mutilated during the Revolution and badly restored. All the statuettes which adorned the niches have disappeared except two who are at the Muse du Petit Palais . The broken statue of the Pope was replaced by that of a bishop.

In fiction

• The figure of Cardinal Dueze, became pope under the name John XXII was popularized by the television series The accursed Kings , an adaptation of the novel series namesake of Maurice Druon : his character, appearing in several episodes, is played by Henry Virlojeux (then by Claude Rich in the 2005 version ).

• An eight-episode television series, broadcast on France 2 in 2007 , The Prophecy of Avignon , with Louise Monot , refer to the pontificate of John XXII.

Bibliography

Contemporary Chronicles

• G. of. Nangis Latin Chronicle of William of Nangis from 1113 to 1300 with the continuations of this column from 1300 to 1368, T. I and II, Society for the History of France, Paris, 1843.
• J. Froissart, Chronicles, text and notes of Kervyn Lettenhove, Brussels (cf. T. IV-VIII), 1868.
• J. Froissart, Chronicles, text and notes of Simeon Luce, Paris (cf. T. IV-VIII), from 1873 to 1874.
• J. Le Bel, Chronique de Jean le Bel (1326-1361), text and notes by J. Viard and E. Deprez, T. I and II, Vol. 1, 1326-July 1342, Vol. 2, August 1342-1361, Society for the History of France, Paris, 1904-1905.

General Studies

• Ct. Baluze, paparum Avenionensium Vitae, sive collectio actorum veterum, Vol. I and II. Paris, 1693.
• Tessier, History of the Popes who sat in Avignon, Avignon, 1774.
• Abb Andr, History of the Papal monarchy in the fourteenth ^century or the papacy in Avignon, Paris, 1845
• Chris JB, History of the Papacy during the fourteenth ^century with notes and vouchers, T. I and II, Paris, 1853.
• Joudou JB, History of the Popes who sat in Avignon, Avignon, T. I and II, 1855.
• G. Mollat, The Popes of Avignon 1305-1378, Letouzey & Ane, Paris, 1949, ninth edition, 598 pages.
• Y. Renouard, The Avignon papacy, Paris, 1954.
• Ct. G. Leonard, The Angevin Naples, Presses Universitaires de France, Paris, 1954, 576 pages.
• B. Guillemain, the papal court to Avignon (1309-1376). Study of a company, Paris, 1962.
• D. Paladilhe, The Popes in Avignon, Paris, 1975.
• RL Moulirac-Lamoureux, Venaissin The Pontifical 1229-1791, Publications of the Institute of Studies Rhodanienne Vaucluse, Vedne, 1977.
• B. Guillemain, The Popes at Avignon (1309 - 1376), Paris, 1998.
• Florian Mazel, the nobility and the church in Provence, late ^tenth - early ^fourteenth century, Committee of historical and scientific works, Paris, 2002.
• Jean Favier, The Popes of Avignon, Fayard, Paris, 2006, 826 pages.

Special Studies

• V. Vriaque, John XXII, his life and works, according to unpublished documents, Ed. Plon, Paris, 1883.
• Ed. Alba, Around John XXII. Hugh Gerard, bishop of Cahors: the case of poisons, Bulletin of the Society of literary studies, science and art of Lot T. XXIX, 1904.
• Mr. Mollat, changers Avignon by John XXII, T. IV, Memoirs of the Academy of Vaucluse, 1905
• L. Baudry, William Ockham, his life, his works, his social and political ideas, Paris, 1949.
• Mr. Dykman, For and against John XXII. In 1333, two treaties on the beatific vision Avignon, Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana, Rome, 1975.
• A. Boureau, The pope and the sorcerers: a consultation on the magic John XXII in 1320, French School of Rome, 2004, ISBN 2-7283-0695-8

References

Notes

References

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