John Paul Ii

John Paul II Pope of the Catholic Church
Totus tuus ego sum, Maria
Birth name	Karol Jozef Wojtyla
Birth	18 May 1920 in Wadowice , Poland
Election to the papacy	16 October 1978 (58 years)
Enthronement	22 October 1978
End of the pontificate	2 April 2005 (84 years) Vatican
Predecessor	John Paul I
Successor	Benedict XVI
Lists of Popes chronology Alphabetical
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Karol Jozef Wojtyla ( Wadowice , near Krakow in Poland , 18 May 1920 - Vatican City , 2 April 2005 ) was a Polish priest, bishop and then archbishop of Krakow, Cardinal elected Pope of the Roman Catholic Church on 16 October 1978 under the name John Paul II ( Latin Italian

His papacy of 26 years making it the third longest in church history after that of Saint Peter .

His desire to bring religions led to significantly improve relations between the Catholic Church with the Jews , the Orthodox Churches , and Anglicans. It is the source of the first international inter-religious meeting in Assisi in 1984, bringing together over 194 leaders of religions.

He traveled more than 129 countries during his pontificate, more than five hundred million people who have seen during this period , and established large gatherings like World Youth Day. He beatified and canonized 1 340 people 483 saints , more than during the previous five centuries.

He defended the reforms of Vatican II , in which he participated as a bishop. His willingness to defend human dignity led him to promote human rights. He opposed the ideology of communism and in its activities, particularly in Poland , helped the fall of the Eastern bloc. He also denounced the excesses of capitalism. He was criticized for opposing on moral and religious to abortion and contraception and some of his positions on bioethics.

John Paul II is considered one of the most influential political leaders of the twentieth ^century .

He will be beatified on Sunday, ¹ May 2011.

Biography

Youth

Karol Jzef Wojtyla born in Wadowice , a town of Galicia , second son of Emilia, born Kaczorowska ( one thousand eight hundred and eighty-four - one thousand nine hundred and twenty-nine ), and Karol Wojtyla ( in 1879 - 1941 ), retired officer. The couple also had another son, Edmund in 1906 and a daughter, Olga, died in 1914 at birth. Very soon, the little Karol loses his mother ( 1929 ) and his older brother, Edmund ( 1906 - 1932 ), who was a doctor.

Teenage Karol Wojtyla is passionate about literature and theater . He took part in theatrical performances given by his school . He befriends two actresses of his company, and Halina Krolikiewicz GuiKs Beer. A large Jewish community residing in Wadowice, Karol Wojtyla in daily contact with . He played in many plays and often gets the lead roles, even at short notice replacing an actor who could not attend . He met Mieczyslaw Kotlarczyk , professor of history at the high school girls in Wadowice and passionate drama . From 1936, Karol Wojtyla Kotlarczyk form his own theatrical technique, essentially based on the strength of speech and text . He also discussed with him the role of language in culture and Polish identity. Karol Wojtyla has lost the will to become an actor and wants to devote himself to theater . It will continue to write when he leaves Mieczysaw Kotlarczyk Wadowice . At fifteen, he became president of a youth association that is dedicated to the Virgin Mary .

On May 6, 1938, Karol Wojtyla received the sacrament of confirmation . In August 1938, he left Wadowice, accompanied by his father to Krakow where he studied letters at the Jagiellonian University of Krakow . He deepened his knowledge of etymology, phonetics Polish drama and lyric poetry . He is majoring in philology in Poland.

The Polish defeat in 1939 involves the dismemberment and occupation by Nazi Germany and the USSR. Among other measures, the occupying German calls for the closure of the university , and the prohibition on celebrating the saints Polish . Karol Wojtyla then meets one who became a close, Jan Tyranowski , tailor enthusiast of spirituality, a man of prayer involved in his parish . After Pope John Paul II said of him that he was "one of those unknown saints, hidden like a wonderful light at the bottom of life, at a depth where there is usually the darkness" The above him proposes to participate in the Rosary living , clandestine Catholic organization. Jan Tyranowski pushes members to pray the Rosary live, learning to live in God's presence and make "every moment means something" ^, . Karol Wojtyla Tyranoswski advises reading the writings of saints of the Carmelite Order , like Jean de la Croix , Teresa of Avila and Therese of Lisieux .

Karol Wojtyla continues to be an actor in theater . He also wrote three plays, David, Job and Jeremiah . In these pieces we can see parallels between the fate of Poland and Israel. The theater is designed by Karol Wojtyla as a means of resistance and defense of the homeland against the occupying Nazi Polish . Karol Wojtyla often shows undercover with friends, known as Studio 39 .

Karol Wojtyla worked for autumn 1940 in a career Zabrziwek , where he discovers the reality of manual labor. In October 1940, Karol Wojtyla is hired as a worker in the Solvay chemical factory , which allows him to escape from compulsory service in Germany. This experience marked his life permanently, "This life experience working with all its positive and its miseries, as well as to another level, the horrors of the deportation of my Polish compatriots in the death camps, have profoundly marked my life. " .

February 16, 1941 occurred the death of his father , the last living member of his family .

In June 1941, Nazi Germany declared war on its ally the Soviet Union and all Poland passed under the Nazi yoke.

In July 1941, Mieczyslaw Kotlarczyk joined Krakow with his wife. They are staying in the apartment of Karol Wojtyla. A month later, a group of actors including Karol Wojtyla, Kotlarczyk founded the "Theatre rhapsodic." This style theater, a very sober way, highlights the text through a very declamatory art work . Kotlarczyk for the dramatic tension comes from the "word" expressed and received, more than a spectacular setting. This work on the power, in itself, speech, profoundly influence Karol Wojtyla in his ministry as priest and bishop and pope .

The eradication of Polish culture is a means used by the Nazis to eliminate any long-term strength in the country. The theater is rhapsodic when part of a broader cultural underground resistance movement, called Unia . The Unia also has a military wing. But Karol Wojtyla refused to join the armed resistance, preferring more peaceful means, as the cultural struggle and prayer ^, . The troupe Theatre rhapsodic "occurs in the underground, players risk a firing squad if they are caught .

During autumn 1942, after a long period of reflection, he decided to become a priest, and entered the clandestine seminary of Krakow ^, .

seminarian under occupation

Father Wojtyla, Vicar at Niegowic (1948)

Karol Wojtyla accepted the seminar secret that Adam Stefan Sapieha , archbishop of Krakow, held despite a ban on German train new priests in October 1942 . Each student is supervised by a teacher, classes are held in churches or in private . Karol worked as a laborer during the day and studying at night . He then read the Treaty of devotion to the Blessed Virgin Mary, St. Louis Marie Grignon de Montfort . Reading Louis Marie Grignon de Montfort have a big impact in his life, and it will then pope as bishop's motto " Totus Tuus , "after reading the Treaty of devotion to the Blessed Virgin Mary. He learns also to philosophy, including metaphysics. The latter, initially, the rout. But after two months of intensive work, there are underlying reasons for its existence and confirmation of its sensible intuitions . He remained passionate about his life philosophy .

On 29 February 1944 he nearly died. He was overthrown by a car and finds himself a fortnight in hospital, suffered a head injury .

On 6 August 1944 , Hitler decided to suppress the Warsaw Uprising. Karol Wojtyla escaped a roundup that takes place in its building, remaining silently in prayer in his apartment in the basement ^, . Threatened by repression, he found refuge at the Episcopal Palace where the Archbishop Adam Stefan Sapieha decided to hide the seminarians . It only comes out rarely Bishop's Palace and with false papers . It regains its freedom of movement than the 17 January 1945 , following the release of Krakow by the Red Army. The Soviet army welcomed the Cardinal's attitude against the Nazis .

Karol Wojtyla studied particularly the theology of John of the Cross , of Teresa of Avila and Therese of Lisieux . He believes, moreover, a time to become a Carmelite, but renounces ^, . In 1946, Archbishop Sapieha, newly appointed cardinal, decided to send him complete his theological studies in Rome. It advances the date of his ordination to facilitate his departure . Karol Wojtyla was ordained priest at All Saints on ¹ November 1946. He is 26 years.

Ministry of Priest

He then continued his education at the Angelicum in Rome, then headed by the University Dominicans. Courses are taught in Latin . He stayed for two years to prepare his thesis for doctorate in theology on "Faith in the Thought of St. John of the Cross " ^, . It houses the Belgian College, where he learned French . For the purposes of his thesis on John of the Cross, he also teaches Spanish.

Cardinal Sapieha asked during his vacation to visit Europe to study the pastoral methods. It then travels in France and Belgium. During this trip he discovered the reality of the beginning of the de-Christianization of France but also new pastoral methods . He met the theologian Henri de Lubac and observes the experience of the worker-priests. In Belgium, he met Father Joseph Cardjin , founder of the Young Christian Workers . When he returned to Poland, he published in the journal Catholic Krakow his positive impression on new forms of evangelism in France. Countries of a "magnificent Catholic intellectual culture, but mission countries with many unbelievers . He then saw the need to adapt to new situations because of the disappearance of a more traditional and authentic notes with interest the new forms of evangelization, which "shows new ways, new methods for the apostolic work" .

Karol Wojtyla, a young priest in Krakow with his students (1950)

He returned to Poland, and in June 1948, is sent to Niegowi , a small village in rural Galician fifty kilometers from Krakow . There he discovered the development of Stalinism in Poland. He read Marx and Lenin, to better understand the logic Communist . He defends this view: "Socialism is not contrary to the teachings of the Church, but the methods of the communists against the Church. Communism pretends to impose on people materialistic conceptions, he tortured the nation " . Faced with pressure from the communist regime, Karol Wojtyla advised never to resist, saying that "bad things, he said, must be overcome by goodness. We must set a good example, be humble " .

Cardinal Sapieha appointed in March 1949 at the University Parish of St. Florian in Krakow. During this period he discovered "the fundamental importance of youth" ^, . He then oversees a group of young people, to whom he gives lectures .

He learns with them, skied with them and organized a new form of evangelization . It organizes excursions , consisting of time for reflection, prayer and sports, this twice a year for a fortnight . He celebrated Mass in a canoe, something quite rare before the Second Vatican Council , dressed in civilian clothes to avoid detection by the communist regime . During these trips, he listens and talks a lot with young people, often engaged, with whom he talks about different aspects of married life . It innovates by talking openly about sexuality . He invited men and women "learn to be together before engaging in a more intimate relationship. They should learn to behave in a vis--vis the other, be patient, to agree, to understand each other " . He develops a deep reflection on the vocation of marriage, which will remain throughout his life a major theme of his teaching .

Karol Wojtyla during an excursion

He was appointed to the University by Cardinal Sapieha , against his will . He then studied for a PhD in philosophy. He specializes in ethics and specifically the issue of love in general and conjugal love . He studied philosophy of Saint Thomas Aquinas and the phenomenologists , including Edith Stein , and his thesis on the phenomenologist Max Scheler. He then learned German in order to better understand Max Scheler . He then obtained a doctorate in philosophy in 1953 . He still tours with his youth during the summer .

In 1953 , he assumed the chair of moral theology and social ethics at the Faculty of Theology in Krakow . He writes poetry under the pseudonym Andrzej Jawien . The Soviet repression increases so, developing a cult of personality around Stalin. Catholic personalities such as Cardinal Stefan Wyszynski are imprisoned in September 1953 . The priest responsible for the Living Rosary was sentenced to death . Catholic education is banned in schools , and the faculty of theology of the Jagiellonian University where he teaches, is closed October 1954 . From the death of Stalin, relations are more free. Demonstrations in support of religious freedom occur and Cardinal Stefan Wyszynski is released in 1956 . In 1954 he was appointed professor of ethics at the Catholic University of Lublin. He founded the city in an Institute of moral leadership that he retains until 1978.

Karol Wojtyla secretly around the part then dean of the faculty of philosophy at meetings to discuss the situation of the Church and nation. They then develop subtle ways to undermine communism from the inside, spiritually and philosophically. Karol Wojtyla then criticizes communism, considering that Marxist ethics does not encompass the reality of man as such . Thus he believes that the Marxist "view of man as something that can be created in communism - but there is no place for the individual, the essence of man. Because the essence of man is embodied in each individual " . Karol Wojtyla considers that the Christian approach to life and society was extremely realistic, while the Marxist approach ended up "being purely idealistic, if not concrete" . Faced with this opposition, Karol Wojtyla a never seeks to develop a military or violent confrontation with the Communists. It seeks to escape the political problems and conflicts, to avoid wasting time, but focus on expanding knowledge in order to focus on positive work ^{Bishop in Krakow}

Visit the Church of the Visitation of the Blessed Virgin Mary in Krakow. Carmelites in the sand - early June 1967, shortly before being named cardinal

On 28 September 1958 , Pope Pius XII named him auxiliary bishop of Krakow. At 38, Karol Wojtyla became the youngest bishop of the Polish People's Republic . This appointment is validated by the communist regime, as Karol Wojtyla is seen as someone who is not interested in political debates, in contrast to Cardinal Stefan Wyszynski . The communist regime in the new bishop sees a way to counter and split the Polish Episcopate .

That's when he chose his motto "Totus tuus" ("all yours"), inspired by spirituality of Louis-Marie Grignon de Montfort and illustration of his devotion to the Virgin Mary.

As auxiliary bishop is responsible for the pastoral care of students . It then continues to teach moral theology at the Faculty of . He teaches mainly St. Thomas Aquinas , Scheler , Husserl , Heidegger , Ingarden . He tries to reconcile his reflection, but also in the articles published there, the philosophy of St. Thomas with phenomenology. He believes that phenomenology offers tools but it lacks a broad vision of the world to own Thomism .

He continued his literary activities, giving even in 1960 a play, the goldsmith's shop, whose subtitle is "Meditation on the Sacrament of Marriage, which occasionally turns into tragedy" . It works and journals Znak Tygodnik Powszechny, signing his poems with the pseudonym "Andrzej Jawie.

In 1962, the Apostolic Administrator of Krakw, Bishop Eugniusz Baziak dies. Karol Wojtyla was then appointed to replace the 13 January 1964 , becoming the youngest director of the diocese in Poland .

For over 20 years, Karol Wojtyla defends the parishioners of the new town of Nowa Huta , a model communist city, private place of worship. It supports the construction of a church in celebrating Christmas Mass in the open air to promote the creation of a worthy place of worship for the workers . Paul VI even offered him a stone from the ancient basilica St. Pierre .

Second Vatican Council

Shortly after his appointment as bishop, the new Pope John XXIII decided to open the Second Vatican Ecumenical Council . Bishop Karol Wojtyla is then invited to participate in the council. The preparatory phase will run from January 2, 1959 to October 11, 1962 . In response to the questionnaire for Vatican II, Karol Wojtyla asked that the council is clear on "the importance of the transcendence of the human face of growing materialism of the modern era" . He wants a strengthening of the role of the laity in the Church, but also the ecumenical dialogue and the celibacy of priests he defends ^, . Although he never played a fundamental role in the Council, its position appears to have gradually increased over the council within the delegation of Polish bishops .

The first session of the council runs from October 11, 1962 to December 8, 1962 . During this council, Karol Wojtyla, speaking French, English, German, Polish, Russian, Spanish, Italian and Latin, becoming the spokesman of the Polish delegation . This delegation is the largest in the world, it enjoys a certain authority on matters concerning the life of the Church in the Eastern Bloc . Throughout the debates, Karol Wojtyla became friends with African bishops , he feels inspired by a young faith, alive, but also with the German bishops . It crosses theologians like Hans Kng and Ratzinger . The appointment of Karol Wojtyla as archbishop in 1964, allows him to have a greater stature in the delegation .

It participates actively in Scheme XIII of the Second Vatican Council, helping to develop mainly on the exhortation of the Church in the Modern World . At the Second Vatican Council, two opposing trends on the design of atheism, often linked to the existing representation of Marxism. Karol Wojtyla never takes an open stand for one of them, but defended his design against atheism, at a forum Oct. 21, 1964: "We are continuing a quest along with our fellow human beings .. . Let's not make morality. " He calls the church to use the heuristic method, just "as we help students discover the truth for himself" . Karol Wojtyla then asked to consider atheism, not in its component sociological or political, but primarily in its internal state of the individual . Thus in his speech of September 28, 1965, he declared: "The atheist believes his" ultimate loneliness, "because he believes that God does not exist. Hence his desire to go some way immortal through the life of the community. We must therefore ask why collectivism promotes atheism and vice versa. "

On 30 November 1964, Paul VI receives first Karol Wojtyla during a private audience. The Pope had followed his statements in the Council, and he appeared as the most outstanding figure among the Polish delegation . That of a bishop tied to tradition but resolutely seeking renewal of the Church, defending the authority of the Church without being narrow-minded, yet with a commitment to human and hello its concerns at the heart of .

At the end of the Council, the Polish bishops sent a letter to German bishops, urging reconciliation between the two nations. The last sentence "We forgive and beg forgiveness" , is strongly criticized by the Polish political system , which criticizes the attitude of the bishops and their lack of patriotism . The objective was to promote reconciliation between the two nations and to avoid claims of territory between them , while not forgetting the reality of the historical tensions between the two countries, linked to wars and concentration camps.

Archbishop

Cardinal Stefan Wyszynski

He was appointed archbishop in the side of Cardinal Wyszynski , Primate of Poland, and the figurehead of the Polish episcopate in the resistance to communism. Paul VI appointed him Archbishop of Krakow on 30 December 1963 . He takes office on 13 January 1964 . This appointment continues to be supported by the communist regime, which still regards Karol Wojtyla, because of his lack of involvement in policy debates, as an ally against the Cardinal Wyszynski ^, . This appointment comes as Cardinal Wyszynski wanted to promote other persons in that position . This title was problematic for Karol Wojtyla, who feared that the communist government uses and develops a competition between the archbishop of Poland. Karol Wojtyla then chooses to support unconditionally the Cardinal Wyszynski ^, . He is secretly convened by the communist regime. He then decided in July 1965, without telling, to take over and defend the views of Cardinal Wyszynski without showing the slightest difference to him . And Karol Wojtyla refuses to participate in the first Synod of Bishops, held in Rome for the cardinal Wyszynski is not authorized by the plan to participate . Karol Wojtyla is then tapped and spied on by the powers that be and is sometimes followed when traveling .

Millennium Celebration

In 1966, Archbishop organizes the celebration of the millennium of Poland, linked to the commemoration of the baptism of Mieszko I of Poland , April 14 966 . He presides over fifty anniversary Masses, including a papal Mass on behalf of Pope Paul VI , which is not allowed to enter Poland, the sanctuary Jasna Gora in Czestochowa , center of Polish Catholicism . The objective of the millennium of Poland is also to highlight the profoundly Christian heritage of the country even though the communist government promotes atheism.

Love and Responsibility

In 1962 , he published Love and Responsibility in which he develops a philosophical and Christian love and sexuality.

Cardinal

Paul VI named him cardinal of San Cesareo in Palatio June 28 1967 . Forty-seven, he is the youngest of all the cardinals living . Following his appointment as cardinal, Karol Wojtyla spent two months a year in the Vatican . He became a member of four congregations of the Vatican: that the clergy, Catholic education, for divine worship, and for the Oriental Churches . Paul VI appointed him as consultant for the Council for the Laity .

In spring 1968, a Polish student revolt breaks out against censorship of the communist regime. It accuses the Jews of being responsible for the revolt. Karol Wojtyla takes public defense of students and invites to a conference at the archdiocese of Krakow, the Jewish philosopher Roman Ingarden , showing his support for the Jewish community . The following year he visited a synagogue officially thereby showing its willingness to show solidarity with the Jewish community .

During these years, Karol Wojtyla holds the secret aid to the Church in Czechoslovakia, largely destroyed by the communist regime. He then secretly ordered priests to Krakow . On the death in prison of the bishop tpn Trochta in 1974, prohibits the power of Karol Wojtyla to celebrate the funeral. Nevertheless, he publicly salutes the heroic figure of the Czech Bishop .

The Polish workers revolt in 1970 against the rising prices. The regime's repression, the death of workers. Karol Wojtyla, while defending himself from wanting to act politically, is standing up for workers. He tries to avoid the hardening conflict .

A new revolt broke out June 25, 1976. Workers protesting in the streets. Karol Wojtyla took the defense of human rights , stating, in his homily on the day of the year, he defended "the right to eat, the right to freedom ... an atmosphere of genuine freedom without constraints ... nothing threat. " . He later openly critical censorship and barriers to the practice of Catholicism. This defense of human rights is increasingly open. Needless to say in 1977 that "human rights may be granted in the form of concessions. These are innate rights, it seeks to achieve during his life. And if he can not achieve them, live them fully, man rebelled. And it can not be otherwise, because he is a man, his sense of honor requires. " . This defense of human rights is consistent with the Cardinal Wojtyla defense and recognition of the nation. He rejects the conception of a new Poland linked to the Communist International who forget history and heritage of the country .

Parallel to these public statements, Cardinal encourages the emergence of the clandestine network of intellectuals Odrozenie, frequently interacting with them.

Cardinal Wojtyla also participates in international conferences, invited by Anna-Teresa Tymieniecka, both in Naples where he debates with phenomenologists on the place of self-determination in 1974 at Harvard in 1976 where he participated in a conference . This allows him to know during these trips the American episcopate, and start having international stature .

Humanae Vitae

By the end of Vatican II, Pope Paul VI named Karol Wojtyla member of the commission on questions of contraception and sexuality . It plays an important role in the group that advises Paul VI on contraception just before the encyclical " Humanae Vitae , "published in 1968. It incorporates the concept of sexuality that had already developed early in his priestly ministry. He chairs a task force in his diocese. It is composed of lay people and clergy . It sends directly to Pope Paul VI, the fruit of his reflections . During the publication of Humanae Vitae, Karol Wojtyla was very satisfied with having "helped the pope." A priest of the Diocese of Krakow claimed that nearly sixty percent of the encyclical came from the report Wojtyla .

Diocesan Synod

One of his original ideas, as archbishop of Krakow, is the opening in 1972 of a Pastoral Synod, to share the collegiality of Vatican II priests and faithful of the Archdiocese ^, . More than 500 study groups, composed of faithful from all walks, will deepen regularly texts of Vatican II, over eleven thousand people, and studying the teachings of the Council . This Synod of Krakw until 1979 and continues to contribute to practice the principles of the Council in the Archdiocese ^{, ,} .

Synod of Bishops

Karol Wojtyla synods of bishops participating in the 1969 national collaboration of bishops with the Apostolic See and the 1971 on the priesthood and justice in the world. It is, in 1974, the rapporteur of the synod on evangelization in the modern world .

Paul VI often receives Cardinal Wojtyla , more than eleven times during the period 1973 to 1976. This collusion between Cardinal Wojtyla and Paul VI led him to propose to Karol Wojtyla to preach the Spiritual Exercises of Lent 1976 to the pope and the Roman Curia ^, . The preparation of the Spiritual Exercises led to an exchange of correspondence between Karol Wojtyla and the German theologian Joseph Ratzinger, who sends his introduction to Christianity. This will be the beginning of a friendship between two men . This retreat preached at the Vatican announces Karol Wojtyla to the curia, making it the first time papabile ^, . In these sermons he develops the idea that Catholics should be a sign of contradiction in the world, affirming the truth of God, given the silence. He criticizes both the consumerism of the West as communist state atheism .

Person and Act

He met Anna-Teresa Tymieniecka in 1973 and develops it with a book published in English, The Acting Person ^, , where he developed his conception of love and man. Some thought they saw in this book an important step in the maturation of Cardinal Wojtyla philosophical . The work lasts about three years. The development of his concept of man gives primary consideration to the self determination of the human being, the individual to shape his life and decide what to do. This person-centered design is the foundation for Cardinal Wojtyla's role in political systems, which are designed to assist individuals to identify themselves. This leads him to criticize the excesses of political systems: "If, on the one hand, a socio-political system does not give the individual the legal right - such as totalitarian and communist regimes, which abolished the self-determination humans, the state is pernicious. On the other hand, if societies and cultures allow the individual to become strictly individualistic and ignore the links with the community that requires determination and prepares both, social cohesion is crumbling. "

Conclave

On August 26, 1978, death of Paul VI , Karol Wojtyla, cardinal, in the election of the future pope. Albino Luciani , patriarch of Venice is elected and takes the name John Paul ^I , in honor of two previous popes who opened and closed the Second Vatican Council, John XXIII and Paul VI. John Paul I died thirty-three days later. During the conclave, Karol Wojtyla had already received nine votes of cardinals.

Election

Commemorative stamp for 70 years published in the GDR

According to the opinion required as a result, the conclave was divided between two favorites: Giuseppe Siri , archbishop of Genoa , rather conservative and Giovanni Benelli , archbishop of Florence close to John Paul ^I and the great elector previous conclave ^, . But no obvious and Karol Wojtyla, who was also foreseen, is elected on the eighth ballot, the 16 October 1978 , Pope of the Catholic Church of Rome. We know also that ^Bishop Knig, archbishop of Vienna, was very close to him, and seems to have been one of its major constituents .

Finally, the German cardinals have actively campaigned for the Archbishop of Krakow, because they represented a church with considerable financial means, they spent much time traveling outside of Europe to implement a large charity (hospitals, schools, etc.). they had a strong reputation auxprs prelates African and South American and therefore, an important influence, less than forty years after the Nazi assault on Poland, this support was particularly symbolic.

According to George Weigel , several factors may explain his election. Cardinal past eleven years, Karol Wojtyla was well known to other constituents . Its operations during the Second Vatican Council and papal preaching during the retreat in 1976 had been noticed . He had a long history of cultural resistance to communism, which could contribute to renewing the Ostpolitik of the Holy See. But first, according to Weigel, he had marked the spirits in his diocesan mission, showing a strong leadership could be possible in the midst of tensions post-conciliar . Similarly, Bernard Lecomte, the general desire of the cardinal was "to elect a pastor, a man with experience in the field" .

The surprise is nevertheless very great: he was the first pope Slavic history and the first non-Italian since Adrian VI in 1522. The Cardinal Protodeacon penalty elsewhere pronounce his name at the Habemus papam and even forgets to give the name chosen by the new pope. The crowd initially believed to be dealing with a cardinal Africa , and many commentators are caught short at the announcement, unaware of the new pope, the Vatican press office did not itself anticipated biography. John Paul II stands in the succession of Popes by nationality, his relative youth and his status as a former athlete. Above all, it comes from a communist country, from beyond the Iron Curtain. In his first statement, that holder of infallibility suggested humorously the crowd to fix if he makes mistakes ... Italian. The pope is multilingual.

After apparently he desisted from taking the same name as the patron saint of Poland , at the request of the Cardinal Primate of Poland, he chose John Paul II, in continuity with its three immediate predecessors. He inaugurated his pontificate the 22 the same month.

His pontificate is the third longest (9664 days) of the bi-millennial history of the papacy. On its 263 predecessors, only Pius IX ( 1846 - 1878 ) reigned longer than his (31 years 7 months and 17 days), but St. Peter , the first bishops of Rome, would have prevailed even longer (34 or 37 years including 25 years in Rome). During his reign he has had three presidents French , five presidents of the United States of America , and seven heads of state of the Soviet Union and then Russia .

Pontificate

John Paul II St. Peter's Square in 1985

John Paul II in Pozna in 1987

The first days of his pontificate were marked by changes in shape due to John Paul II. He personally prepared his first speech , and goes directly to meet the public, while showing his independence vis--vis the protocol and the curia .

The first speech of John Paul II marked his commitment to Vatican II, collegiality in the Church, but also the respect of tradition, liturgy and its willingness to continue the ecumenical dialogue and the search for peace and Justice .

22 October 1978 at the inaugural Mass of his pontificate, he delivered a speech that marked his pontificate, showing its determination to act in favor of religion but also against communism , saying: "Do not be afraid! Open, open wide the doors to Christ. To his saving power, open the borders of states, political and economic systems, the vast fields of culture, civilization and development " .

It stops in Assisi , and proclaimed himself spokesman of the "Church of Silence", representing the church under communism . He quickly defends the rights of man, given the freedom to practice his religion as the foundation of all other freedoms in a speech to the thirtieth anniversary of the Declaration of Human Rights .

John Paul II decided to go to Mexico in 1978. During his trip, he multiplies meetings and speeches. He visits the Shrine of Our Lady of Guadalupe. During this trip the Pope criticizes the political functions that take some priests , partly related to liberation theology. However the refusal of the pope too political function of the clergy did not stop to take a stand in defense of the poor and indigenous . It also urges to fight against injustice and denounced the attacks on the dignity of man .

The following year he visited Poland , the Irish , the United States and Turkey . It begins during the Wednesday papal audiences on a catechesis for human sexuality and theology of the body. In 1980 he went to Africa, France and Brazil. He defends membership in the Catholic Church of the Uniate Church , that Stalin had wanted to dissolve and attach to the Orthodox Patriarchate .

The attack of May 1981

John Paul II and the husband Reagan in 1982

Wednesday, 13 May 1981 , the day of the weekly general audience held St. Peter's Square in Rome , Pope John Paul II is the victim of an attack: Mehmet Ali Agca fired at him before a crowd of 20,000 faithful . Mehmet Ali Agca shot with a Browning 9 mm automatic under six feet of the pope, two months after the attempted assassination of Ronald Reagan.

The day of the attack is exactly the same as the day of the apparition of the Virgin of Fatima, to be mentioned in his speech to the audience, John Paul II attributed his miraculous survival to the intervention of the Virgin Ftima , and he believes that this attack is the one mentioned in the message of Fatima.

Later, the pope will visit the cell of Mehmet Ali Agca to grant him his pardon .

John Paul II in the Popemobile

Several theories have been formulated on a possible sponsor. Sources said the attack could be the work of the GRU , the intelligence services of the Soviet army . Other people because of nationality Turkish Mehmet Ali Agca believe that radical Islamists could be behind this attack , this one is against the Pope's visit to Turkey, seeing him as "Commander Crusades, Jean-Paul disguised as religious leader. If this tour is not canceled, I will not fail to kill the pope-Commander " . Other sources would suggest that this would be an action taken by the mafia / A> Turkey sponsored by the Italian Mafia. Finally, some have seen only one's own will of Mehmet Ali Agca , considering he suffered from psychiatric disorders ^Poland

Walesa has permission to meet with the pope in 1981. He then stated that "without the Church nothing can happen" in Poland ^, . John Paul II published his first social encyclical devoted entirely to the question of work, Laborem Exercens . It says in the encyclical on the superiority of working capital, defining a Catholic anthropology of work. He also defended the legitimacy of trade unions .

In this encyclical, he shows his support for the cause of Polish Solidarity. He pushes the Polish bishops to defend the agreements that take place in Poland . This period marked a strong connection between the Reagan and John Paul II, that share confidential information about Poland . Ronald Reagan also supported the Pope's position on issues related to abortion. On December 12, 1981, facing rising protests in Poland, General Wojciech Jaruzelski declared martial law . John Paul II then seeks to appease the claims, fearing a bloodbath, and affirming the need to promote peace. During his visit to Poland in 1983, he supported the opponents of the regime. It calls on Poles to follow their conscience, "make an effort to be an individual with conscience, to call good and evil by name and not confuse them ... develop itself what is good and try to right the wrong by overcoming in oneself. " Subsequently it promotes social justice, human rights, fair wages and unions banned by the martial law . During this visit he received the title of doctor honoris causa of the Jagiellonian University of Krakow in 1983 .

Attack at Fatima in 1982

In the film Testimony, on the life of John Paul II, Cardinal Stanislaw Dziwisz said the pope was wounded by a dagger during a visit to the Marian shrine of Fatima in Portugal in 1982.

The Pope, who came to thank, in this sanctuary, the Virgin Mary for having escaped the gunfire against him by Mehmet Ali Agca , was attacked by Juan Mara Fernndez y Krohn, a Spanish priest fundamentalist opposition to the liberalization of the Church. It rushes to the Pope with a dagger in his hand, but he quickly mastered. The information is not disseminated and Pope ends his trip without disclosing his injuries. "I can now reveal that the Holy Father was wounded. When we entered the room, we saw that blood, "Dziwisz says in the documentary.

Central America

John Paul II to Brazil in 1997

John Paul II made a trip to Central America in 1983, during which he takes a stand against liberation theology. He defends the fight against poverty and exclusion affecting these populations, but is opposed to armed rebellions . Faced with theologians trying to reconcile Christianity and revolution, he called for the unity of the Church and dialogue, showing opposition to certain aspects of liberation theology .

He met Mother Teresa and asked in 1986 to be its spokesman to defend the Church's position on life, including his opposition to abortion .

In 1986, he launched the first World Youth Day. These days come from its willingness to address the concerns of young people and meet them. Stanislaw Dziwisz says that these days are from rallies he held with young people, particularly the one held in Paris at the Parc des Princes in 1980 . These meetings bring together hundreds of thousands of people, and take place every two or three years.

Seat

The most outstanding event of his pontificate is perhaps his initiative to invite representatives of all major religions in Assisi, October 27, 1986, to attend a World Day of Prayer. For the first time in history, all religions are represented together to pray for Peace . The approach of John Paul II was not the syncretism of all religions were together for prayer, but did not pray with one voice . This inter-religious was criticized by ^Bishop Marcel Lefebvre which caused a split two years later. During the day the pope prayed with other religious leaders, and made note of repentance, saying that Catholics had not always been builders of peace .

During this day of peace, there was no death on the battlefield .

In 1987 he visited Chile and was greeted by Augusto Pinochet. This visit has been criticized, some seeing it as a support to the dictator. But do not criticize the Pope during the visit to the Vicariate of Solidarity organized by the Chilean Church, which helps opponents . During this visit, he asked in private to Augusto Pinochet to resign and return power to civil society .

In 1988 he published the encyclical Sollicitudo Rei Socialis . In this encyclical, he defends a Christian vision of social progress, while denouncing the glaring inequalities between North and South .

New millennium

The fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989 and the end of the USSR the following year were considered to be related to the action of John Paul II. The success of his trips to Poland in particular, had helped to destabilize the regime. Mikhail Gorbachev affirm: "Everything that happened in Eastern Europe in recent years would not have been possible without the presence of this pope, without the major role, also political, he could hold on the world stage " .

John Paul II criticizes then more forcefully the excesses of capitalism. Mexico denounces the glaring inequalities of wealth in the world because of capitalism that grows without concern for the common good . The same year he published the social encyclical Centesimus Annus , where he criticizes neo-liberalism and its conception of capitalist profit that ignores the human nor the resources of the earth. John Paul II refused "the primacy of material things on Man" and stresses the need for ethics in the economy. He says that the exploitation of the poor and ignorant is a crime against God's work " , arguing that poor countries will judge the rich countries.

He also opposed the outbreak of the War in Iraq ^, .

During his visit to Poland in 1991, he forcefully denounces consumerism. It also reaffirms its unequivocal opposition to abortion and called on Poles to follow their conscience and not to confuse freedom with immorality in his homilies. He denounced "the whole civilization of desire and pleasure that now reigns over us, taking advantage of various means of seduction. Is this civilization or anticivilization? " .

He proclaimed the year 1994 Year of the Family. He made the fight against abortion one of his priorities , fighting against its legalization in the United Nations conference in Cairo . He then denounced a "culture of death" and calls on Catholics to defend human life against genetic engineering, abortion and euthanasia .

He organized the Jubilee of 2000 , marking the two thousandth anniversary of the birth of Jesus . During this year, it officially supports the process of debt cancellation for African countries, an initiative launched by Bob Geldof and Bono.

Health problems and death

Pope's body exposed in the basilica of St. Peter's

Funeral of John Paul II

John Paul II had called upon the commencement of his pontificate that "patients are placed in the first rank" . He himself suffered a total of six surgeries. Having lost three pints of blood during the operation of five hours that followed the attack in 1981, he was transfused with blood contaminated with cytomegalovirus , which will weaken much later ^, . He suffered from Parkinson's disease since the mid -1990s. He suffered a bowel tumor, followed by an operation in 1992. He made several falls, including fracturing a hip and luxating shoulder.

In 2005, he contracted a cold that turns into croup with fits of spasms of the larynx, which requires him to be hospitalized Feb. 9, 2005. On 23 February he was again hospitalized following an attack of suffocation, and a tracheotomy. He had trained to pronounce the blessing Urbi et Orbi "Easter Day, but remains silent on his window, without getting to say a word. On 31 March he suffered a septic shock with cardiovascular collapse and a urinary tract infection at the same time. John Paul II then refuses hospitalization. During the day of 2 April 2005 , he bade farewell to his colleagues, one by one and listens to the Gospel of John made by a nun who had served for 25 years.

He goes into a coma in the evening then off to the Vatican on 2 April 2005 , the eve of Divine Mercy Sunday , at 21 h 37 local time, at the age of 84 years and after a pontificate of 9673 days, the third longest in Church history. According to the certificate of death issued on April 3 by the Vatican , his death was due to septic shock and heart failure. He is buried at the Vatican April 8. Cardinal Ratzinger succeeded him on 19 April 2005 under the name Benedict XVI.

Funeral

Poles gather for the announcement of the pope's death throughout the country

Three airports - Fiumicino, Ciampino military airport and the Pratica di Mare - welcome some 110 aircraft and sixty States civil aircraft to the arrival of the delegations that include up to fifty members; include present at the funeral George W. Bush , U.S. president, Jacques Chirac , President of the French Republic, the King of Spain Juan Carlos and the Belgian King Albert II. Among the religious dignitaries who come to Rome, we find, among others, Archbishop Rowan Williams , Archbishop of Canterbury and President of World Council of Anglican bishops, and ^Bartholomew , Orthodox Patriarch of Constantinople.

Over 3 million people come to Rome from 2 to 8 April 2005. Those who go to the Vatican Basilica to greet the pope's body, marched at the rate of 21,000 per hour, or 350 people per minute. The wait is 13 to 24 hours, with a tail up to five kilometers.

The day of the funeral, 500,000 faithful are St Peter's Square and Via della Conciliazione, 600, 000 in urban sites with giant screens installed by the municipality. The newsroom of the Holy See and the Pontifical Council for Social Communications delivers more than 6 000 accreditations (journalists, photographers, radio and television reporters) to cover the event. 137 TV channels from 81 countries broadcast the Mass funerals. An estimated two billion people who saw the funeral of John Paul II around the world .

The funeral Mass was concelebrated by 157 cardinals, in the presence of 700 archbishops and bishops, priests and prelates 3000.

Many countries decreed one or more days of mourning following the death of John Paul II. Some Catholic majority as Brazil, Italy, Philippines, Poland. Others where Christians are a minority, such as India, Chad, Albania, etc.. In other countries, including France, Switzerland and Turkey, the flags are flown at half mast on public buildings.

Administration and Diplomacy

Official Meetings and foundations

The third apostolic trip to Poland (1987)

He has more than doubled the number of nunciatures (Holy See embassies) that pass from 85 in 1978 (at its election) to 174 at the end of the pontificate.

16 October 2004 , he participated in over 1,475 interviews with political figures, including 38 official visits: 738 audiences with heads of state and 246 with government leaders, 190 foreign ministers, 642 ambassadors accredited the Holy See. These figures do not include the various meetings that take place at the close of liturgical ceremonies, both at the Vatican as the world.

In February 1984 , he founded the Institute John Paul II for the Sahel and in February 1992 : Populorum Progressio Foundation for the poor of Latin America. He also founded the Pontifical Academy for Life and the Pontifical Academy of Social Sciences.

In addition, he instituted the day of the patient (celebrated annually on 11 February) and World Youth Day (WYD), the World Day for Peace, the World Day for Migrants and Refugees, the World Day for communications and six other world days.

Diplomatic Representations of the Holy See

It was the first pope to hold press conferences in aircraft and in the press room of the Holy See (January 24, 1994).

He built two huge basilica near Krakow : the Basilica of Nowa Huta (as Bishop of Krakow) and one dedicated to the Divine Mercy.

He was admitted eleven times "doctor honoris causa."

Curie and organization of the Church

The organization of the Church has been profoundly altered under the pontificate of John Paul II. He has over nine Presbyteries created 232 cardinals and sought to universalize the Curia. By 1988 the majority of cardinals who elect the pope, came from non-European countries . He also convened six plenary meetings of the College of Cardinals.

John Paul II wished to make the administration of the Vatican universal. He appointed to important positions in the Curia cardinals from around the world as Francis Arinze or Francois Xavier Nguyen Van Thuan , while the administration was mostly Italian before his pontificate .

He appointed more than 3500 of the 4200 bishops still alive at his death. He is directly involved in the appointment of bishops, which was criticized as a sign of authoritarianism of the pope . It has not changed the practice of synods of bishops, and called 15 synods :: 6 general meetings (of the family in 1980 , reconciliation in 1983 , lay in 1987 , the training of priests in 1990 , life consecrated in 1994 and 2001 on the episcopal ministry), an extraordinary general meeting (the Second Vatican Council in 1985 ), 7 Special meetings (of the Europe in 1991 and 1999 , the Africa in 1994 , the Lebanon in 1995 , the America in 1997 , the Asia and Oceania in 1998 ) and a synod particular (for the Netherlands in 1980 ). He reaffirmed the authority of the Pope over bishops and local churches to enhance the universality of the Church .

He spent about 10 000 hearings to bishops came to Rome.

It allowed for the ordination of married men in some very specific cases (eg. Married Protestant clergy who convert to Catholicism). He has worked to promote the diaconate.

He also wanted to involve more women to run the Church "at all levels, including in decision-making process" . He wrote a letter to women dated June 29, 1995 . He called March 9, 2004 Mary Ann Glendon (Harvard Law professor and former representative of the papal delegation to the Beijing Conference on Women in 1995) president of the Pontifical Academy of Social Sciences. Previously, he had already named: Sister Sara Butler, MSBT, professor of theology at the University "St. Mary of the Lake "in Mundelein (Chicago), and Mrs. Barbara Hallensleben, University of Fribourg, Switzerland to the International Theological Commission .

John Paul II will support throughout his pontificate the emergence and development of new congregations and new forms of gathering of Catholic parish outside the usual structures of the Church. Some of these communities and associations have origins pre-conciliar. He had sometimes encountered during these trips during the Second Vatican Council. He supported during his pontificate despite some misgivings among members of the Curia. He scored his commitment to these groups like Communion and Liberation , the Focolare Movement , the L'Arche community , a community of people living with disabilities, the Opus Dei , which promotes holiness in the workplace, the Legionaries of Christ , lay movement, the Way nine based in the slums of Madrid, the Emmanuel Community , founded by a layman, the Community of Sant'Egidio promoting a strong social commitment, or Sodalitium Christianae Vitae movement born in Peru, which has a teaching assignment . Pope supports despite the risks of destabilization that these movements could represent vis--vis the traditional structures of the Church .

Pastoral

Meetings & Travel

Countries visited by Pope John Paul II

John Paul II visiting Estelle Satabin during a visit to Gabon in 1983

During his pontificate, John Paul II completed 576 days representing 104 trips outside the Vatican, 143 trips to Italy, 740 visits to Rome and to Castel Gandolfo. He has visited 317 of the 333 parishes of Rome. He has visited 129 nations (most of them hosted a pope for the first time) and 614 cities. The distance traveled during his apostolic journeys is 1,163,835 km or 28 times around the earth or nearly three times the distance Earth - Moon.

During his longest journey, the ^32nd, which took place in November-December 1986, John Paul II, who had already visited India from February 1 to 10 of that year, runs as Bangladesh, Seychelles, Singapore, Fiji, New Zealand, Australia.

While some of his travels (as in the United States or Jerusalem ) the lead in the footsteps of Paul VI , many other countries had never been visited by a pope. He became the first pope to visit the United Kingdom where he met Elizabeth II , head of the Anglican Church. He and the Anglican Archbishop of Canterbury to embrace the media in Canterbury Cathedral.

It was the first pope to stay at a hotel and not to the country visited the nuncio (Irshad Hotel in Baku , Azerbaijan in May 2000 ), to say the Mass in a plane , to say Mass for the Catholic community located furthest North (350 km from the North Pole in Troms, Norway in 1989 ).

1160 he chaired weekly general audiences in the presence of more than 18,512,300 pilgrims from around the world and more than 1500 private hearings. Over 160 million people came to Rome to see him.

The reasons for his travels were the will of John Paul II to show the universality of the mission of the pope, who must speak to the world, and must be a visible sign of the universality of the Church . He also wanted to allow the faithful to see the Pope, going himself, "like Christ", to meet people , especially as many of them could not afford to move to Rome .

Format apostolic visits

During his travels, he shows a special devotion to the Virgin Mary , visiting many places it is spent, including Lourdes ( France ) twice, Fatima ( Portugal ), Guadalupe ( Mexico ). These visits were three main reasons: personal attachment to John Paul II to the Virgin Mary, the desire to strengthen and popularize pilgrimages to Marian shrines, the desire to remember the devotion of Catholics to the Mother of Christ, devotion is not shared in the same way, by Protestants .

His visits have also the peculiarity of huge crowds gather. At events like World Youth Days , it has often exceeded the one million attendees.

Social Doctrine

Receiving the Medal of Freedom in 2004

The pontificate of John Paul II was marked by a deep social commitment. The dignity of man is the most remarkable aspect of his teaching during his pontificate .

Opposition to Communism

The Soviet system was the subject of anticlerical criticism of the pope at the beginning of his pontificate, even if communism had already been condemned by Pius IX in 1937 . The dignity of man is the right, as the Pope, inalienable rights. This observation leads him to criticize the dangers of totalitarian ideologies and which run counter to that dignity. This opposition to Communism will be strengthened by his conviction that communism denied, he said, as the truth of God, that human nature . He asserts that "The truth is as necessary as coal." On behalf of the dignity of man in the work he defended the creation of free trade unions, which were banned under the communist regime. He encouraged Poland uncompromising resistance against communism. His support for dissidents in the former Soviet bloc, particularly the union Solidarity and Lech Walesa and his election as pope came from behind the Iron Curtain, have played an important role in the collapse of communist regimes in Eastern Europe East in the late 1980's. He was considered one of the main actors of the fall of communism .

Termination of poverty

John Paul II also opposed to the glaring inequalities in the world. He rejects imperialism and all forms of denial of the independence of nations. In his speeches he opposed ideologies and policies such as feminism , the imperialism , the relativism , the materialism , the fascism (including Nazism ), the racism , the ultra-liberalism and capitalism. On several occasions he denounced the oppression of the poor.

Democracy

The attitude of John Paul II against the currents near the Marxism , particularly the theology of liberation , and his denunciation of some dictatorial regimes, both in America and Asia, promoted by some as democratic transition in South America and Asia ^, .

On the occasion of his trip to Chile , Augusto Pinochet asked the pope: "Why the Church Does talking incessantly about democracy? All methods of government are equal. "John Paul II said:" No, the people have the right to enjoy basic freedoms, even if mistakes are made in the exercise thereof. " ^, . During that same visit Pope asked Augusto Pinochet, during a private interview with him, to resign and return power to civil society .

Interfaith Dialogue

On St. Peter's Square at the Vatican, 29 September 2004.

The pontificate of John Paul II was characterized by increased trade with other religions. During his travels he met many of their officials and requested in several of their holy places. Pope John Paul II has significantly improved relations between Catholicism and other religions. On several occasions he has invited leaders of all religions to a common prayer for peace in Assisi : 27 October 1986 , in 1993 during the Balkans war and 22 January 2002 , just months after the attacks of 11 September 2001 .

Judaism

John Paul II grew up in a context of Jewish culture flourished, his interest in her from childhood ^, . He wrote many texts and speeches on the topic of relations between the Church and the Jews , paying tribute to victims of the Shoah . His first trip, which is also the first of a pope in this place, is a href = "Auschwitz_ (camps)" title = "Auschwitz (camp)" class = "mw-redirect"> Auschwitz. He was the first pope to visit a synagogue , the Great Synagogue of Rome in April 1986 . He says that Jews are "our beloved brothers and, somehow, (...) our elder brothers" .

In 1993, John Paul II decided to recognize the state of Israel , establishing the first official diplomatic relations with Israel, despite opposition from members of the Curia who wanted to settle the issue Palestinian before the recognition of diplomatic relations . At a conference in 1997, John Paul II says that "lucid examination of the past (...) can clearly demonstrate that anti-Semitism has no justification whatsoever and is absolutely reprehensible. " .

In March 2000 , John Paul II visited the Yad Vashem , where he finds a survivor that he rescued, and ask forgiveness from God for anything anti-Semitic committed by Christians . In a note slipped into a crack in the Wailing Wall asks God to forgive the wrongs done to the Jewish people .

Writing by some Jewish theologians of the document Dabru Emet in 2000, which states that "a new religious dialogue with Christians would not weaken Jewish practice and would not speed the assimilation of Jews" and affirms the theological dialogue with Christians shows, for some, the impact of the pontificate of John Paul II, who helped foster the emergence of Jewish power in the development of inter-religious dialogue .

Controversy maillrent the pontificate of John Paul II. A Caramel had settled at Auschwitz. This foundation was criticized by some of the Jewish community. John Paul II ended, after several years by the religious order to move to pacify the relations ^, . Similarly, the canonization of Edith Stein , Jewish convert to Catholicism, died at Auschwitz was criticized, and regarded by some as a "recovery" of the Holocaust by the Church , while John Paul II reader Edith Stein, regarded it as exemplary and holy.

Islam

John Paul II became the second pope to have visited Turkey on their way in this country in November 1979 .

The pope is visiting 1985 in Casablanca in Morocco. He speaks to 80,000 Muslims. During this meeting the Pope says "we worship the same God" . Several negative reactions in the Arab countries followed this meeting, Iran and Ayatollah Khomeini no longer recognized the title of Commander of the Faithful to King Hassan II . The Pope made a one-day visit to Tunis on 14 April 1996. The Assassination of Tibhirine monks in May 1996 and that of the bishop ^BishopPierre Claverie , however, have made relations between the two religions harder .

It encourages the construction of a mosque in Rome, while demanding more reciprocity in religious freedom in Muslim countries . He then asked for a day of prayer gathering all religions, especially Muslims, wanting to avoid any legitimate religious war between Christians and Muslims.

In May 2001 , John Paul II was the first pope to visit a mosque . Eager to gather at the place where converted St. Paul , he enters and prays to the relics of Saint John the Baptist in the mosque of the Umayyads in Damascus ( Syria ).

Buddhism

John Paul II met the ^14thDalai Lama , Tenzin Gyatso in the Vatican in 1980 , 1982 , 1986 , 1988 and 1990. Later, on 27 January 2003 , after an audience with the Pope, the Dalai Lama said during his meeting with President of the Italian Senate Marcello Pera, "I told the Pope my admiration for what he has done for peace and religious harmony in the world. "

Ecumenical Dialogue

The pontificate was marked by a desire for rapprochement with the Eastern churches. From the beginning he posed as lawyer Orthodox churches largely controlled by the communist regime. By proclaiming himself the leader of the Church silent, he says his defense of Eastern and Western churches on his first visit to Poland .

In 1985 he published the encyclical Slavorum Apostoli dedicated to Saints Cyril and Methodius , in which he called for ecumenical dialogue.

On the topic of papal primacy, he proposed to Christians of other confessions of "seek-together, the forms in which this ministry may accomplish a service of love recognized by some and by others" at the Encyclical Ut Unum Sint ( 1995 ).

With the Orthodox

In 1999 , John Paul II visits Romania with local dignitaries of the Orthodox Church. It is also the first pope to visit predominantly Orthodox countries since the schism of 1054. During this trip he asked forgiveness on behalf of Catholics for the sack of Constantinople .

During the Jubilee of 2000, he opened the Holy Door with Metropolitan Athanasios Orthodox and Anglican Primate George Carey , marking the desire for unity of different Christian . But he could never go to Russia, the Patriarch of Moscow refusing to meet him .

In 2004, during a trip to Greece, it offers the relics of Gregory Nazianzen , hitherto kept in the Vatican, to Bartholomew I of Constantinople in a logic of reconciliation .

Attempts at reconciliation with the Orthodox have also been hampered by conflicts of jurisdictions and borders, claiming the Uniate churches churches confiscated by the Soviets in favor of the Orthodox . The pope was criticized because of the proselytizing of Catholics in Russia, leading to the refusal of the Bishops of the Russian receive . Finally, the recognition by the Vatican for the independence of Croatia was much resented by the Orthodox Serbs who saw this country as linked to Serbia .

Protestants

On several occasions he asked forgiveness on behalf of Catholics for the wrongs inflicted upon other Christians . Thus, during his trip to Slovakia, he goes before a monument commemorating the assassination of Calvinists by Catholics .

In 1998 the Lutheran churches signed with the Vatican text together, the Joint Declaration on Justification by faith , a common understanding of "justification by faith." They come together in agreement on one of the main points of divergence from the reform of Luther .

Theology of the body and sexuality

John Paul II prayed during his trip to Colombia

John Paul II developed a theology of the body over 129 conferences from 1979 to 1984. Such education is considered a "bomb" theological ^, . In his catechesis John Paul II said, based on an anthropology of the Bible, the body created in the image of God, was primarily intended to allow the communion between man and woman, this communion being image of the communion of persons in God. Sexuality can not be reduced to a relationship of pleasure , which reduces the man or woman to an object which can be satisfied. This trend is utilitarian by John Paul II a consequence of original sin. But according to John Paul II, Christ helps restore sexuality in marriage, which becomes inseparable from the place of sexuality. The marriage is the place of communion between two people, the image of God. The relationship of marriage leads to a relationship of mutual submission of man and woman, the source of sanctification. Sexuality, the gift of the body of John Paul II, in the conjugal act is thus to express and realize the mutual gift that spouses make for themselves and all their lives. Sexuality expresses the love, loyalty and honesty between spouses.

This design led John Paul II to confirm the opposition of the Church to contraception. This one goes against the dignity of marriage and the true gift of the spouses, and prevents a true communion with God's image. In an interview with scientists he says he does not separate sexuality from its "reproductive potential", contraception goes against the vocation of man and the order in which God created. According to John Paul II the man is not and should not be master of life, but custodian life .

His opposition also went against the abortion. Human life is present from conception, all abortion is murder according to him , constituting a fundamental breach as the ten commandments "thou shalt not kill", but also the dignity of man is denied.

On several occasions, he reiterated the Church's teaching on marital fidelity requirement and the recommendation to avoid the artificial methods of contraception. So when he was asked about the possibility of using contraception to avoid abortions John Paul II asserted that contraception and abortion were the fruit of the same plant, which led to deny the call to the love in this marriage.

He never uttered a single word condom , but has emphasized many times cons on the absolute effectiveness of abstinence and fidelity against sexually transmitted diseases . This position was strongly criticized, some accusing the Pope of being responsible for AIDS in Africa.

It has been a tireless defender of the right to life , recalling the church's opposition to abortion , the euthanasia and all forms of eugenics. He also called for a stronger condemnation of the death penalty.

Faced with new issues in bioethics including artificial insemination, he published the document Donum Vitae . The paper sees it as "a technique morally illicit because it deprives human procreation of the dignity of its own and conaturelle" and the detachment of the fertilization of the sexual act, as contraception is again criticized . He opposed any work on embryonic stem cells on human cloning , which he considers an affront to human dignity.

He also confirmed that the Catholic tradition on marriage by opposing gay marriage. He also upheld the prohibition of sacramental communion for divorced and remarried because of their lack of spiritual communion with prior teaching of the Church.

The abuse of minors committed by priests

Several observers noted that the Holy See had been slow to realize the magnitude of the problem of sexual abuse by priests ^, . These cases were treated, mostly in the dioceses , which has prevented a comprehensive consideration of this phenomenon. For Bernard Lecomte , Jean-Paul II, without being indifferent, may have been negligent on this issue . The charges in 1998 against Father Marcial Maciel Degollado , founder of the Legionaries of Christ , were not treated with sufficient capacity and speed ^{, , ,} . This overconfidence in the person of Father Marcial Maciel is, according to George Weigel , a papal error of government . Allegations of sexual abuse against Cardinal Hans Hermann Gror , have not resulted in an immediate investigation ^{, ,} . The habit of doing business in the discretion of manners, a certain culture of silence that prevailed on these issues, have not encouraged the emergence of truth and public recognition of the suffering of victims ^, . For many the Vatican has taken a turn in 2001 with the motu proprio Sacramentorum sanctitatis guardianship of John Paul II and the letter of delicta Gravioribus (The most serious offenses), sent by Cardinal Ratzinger, requiring bishops to trace the cases of sexual abuse in Rome ^, . Greater transparency is then recommended ^{, ,} . In April 2002 , when the sexual abuse scandal of American priests on children has burst, John Paul II called eleven cardinals, all came from the United States. On this occasion, he said: "People need to know that there is no room in the priesthood and religious life for those who would harm the young. He adds, "deeply saddened" and wishes to express his "solidarity with victims of sexual violence and their families, wherever they are" .

Beatification and canonization

It has given impetus to the cult of saints , celebrating 1338 beatifications and 482 canonizations including 402 martyrs. He reformed the requirements of the canonization, in asking for a miracle instead of two to canonize ^, . The will of the Pope was to show the universality of holiness , the Second Vatican Council affirms that all Christians are called to holiness. John Paul II would therefore revive the devotion to the saints who had been somewhat forgotten after Vatican II , the lives of saints are often regarded as exceptional and far from everyday reality. He sought by these numerous beatification and canonization to demonstrate that all Catholics are called to be saints, and this irrespective of their countries, their cultures and their origins, thereby demonstrating the universality of the Church . So he beatified many people, both lay and priests and religious, showing that all states of life, marriage as a religious life, were possible forms of holiness .

Catechism of the Catholic Church

In October 1986 , he decided to establish a commission of cardinals and bishops to draft a universal catechism Roman and entrusts the presidency to Cardinal Ratzinger. Austrian Cardinal Christoph Schoenborn will be one of the main editors . The Catechism of the Catholic Church is formally approved , October 11, 1992, by the Pope who is considered a major act of his pontificate .

The publication of the Catechism of the Catholic Church was intended to show that Catholicism could account for the faith and love which are the foundation of the Christian life . In this book are explained the doctrine and tradition of the Catholic Church. He places the heart of the teaching of the Church's teaching of Truth .

Liturgy and Spirituality

• The pope began his pontificate by writing two encyclicals, Redemptor Hominis and Dives in Misericordia , refocusing the Catholic faith on the person of Christ Redeemer and inviting them to deepen the mystery of God's mercy . In 1986, he completed the trilogy in the encyclical Dominum et Vivificantem dedicated to the Holy Spirit ^, .

• He instituted the liturgical calendar, beginning in 2000, the Sunday of Divine Mercy. This takes place a week after Easter Sunday .

• He added, in October 2002, five new mysteries to the prayer of the People's rosary. These are the mysteries of light: the baptism in the Jordan, the wedding at Cana, the proclamation of the Kingdom of God, the Transfiguration , the institution of the Eucharist .

Scientific issues

Instances of Galilee

On 10 November 1979 , to commemorate the centenary of the birth of Albert Einstein, he expressed the desire that theologians, scholars and historians, animated by a spirit of sincere cooperation, deepen the examination of the case Galilee. On 3 July 1981 , designates a task force mandated to review the case Galilee , to recognize the mistakes committed by the Church . On 31 October 1992 recognizes errors most theologians in the condemnation of Galileo in 1633.

John Paul II and a disabled girl

Evolutionary Theory

On 22 October 1996 he acknowledged in a message to the Pontifical Academy of Sciences that the theory of evolution is "more than a hypothesis", alluding to the qualifier had employed Pius XII in his encyclical of 1950, Humani Generis. He stated however that the theories that would "spirit as emerging from forces of living matter or a mere epiphenomenon of this matter are incompatible with the truth of man" and "unable to establish the dignity of the person".

Relationship between faith and reason

On 14 September 1998 , he promulgated the encyclical Fides et Ratio on the relationship between faith and reason.

Posthumous recognition

Beatification

Tomb of John Paul II in the Vatican crypt

At his funeral presided over by Cardinal, Dean of the College of Cardinals, Joseph Ratzinger, April 8, 2005, the crowd had chanted in Italian " Santo subito "holy right now" , supporting the request by banners written in big red letters.

Cardinal Camillo Ruini, vicar of the bishop of Rome, asked that the cause of John Paul II be made without waiting for the end of the period of 5 years after his death. On May 13, 2005, just 41 days after his death, the day of the ^24th anniversary of the attack made against him St. Peter's Square (May 13, 1981) Pope Benedict XVI, elected April 19, provides the cause of beatification John Paul II five years before its opening.

John Paul II himself had reduced from thirty years (Code of Canon Law 1917) Five years after the death of candidate by the deadline for opening a case. But he also made an exception to this rule by allowing, in 1999, the opening of the diocesan process of Mother Teresa , two years after his death . Anthony of Padua was canonized a year after his death, but since that Pope Sixtus V introduced in 1588, the modern process of canonization, no cause has never been opened so quickly.

The postulator of the cause of beatification of John Paul II, Monsignor Slawomir Oder is. In early 2010, 271 cases of healing had been submitted to the Vatican authorities responsible for authenticating miracles of Pope John Paul II . The diagnosis of Parkinson's disease which have been reached and then cured a nun of the diocese of Aix-en-Provence, Sister Marie Simon-Pierre , remained to be confirmed .

Some theologians are opposed to this process of canonization. In October 2007, eleven theologians including the Spanish Jesuit Jose Maria Castillo and Italian Giovanni Franzoni , have raised seven points of opposition which include the latest considerations of John Paul II on contraception and the role of women in the Catholic Church . There is also criticism about the coverage of cases of pedophilia by Catholic priests, opaque financial negotiations with the Ambrosiano bank and sanctions against a hundred theologians Catholics .

In November 2009, the Congregation for the Causes of Saints valid "heroic virtues" of the deceased pope. December 19, 2009, Pope Benedict XVI has proclaimed the decree recognizing his predecessor as venerable .

On January 14, 2010, the Vatican announced its decision to beatify John Paul II on ¹ May 2011, at the Sunday of Divine Mercy ^, .

Other recognitions

Before his burial crypt of the Vatican received 1,000 visits per day. Since the figure approaching 2000.

The Place du Parvis de Notre Dame de Paris is now known as "Place Jean Paul II." The mayor of Paris Bertrand Delanoe has taken up the idea suggested by Claude Goasguen (UMP), member of the ^sixteenth arrondissement . It's the same for the forecourt of the cathedrals of Metz , Nancy (both visited by the pope in 1988) and Cambrai and that of the Church of Our Lady of Miners Waziers . The place next to the cathedral of Evry (he had visited 22 August 1997) originally called "Clos de la Cathdrale" is called "John Paul II Square" .

A bronze statue of 9 meters high, of Pope John Paul II was presented to the city of Plormel , Morbihan , by Russian artist Zurab Tsereteli , an honorary citizen of the city. This work of art installed in the center, place Jean Paul II, was inaugurated on Sunday afternoon December 10, 2006 attended by 2,000 people.

The house where he usually went to his summer vacation, Combes d'Introd , in Valle d'Aosta , is now a museum. It shows his love for the mountains, he considered the ideal place for reflection and prayer.

Miscellaneous

• Father Stanislaw Dziwisz was personal secretary to John Paul II throughout his pontificate. The pope appointed him in 1998 and bishop deputy prefect of the pontifical household, then in September 2003 titular archbishop of San Leone Calabria (diocese that no longer exists).

• The beatification of Father Jacques Dsir Laval , born in Croth in Normandy , was the first of John Paul II. He placed his pontificate under the protection of this humble missionary.

• According to an article in February 2002 the New York Post , John Paul II has personally conducted three exorcisms during his pontificate. The first exorcism that resulted took place in 1982 on a woman who convulsed on the ground. The second took place in September 2000 when he performed the rite on a 19 year old woman who had become furious over the place Saint-Pierre. A year later, in September 2001, he exorcised a woman of 20 years.

• John Paul II had been created cardinal by Pope Paul VI in 1967. At his death he was therefore the oldest prelate who received the dignity of Cardinal, no other Cardinal had so much seniority.

• Exceptionally, the daily Le Monde wrote John Paul II, without hyphen. It may be a Romanism , because Latin does not know the hyphen , even when used by the a href = "% C3% 89glise_catholique_romaine" alt = "Roman Catholic"> Catholic Church today as the official language.

Works

John Paul II gave 20 351 speeches during his pontificate that only 3438 out of Italy. His writings and texts of speeches are over 80 000 pages (approximately 40 times the volume of the Catholic Bible).

The only official writings of John Paul II are 55 volumes which must be added the publications in their personal capacity and probably thousands of letters and private documents varied.

Encyclicals

John Paul II wrote 14 encyclicals:

• Ecclesia de Eucharistia , 17 April 2003 , on the Eucharist in its relationship to the Church
• Fides et Ratio , 14 September 1998 on the relationship between faith and reason.
• Ut Unum Sint , 25 May 1995 , the commitment ecumenical
• Evangelium Vitae , 25 March 1995 , the value and inviolability of human life.
• Veritatis Splendor , 6 August 1993 , on the moral teaching of the Church (published in France)
• Centesimus Annus , ¹ May 1991 , update of Rerum Novarum, knowledge and social organization
• Redemptoris Missio , 7 December 1990 on the permanent value of the precept missionary
• Sollicitudo Rei Socialis , 19 February 1988 on the social question, the 20th anniversary of Populorum Progressio
• Redemptoris Mater , 25 March 1987 , on the place of the Virgin Mary in faith
• Dominum et Vivificantum , 30 May 1986 , the Holy Spirit in the life of the Church and the world
• Slavorum Apostoli , 2 July 1985 , at Saints Cyril and Methodius
• Laborem Exercens , 14 September 1981 , the working human
• Dives in Misericordia , 2 February 1980 , At the Mercy of God
• Redemptor Hominis , 4 March 1979 , on human dignity

Other writings

John Paul II wrote:

• 15 apostolic exhortations ,
• 28 motu proprio ,
• 42 apostolic letters ^,

Books

Under the name of Karol Wojtyla

• Brother of Our God and writings on theater, publishing Cana / Jean Offredo and Editions du Cerf, 1983, 157 p, ( ISBN 2-204-01967-4 ) (Cerf) ( ISBN 2-86335-037-4 ) (Cana )
• The goldsmith's shop, Cana editions / Editions du Cerf, 1983, 157 p, ( ISBN 2-204-01455-9 )
• Person and Act, Bayard, 1983 ( ISBN 9782227310544 )
• Love and Responsibility, Editions Stock, 1985 and 1998, ( ISBN 2234018773 )

Under the name John Paul II

• In the image of God Male and Female: A Reading of Genesis 1-3, Editions du Cerf, 1981 ( ISBN 2-204-01577-6 )
• Young friends: Pope John Paul II speaks to the youth of the world, Lito editions, 1982, ( ISBN 0-340-27966-4 )
• Memory and Identity: Conversations at the transition between two millennia, Francois Donzy (translation), Flammarion, 2005, coll. "Other sciences", 217 pages, ( ISBN 2082105024 ).
• Message for tomorrow, Presses du Chtelet, 2005, 60 pages, ( ISBN 2845921209 ).
• Enter Hope, with Vittorio Messori, 1994, Reed. Pocket, 2003, 331 pages, ( ISBN 2-266-14091-4 ).
• Male and female he created them: a spirituality of the body, Cerf, 2004, church documents, 694 pages, ( ISBN 2204075892 ).
• John Paul II speaks for children, illustrations by Giulia Orecchia, Flammarion, 2004, Youth albums, 84 pages, ( ISBN 208162639X ).
• To you young. Words of a spiritual father, in coll. with Sister Marie-Jolle Micaud (comments), St. Augustine, 2004, 108 pages, ( ISBN 2880113431 ).
• The rosary of the Virgin Mary, ditions Salvator , 2002, 52 pages, ( ISBN 2706703342 ).
• Roman Triptych. Meditations, 2003, the Italian version of Grazyna Miller published by the Vatican edition, 49 pages, ( ISBN 8820974517 ).
• Stand up! Come, Francois Donzy (translation), Pierre-Marie Varennes (Translator), Pocket, 2005, 182 pages, ( ISBN 2266149245 ).
• Spiritual testament, ditions Salvator, 2005, ( ISBN 2706704047 ).
• My vocation is gift and mystery (at the 50 ^th Anniversary of My Priestly Ordination), Bayard Editions / Stag / Fleurus-Mame / Tequi, 1996, ( ISBN 2-7403-0425-0 )
• My prayers for each day of the year, Plon / Mame, 1996 edition: 604 p, ( ISBN 2-259-01412-7 )
• The groans of creation - Twenty texts on ecology, Word and Silence , 126 pages, 2006, ( ISBN 2845734131 )

Works about John Paul II

Films

• 2005 : The life of John Paul II , of Lorenzo Minoli & Judd Parkin
• 2005 : Daniel Costelle, Isabelle Clarke, John Paul II, a giant footprint, ed. New World (DVD).
• 2005 : Karol, the Man Who Became Pope (Karol, Un Uomo diventato Dad) by Giacomo Battiato from a book by Gian Franco Svidercoschi
• 2006 : Karol Pope human remains by Giacomo Battiato

Biography filmography

Among others, the movie Karol, the Man Who Became Pope , of Giacomo Battiato , recounting the life of Karol Wojtyla from his 18 years in Poland and war until his death. Delivery Piotr Adamczyk in the role of John Paul II is quite astonishing, particularly by major physical transformations of the actor during the chronology of the film (aging face and body).

After its initial presentation and screening at the Vatican with the director and actors, Pope Benedict XVI has called the film "true encyclical" and said "The film presents scenes and episodes with realism creates in the viewer a thrill horror and instinctive urge him to consider the abyss of cruelty that can be hidden in the soul of man. At the same time, the revocation of such aberrations can not fail to revive every right-minded person's commitment to do everything in its power to ensure that never repeated more episodes of such inhuman barbarism "in speaking of Europe and Poland in war .

Documentaries

• John Paul II - His Life, His Pontificate produced by the Vatican Television Center Theatre
  • Do not be afraid to Robert Hossein and Alain Decaux , with the collaboration of Jean-Michel Di Falco and Bernard Lecomte, Palais des Sports in Paris from September 21 to December 5, 2007.
  • "Santo Subito" Pierre Amar - Word Publishing & Silence. http://www.santosubito.fr

  Bibliography

  • Serrou Robert , Jean-Paul II to serve the world, Hachette -Gamma 1980 ;
  • Raphal Aubert , The Temptation of the East. Religion, power and nationalism, Labor et Fides, 1990.
  • Andre Frossard , "Fear not": Dialogue with John Paul II, Robert Laffont, 1982.
  • January Grootaers De Vatican II to John Paul II. The watershed of the Catholic Church, Centurion, 1981.
  • Yves-Marie Hilaire (s.dir), History of the Papacy. 2000 years of missions and tribulations Tallandier, 1993.
  • George Weigel : Pope John Paul II, Witness of Hope, JC Lattes, 1999. summary http://papej-p2.blogspot.com
  • Bernard Lecomte , The Truth will always prevail over falsehood, JC Lattes, 1991.
  • Bernard Lecomte , Pope which caused the downfall Lenin, CLD, 2007.
  • Bernard Lecomte , Jean-Paul II, et al. Biographies, Gallimard, 2003.
  • Bernard Lecomte , Jean-Paul II, Folio, 2006.
  • Bernard Lecomte , 100 pictures to understand John Paul II, The Editor, 2010.
  • Philippe Levillain , article "John Paul II," Dictionary of the papacy, Fayard, 1994.
  • ^BishopYves Marchasson , The Popes of the twentieth ^century, Descle, 1990.
  • Offredo Jean , Jean-Paul II, the life of a pope, editions Cana, 1990 (1st collection) and 2000 (2nd series)
  • Marco Politi and Carl Bernstein, His Holiness: John Paul II and the hidden history of our time, Plon, 1996.
  • Xavier Lecoeur, John Paul II: his life, his struggles, his words, Bayard Jeunesse, collectibles Free to believe, 2005.
  • Yves Semen, "The sexuality of John Paul II, Ed. Presses de la Renaissance, 2004
  • Tincq Henry , John Paul II: The Man, The Holy Father, the strategist, I Lu, 2005.

  References

  Notes

  1. Age of Saint Pierre is difficult to give since it historically does not know his date of birth, nor of his death. But tradition gives the duration of his papacy, between 34 and 37 years, even if it is not a historical truth, but still very approximate
  2. It is actually part of the list of 100 most influential people of the twentieth century compiled by U.S. magazine Time.
  3. cf Maintains the pope Andr Frossard : "In twenty years, I had already lost loved ones and even those that I could love, like my older sister who apparently died six years before I birth "
  4. cf Enter Hope "is a period of life given to each by the Providence and given as a responsibility" ... "During this period he seeks, as a young man of the Gospels, answers to fundamental questions and he not only seeks the meaning of life, but a concrete way to live this life ... "
  5. The U.S. administration giving the pope strategic information, including satellite views of Poland. This close relationship during the tenure of Ronald Reagan can be seen by some as a tacit alliance between the U.S. and the Vatican (see Paper His Holiness by Carl Bernstein and Marco Politi). However in his memoirs Stanislaw Dziwisz denies any "alliance" by John Paul II, even if it confirms the very close relationships (see p. 154 submissions from Stanislas Dziwisz)

  Main sources

  • Carl Bernstein, Marco Politi, His Holiness John Paul II, Editions Plon, 1996, ( ISBN 2-259-18101-5 )
  1. p.36 - 37
  2. p.58
  3. ^{a , b and c} p. 41
  4. p.47
  5. p.39
  6. ^{a and b} P. 45
  7. ^{a and b} P. 48
  8. ^{a and b} P. 50
  9. p.49
  10. ^{a , b and c} p. 51
  11. ^{a and b} P. 53
  12. p.52
  13. p.54
  14. p.56-59
  15. p.59
  16. ^{a and b} P. 60
  17. p.61
  18. p.61 - 62
  19. ^{a and b} P. 62
  20. p.62 - 63
  21. p.69
  22. p.70
  23. ^{a and b} P. 71
  24. ^{a , b and c} p. 72
  25. ^{a and b} P. 73
  26. p.73-74
  27. ^{a and b} P. 74
  28. ^{a , b and c} p. 76
  29. p.69
  30. p.79
  31. ^{a , b , c , d and e} p. 77
  32. ^{a and b} p.76 - 77
  33. ^{a , b and c} p. 94
  34. p.80
  35. p.81
  36. p.82
  37. p.85
  38. p.89
  39. ^{a and b} P. 88
  40. p.91
  41. ^{a and b} P. 92
  42. p.95
  43. ^{a and b} P. 90
  44. p.89
  45. ^{a and b} P. 97
  46. ^{a , b , c and d} p. 99
  47. ^{a and b} P. 108
  48. ^{a and b} P. 112
  49. p.113, extracts Boniecki, Kalendarium
  50. p.113
  51. p.121 to 124
  52. ^{a , b , c , d , e and f} p. 100
  53. p.105
  54. p.103
  55. p.117
  56. p.123
  57. p.104
  58. p.36-37, 156, 167
  59. p.156
  60. p.160
  61. p.162
  62. p.177 to 183
  63. ^{a and b} P. 184
  64. p.249
  65. p.251
  66. p. 253
  67. p.254
  68. p.257
  69. p.259
  70. p.218
  71. P. 266
  72. P. 277
  73. p. 283 to 290
  74. p.323
  75. p.308 to 312
  76. P.311
  77. p.376
  78. p.391 to 395
  79. p.336
  80. p. 400
  81. p.415
  82. p.343
  83. p. 335
  84. p.178 and 340
  85. p.116
  86. p.245
  87. P. 194-198
  88. ^{a and b} P. 373
  89. p.374
  90. P. 198
  91. p.187
  92. ^{a and b} P. 333
  • Mieczyslaw Malinski, My friend Karol Wojtyla, The Centurion Edition, 1980, ( ISBN 2-227-34603-5 )
  1. p.328
  2. p.46
  3. p.70
  4. p.78
  5. ^{a , b and c} p.83
  6. ^{a and b} p.84
  7. ^{a and b} p.87
  8. p.88
  9. ^{a and b} p.98
  10. p.99
  11. P.100
  12. p.101
  13. p.44
  14. ^{a , b and c} p.102
  15. p.43
  16. p.106
  17. p.103 - 104
  18. p.107
  19. p.125
  20. p.119
  21. ^{a and b} p.123
  22. p.107
  23. p.124-125
  24. ^{a and b} p.130
  25. p.157
  26. p.44
  27. p.228
  28. p.59
  29. p.243
  30. p.250
  31. p.254
  32. p.45
  33. p.151
  34. p.57
  35. p.152
  36. p.54
  37. p.55
  38. p.296
  39. p.274-274
  • Karol Wojtyla, in spirit and in truth, The Centurion Edition, 1979 ( ISBN 2-227-31027-8 )
  1. p.9
  2. p.17
  • Stanislaw Dziwisz , A Life with Karol, Edition du Seuil, 2007 ( ISBN 978-2-02-094828-9 )
  1. p.115
  2. p.122
  3. p.53 to 56
  4. p.35
  5. P. 36
  6. p.41 to 43
  7. p.41-42
  8. ^{a , b and c} p.47
  9. p.62-63
  10. p.44-45
  11. ^{a and b} P. 68
  12. p.52
  13. p.66
  14. p.65
  15. p.36, p.40
  16. p.60
  17. p.61
  18. p.164
  19. p.184
  20. p.203 to 206
  21. p.193
  22. p.245 to 248
  23. ^{a and b} P. 274
  24. p.275
  25. ^{a and b} P. 130
  26. p. 229
  27. p.214
  28. p.220
  29. p.240
  30. ^{a and b} P. 235
  31. p.226
  32. p.199
  33. p.123
  34. p.124
  35. P.270
  36. p.275
  37. p.273
  38. ^{a and b} P. 280
  39. p.132
  40. p.260
  41. p.250 to 252
  42. p.262
  43. p.207
  • Tincq Henri , Jean-Paul II, Librio Edition, 2005 ( ISBN 2-290-32800-6 )
  1. p.36
  2. p.36
  3. p.37 to 39
  4. p.34
  5. p.32
  6. p.23
  7. p.22
  8. p.21
  9. p.22
  10. p.72
  11. ^{a and b} P. 74
  12. p.22
  13. p.67
  14. ^{a and b} P. 68
  15. p.69
  16. p.44
  17. p.44 - 45
  18. p.45-46
  • George Weigel , Benedict XVI, the choice of the Truth, Mame Edition, 2008 ( ISBN 978-2-7289-1275-9 )
  1. P.247
  2. p.64
  3. p.146
  4. p.59 to 61
  5. p.62
  6. p.52
  7. p.69
  8. P. 67
  9. P. 68-69
  10. P. 62
  11. P. 63
  12. P. 63
  13. P. 62
  14. P. 64
  15. P. 65
  • George Weigel , John Paul II Witness to Hope, Penguin Press, 1999 ( ISBN 2-7096-2116-9 ) http://papej-p2.blogspot.com
  1. P. 50-54
  2. P. 54
  3. ^{a and b} p.55
  4. p.82
  5. P. 82
  6. P. 82
  7. ^{a , b and c} p. 86-89
  8. ^{a and b} P. 90-91
  9. P. 94
  10. P. 95
  11. P. 96
  12. P. 97
  13. P. 104
  14. p.660
  15. p.260
  16. p.221-225
  17. p.317
  18. p.318-319
  19. P. 510-515
  20. P. 656-662
  21. p.426-427
  22. p.443

  Other sources

  1. Bernard Lecomte: John Paul II, Ed. Gallimard, 2006, p. 129
  2. Bernard Lecomte, Jean-Paul II, Ed, Gallimard, 2006, p. 149-150
  3. (en) a href = "http://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/apost_letters/documents/hf_jp-ii_apl_20021016_rosarium-virginis-mariae_fr.html" class = "external text" rel = "nofollow"> John Paul II, Letter Apostolic Rosarium Virginis Mariae, 15, 2002. Posted March 11, 2009
  4. This piece was adapted for film by Michael Anderson as the original La Bottega Dell'Orefice, the goldsmith's shop in Quebec and The Jeweller's Shop in the U.S. IMDB
  5. (en) Short biography on the Vatican website , 2005. Posted March 13, 2009
  6. The lecture he gave at Harvard was taken over by some media outlets including The New York Times
  7. Bernard Lecomte, Jean-Paul II, Ed. Gallimard Folio, 2006, p.313-317
  8. But in our time, the Church remains a "sign of contradiction" (Lk 2, 34). It is not without reason that Pope John Paul II while he was still Cardinal, give this title to the Spiritual Exercises he preached in 1976 to Pope Paul VI and the Roman curia., http://www. libertepolitique.com / public / decryption / article.php? id = 1452
  9. The New York Times includes Karol Wojtyla in the list of 10 papabile after Paul VI in 1976
  10. Bernard Lecomte, Jean-Paul II, Ed. Gallimard Folio, 2006, p. 383-384
  11. Ibid., p.277
  12. But in our time, the Church remains a "sign of contradiction" (Lk 2, 34) Spiritual Exercises he preached in 1976 to Pope Paul VI and the Roman Curia
  13. Bernard Lecomte, Jean-Paul II, Ed. Gallimard, Folio, 2006, p.385
  14. (en) the news of October 16, 1978 (archive INA) 1/2h just after the appointment of John Paul II , 1978. Accessed March 11, 2010
  15. (en) John Paul II, speech of October 22, 1978
  16. (en) Text of the encyclical Laborem Exercens on the Vatican website , 1981. Accessed March 11, 2010
  17. (pl) Uniwersytet w Krakowie Jagielloski - Wyrnienia - Godno Doktora honoris causa , 2010. Accessed March 11, 2010
  18. (en) Text of the encyclical Sollicitudo Rei Socialis on the Vatican website , 1988
  19. (en) Text of the encyclical Centesimus Annus on the Vatican website , 1991. Accessed March 13, 2010
  20. Stanislaw Dziwisz, A Life with Karol
  21. Bernard Lecomte, Jean-Paul II, ed. Gallimard, 2003, repr. 2006, p. 502
  22. (en) Text of the Apostolic Exhortation Vita consecrata on the Vatican website , 1996
  23. (en) Text of letter to women on the Vatican website , 1995. Accessed March 11, 2010
  24. (en) article Zenit News Agency No. ZF040307 describing the appointment of women by John Paul II , 2004. Accessed March 11, 2010
  25. Interview with Cardinal Angelo Sodano, 13 December 1996 quoted in Weigel, George, John Paul II, Witness of Hope, ed. JC Lattes, 1999 p. 652.
  26. (en) Address of John Paul II to the synagogue in Rome , 1986
  27. On October 31, 1997, symposium on the roots of anti-Judaism among Christians
  28. Turkey Pope in the land of Islam - The Express
  29. (en) reads Slavorum Apostoli encyclical on the Vatican website , 1985
  30. (en) Text of the ceremony to return the relics on the Vatican website. , 2004
  31. (en) Text of the declaration on justification on the Vatican website , 1998. Accessed March 13, 2010
  32. (en) quote from George Weigel about the sexuality of John Paul II , 2004. Accessed March 13, 2010
  33. "Message of Pope John Paul II sent on ¹ November 1989 to participants at an international conference on AIDS" and "Meet the new generations in Nakivubo Stadium in Kampala (Uganda) February 6, 1993" in Bernard Lecomte John Paul II, folio, 2006, p.749-750
  34. (en) Text of the encyclical Donum Vitae , 1987. Accessed March 13, 2010
  35. ^{a and b} Frederic Lenoir, " In the U.S., few lawsuits against pedophile priests led "on lemonde.fr, Le Monde, March 26, 2010. Accessed March 29, 2010
  36. ^{a , b and c} and Samuel Emmanuel Pellat Pruvot, " Bernard Lecomte, "Benedict XVI is the first pope to face with courage the problem of pedophilia "on famillechretienne.fr, Family Christian No. 1679, March 10, 2010 . Accessed March 30, 2010
  37. ^{a and b} Stphanie Le Bars, " Pedophilia: The Pope deplored the "inadequate response" of the Church "on lemonde.fr, Le Monde, 20/03/2010. Accessed on 20/03/2010
  38. Jolle Stolz, " The Many Lives of Father Maciel "on lemonde.fr, The World, 4 and 5 January 2010. Accessed March 29, 2010
  39. Jean-Marie GUENOIS, " The Vatican endorses the founder of the Legionaries of Christ "on lacroix.fr, La Croix, May 21, 2006. Accessed March 31, 2010
  40. Jason Berry, " Money paved way for Maciel's influence in the Vatican "on ncronline.org, Nat. Cath. Reporter, April 6, 2010. Accessed April 7, 2010
  41. (en) George Weigel, " Money, Scandal and Rome "on archden.org, Denver Catholic Register, April 21, 2010. Accessed April 30, 2010
  42. Jean-Marie GUENOIS, " Christoph Schnborn, the young heir "on lacroix.fr, La Croix, 15 April 2005. Accessed April 5, 2010
  43. ^{a and b} Damian Thompson, " Pope John Paul II, Ratzinger's ignored pleas to sex abuse Pursue Cardinal "on blogs.telegraph.co.uk, blogs.telegraph.co.uk, March 29, 2010. Accessed April 5, 2010
  44. I-Media, " Cardinal Schnborn Cardinal Sodano accuses of having minimized the pedophilia cases "on famillechretienne.fr, Family Christian, May 10, 2010. Accessed May 19, 2010
  45. ^{a and b} Claire Chartier, " Hell of the scandals of the Church "on the expressway. com, L'Express, No. 3063, p.96, 14/03/2010. Accessed on 19/03/2010
  46. Henri Tincq " Pedophilia: zero tolerance according to Benedict XVI "on Slate.fr, Slate, February 19, 2010. Accessed March 15, 2010
  47. Marianne GOMEZ, Celine Hoyeau and Frdric Mounier, " The sexual abuse scandal shaking the Catholic Church "on Lacroix.com, La Croix, 03.10.2010. Accessed on 15/03/2010
  48. Lawrence Morino, " Pedophilia: The American cardinals summoned to the Vatican "on rfi.fr, rfi, 23/04/2002. Accessed March 14, 2010
  49. Bernard Lecomte, Jean-Paul II, Ed. Gallimard Folio, 2006, P.676
  50. " Catechism of the Catholic Church , "Final Draft with amendments August 15, 1997, French Pocket Edition, No. 3315, August 1999. ( ISBN 2-266-09563-3 ). Online publication: See also

      Internal Links

      • Pronunciation of Karol Jozef Wojtyla
      • Pope
      • Catholic Church
      • List of beatification by Pope John Paul II
      • List of canonization by Pope John Paul II

      External Links

      • John Paul II on the Vatican's official website
      • John Paul II on the site of the Catholic Church in France
      • John Paul II Archives INA TV

      Other sites

      • Why do these crowds around John Paul II? by Michel Cool, Journalist, former editor of the weekly Christian Witness, Paris.
      • Pope John Paul II, pacifism and war, non-violence and fighting.
      • Multilingual Opera Omnia
      • Biography witnesses to hope , the book summary

      
      

      John Paul II
      Dates	Born: 18 May 1920 in Wadowice , early pontificate: 16 October 1978 ; Death: 2 April 2005 at the Vatican
      Life	Biography visits death and funeral Conclave 2005
      Related Articles	Ten list of the longest papal reigns Popemobile Roman Catholic Church

      Preceded by	John Paul II	Followed by
      John Paul I	List of popes	Benedict XVI

      
      

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