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John Henry Newman

John Henry Newman
John Henry Newman
John Henry Newman by Sir John Everett Millais (1881)
Blissful
Birth 21 February 1801
London , United Kingdom Flag: United Kingdom
Deaths 11 August 1890 (89 years)
Edgbaston , Birmingham , United Kingdom Flag: United Kingdom
Nationality English
Beatification 19 September 2010 Birmingham
by Benedict XVI
Revered by the Roman Catholic Church
Day August 11
Servant of God Venerable Happy St.

The Cardinal John Henry Newman, born in London on 21 February 1801 and died at Edgbaston on 11 August 1890 , is a clergyman British convert to Catholicism in 1845.

Student at the University of Oxford , he was ordained an Anglican. His work on the Fathers of the Church led him to analyze the Christian roots of Anglicanism and defend the independence of his religion against the British state in the form of "flyers". Thus was born the Oxford Movement , of which Newman is one of the main actors. His research led him to convert to Catholicism, he now sees as the denomination most true to the roots of Christianity.

Theologian and christologue recognized . His works, including the Grammar of Assent and the Apologia Pro Vita Sua , are a constant reference to writers such as GK Chesterton , Evelyn Waugh or Julien Green , but also for theologians and philosophers such as Avery Dulles , Erich Przywara and Edith Stein , who translated the German book The Idea of University.

John Henry Newman was proclaimed Venerable by the Congregation for the Causes of Saints in 1991. He was beatified in Birmingham on 19 September 2010 by Pope Benedict XVI.

Summary

/ / Biography

Formative Years

Family Origins

John Henry Newman, born in London February 21, 1801, was the eldest in a family of six children. The Newman family origins have been Dutch. The name "Newman" Newman wrote previously, suggested roots Jewish non-real . His mother, Jemima Fourdrinier, came from a family of Huguenot French, engravers and paper manufacturers have long settled in London.

The father, John Newman, founded a bank . He belonged to the political party of the Whigs. He moved with his family at Ham , then moved to Brighton in 1807, and February 1808 for London . He changed his job after bankruptcy due to the Napoleonic wars in 1816 . The Newman then settled in their country home in Norwood, John Newman then became director of a brewery, and Newman moved to Alton to live near the brewery where John worked Newman .

The younger brother of John Henry Newman, Charles Robert (1802-1884), was an intelligent man but temperamental, atheist claimed, leading an isolated life. His younger brother, Francis William (1805-1897) was a Latin teacher for many years at University College London. Two of his three sisters, Harriett Elizabeth (1803) and Jemima Charlotte (1807), married two brothers, Thomas and John Mozley. The union of John and Jemima Charlotte was born Anna Mozley, who edited in 1892 Newman's correspondence. His third sister, Mary Sophia, born 1809, died in 1828, which profoundly affected John Henry .

Youth

At the age of seven years in May 1808, Newman was sent to a private school run by George Nicholas at Ealing , where he studied until 1816 . The father of biologist Thomas Henry Huxley was teaching mathematics . Newman received a Christian education and was noted for his studious zeal but also by his shyness and distance vis--vis other students staying away from their games . He described himself as having been "very superstitious" in his youth . He felt a great pleasure to read the Bible , but also the novels of Walter Scott , then being published. He studied the classics, such that Ovid , Virgil , Homer and Herodotus , between 1810 and 1813 . Subsequently, he discovered authors agnostics like Thomas Paine and David Hume , who influenced him for a while.

In 1816, when the bank Ramsbottom, Newman & Co, founded by his father, suspended payment , John Henry Newman remained during the summer at Ealing while his friends went to their families. Age of fifteen he entered his final year of college when he met the Rev. Walter Mayers, evangelical Protestant , close to the Methodism of John Wesley . Newman had long conversations with Mayers who impressed, and he eventually join the evangelism . He described the event in his Apologia as "more certain than having hands or feet." He "fell under the influence of a certain belief." A few months later, this conversion is deepened: "When I was fifteen years (autumn 1816), a great change took place in my thoughts. I suffered the influences of what the dogma and this impression, thank God, never erased or obscured. " , . This change was effected in a phased manner: "My personal feelings were not violent, but it was under the power of the Spirit, a return to principles that I had ever felt, and to some extent implemented when I was younger, or renewal. " .

Newman later wrote in the Apologia Pro Vita Sua account of his membership in evangelism. The focus was for him to "remain in the thought of two things and two things only absolute and luminously self-evident: myself and my Creator ... " . Some authors have seen the expression of a "voluntary isolation" or egotistical . Louis Bouyer , he perceives in the conversion of Newman's awareness of self. This awareness of its independence is faced with the Creator, God can be apprehended himself as a person can become aware of God . Thomas Scott's book, Force of Truth, marked Newman, who stated about the author: "Humanly speaking, I owe almost my soul" . Thomas Scott describes his conversion and his search for a full faith in the Anglican Church. His motto, "Holiness rather than peace", influenced Newman, who then sought truth at all costs . His reading of the history of the Church made him discover the Fathers of the Church . At the same time he felt that his vocation involved a sacrifice through his celibacy . He later said that this idea remained almost constant throughout his life . Because of his attraction to the evangelical Protestantism and Calvinism , he abhorred the Catholic Church , and " .

Oxford Student

Admitted to Trinity College of Oxford on 4 December 1816 , he moved there after six months of waiting, in June 1817 . His correspondence with the Rev. Walter Mayers shows critical of Newman . Reading "Private Thoughts" by Bishop William Beveridge led him to question some aspects of evangelical Protestantism , however, defended by the Rev. Walter Mayers : Based on William Beveridge, Newman questioned the appropriateness of donations sensitive conversions Methodist : he seemed to foresee that the conversion may, by baptism , to pass without any sensory experience .

Oxford pleased him and he began to work, while remaining quiet and shy nature of . He befriended John William Bowden, three years his senior, with whom he was attending . His comrades tried to take him to Oxford alcoholic festivities, but Newman does not liked them and their attempts were doomed to failure . He studied more intensively in order to obtain a grant amounting to 60 pounds over a period of nine years, which was granted in 1818 . But that was not enough to let her stay at the university, especially in 1819 while his father's bank suspended payment.

In 1819 its name was chosen for Lincoln's Inn , the Law Faculty of Oxford. Then began years of strenuous academic work . From summer 1819 until the review in November 1820, John Henry Newman studied intensely, almost ten hours a day, to get his exams with distinction . His anxiety caused him to fail the final exam, and he had his degree without mention, in 1821 . On 11 January 1821, his father planned a career for him in the bar , asked him the direction he wanted to take. Newman told him then his choice for the Anglican Church .

However, wishing to remain in Oxford to finance his studies, he taught privately, and asked a post player at Oriel College , then the "intellectual center of Oxford" , attended by such thinkers as Richard Whately and Thomas Arnold . Newman passed the exam to be a member of Oriel College, he was elected as a member of the Fellows of Oriel on 12 April 1822 , .

His entry into the closed circle of "Noetic" (nickname of the members of Oriel College ) was a turning point in his life. The "Noetic" were elected so very selective and all members seeking intellectual excellence . This allowed Newman to develop his religious thought, while strongly influenced by the outcome of simple faith evangelical Protestantism , he later claimed he professed dogma "at a time when religion was for me a matter of feeling and experience rather than faith " . He met theologians like Richard Whately or Edward Hawkins (fr) , who developed a doctrine of regenerating Baptism , but also the visibility and authority of the Anglican Church . In 1823, Edward Bouverie Pusey joined him there.

An Anglican priest

Portrait of John Henry Newman dated June 23, 1824, the day of his first sermon.

On 13 June 1824 , Trinity Sunday , Newman was ordained a deacon in the Anglican Church. Ten days later he gave his first sermon at the church of Over Worton ( Oxfordshire ), where he was visiting his former teacher, Walter Mayers. With Pusey, he obtained the rectory of St. Clement's, Oxford . For two years, he joined his church activities while publishing articles for the Encyclopaedia Metropolitana , on Apollonius of Tyana , in Cicero , and the miracles. He found the analogy of the natural religion of Joseph Butler , who developed the same themes .

In 1825, at the request of Richard Whately , he became vice-principal of St. Alban's Hall, but only stayed a year on the job. He attributed his later intellectual sympathy with Whately much of his "mental improvement" and a partial victory against his shyness. He assisted Whately in his reflections on logic, and held him a first definition of the Christian Church. However, in 1827 he broke relations with Whately on the occasion of the re-election of Robert Peel as a member of the University of Oxford , Newman opposing it for personal reasons.

In 1826 he became tutor at Oriel College . The same year, Richard Hurrell Froude , described by Newman as "one of the most insightful, intelligent and profound are," there was appointed as a teacher. Together, Froude and Newman worked out a very high design tutorial , plus clerical and pastoral secular . Froude had a great influence on the spiritual thought of John Henry Newman, later described it: "He taught me to look with admiration the Church of Rome and thereby to detach myself from the Reformation. He engraved deeply in me the idea of devotion to the Blessed Virgin and gradually led me to believe in the Real Presence . " ,

During the same period he became friendly with John Keble . In 1827 he preached at Whitehall.

Illness and Bereavement

At the end of 1827, two events led Newman to break away from the intellectualism of his training. Examiner, he suffered a nervous collapse on 26 November 1827 , probably due to overwork . He then went to his friend Robert Isaac Wilberforce to rest. A few weeks later, January 5, 1828, his sister Mary Sophia died after severe fatigue . This sudden death was overwhelmed, and Newman began to express themselves through poetry . He then developed a concept of reminiscence. This design led him to keep the memory of his sister, in fidelity to his person in his eternal reality. The existence of his sister was remembered vividly, which led him to discover the reality of eternal life through his memory. He saw God's will and the death of his sister .

This period corresponds to the connection between Newman and John Keble , who published a book of poems, " The Christian Year , "which probably influenced the poetry of Newman , and confirmed to him the importance of feelings in life spiritual.

John Henry Newman then continued the study of patristic he had begun shortly before his illness, 18 October 1827 . The study began on the advice of Charles Lloyd, and John Henry Newman was of particular interest that had been initiated by his reading and articles for the Encyclopaedia Metropolitana , the Fathers of the Church . His study led to the publication in 1833 of a book on Arianism : "The Arians of the fourth century." He discovered in the study of the Fathers of the Church a true Christian humanism . During the holidays of 1828, he read Ignatius of Antioch and Justin Martyr . In 1829 he began the reading of Irenaeus of Lyon and of Cyprian of Carthage . On 10 June 1830 , when he received the load of new students, he worried how long it might take away in his study of the Fathers of the Church , especially as he began to read the complete works of Athanasius of Alexandria and Gregory the Great .

Breaking with the trend Low Church

The following year, Newman supported the appointment of Hawkins as provost of Oriel College, rather than that of John Keble , a choice he defended first, but ends up regretting later. He considered this nomination as leading to the Oxford Movement. The same year he was appointed vicar of St. Mary-the-Virgin church in the university office to which was attached to the office of chaplain of Littlemore (in) , while Pusey was named regent professor of Hebrew.

On that date, although still officially close Evangelicals, Newman made his positions change, which took a tone more conducive to the clergy. Then it was local secretary of the Church Missionary Society, he broadcast an anonymous letter suggesting a method by which the Anglican clergy could eliminate all Protestants Mavericks Control Society. This led to his dismissal from the Society on 8 March 1830. Three months later, he left the Bible Society, completing his break with the trend Low Church of the Church of England.

During his vacation in 1831, Froude invited Newman on vacation. Newman continued to write poems, and his friendship with Froude was strengthened, especially as life ascetic Froude inspired him a certain admiration .

In 1831 and 1832 he was appointed to preach before the whole university. In 1832, differences of position with Hawkins about the "essentially religious" tutoring becomes particularly acute, he resigned from his post as tutor at Oriel College.

When was appointed bishop Whately, Newman had hoped to be called to him . But this wish was not fulfilled and Froude then suggested a trip to come with him in the Mediterranean .

. In a letter, then he described Rome as "the most wonderful place on Earth, but the Roman Catholic religion as" polytheistic, decadent and idolatrous " , . During this trip, he wrote many short poems that were later published under the title of Lyra Apostolica.

From Rome , Newman returned alone in Sicily , where he fell ill Leonforte. What began as a "pilgrimage of beauty" turns into "an experience biface, discovery and distress, delight and dismay" and counted among the most important events of his life . For over a month, his condition worsened and he thought he died. This disease was an opportunity for him to deepen his faith. He envisaged the possibility of his own death as a struggle between God and himself. He lived this disease as a battle between his own will, in which he admitted the devil , and God . He wrote: "I felt that God was fighting against me, and I felt - in the end I knew why - it was for my own will (...) However, I also felt, and I kept saying:" I have not sinned against the light "" . Then he regretted his lack of depth and love of God . He was nevertheless convinced that God called him to a higher mission in England . In June 1833, once healed, he left Palermo to Marseilles. There he wrote the poem " Lead, kindly Light , "which later became a very popular English religious hymn.

Main article: Lead, kindly Light.

The Oxford Movement

The Tracts for the Times

Main articles: Oxford Movement and Reform Act of 1832.
Portrait of Reverend John Henry Newman.

He returned to Oxford July 9, 1833. July 14, John Keble preached at St. Mary's sermon on " Apostasy national "Newman later considered as the starting point of the Oxford Movement. According to Richard William Church, about the Oxford Movement, it was "Keble who inspired, Froude who gave the impetus and Newman, who continued the work," but in fact the birth of the Movement can also be attributed to HJ Rose, editor of the British Magazine, which has been designated as the "founder, a native of Cambridge, the Oxford Movement." 25 and 26 July, at the rectory of Hadleigh ( Suffolk ) took place a meeting of clergymen (not Newman) of the High Church Anglican, where it was resolved to support the doctrine of apostolic succession of the Anglican Church and the use of the Book of Common Prayer in its entirety .

A few weeks later, Newman began to write anonymously, Tracts for the Times, which then gave the Oxford Movement the "Tractarian Movement", or "Tractarian" . The company's goal was to provide basic doctrinal and disciplinary solid at the Church of England, from the perspective of the end of its "establishment" by the official British monarchy, or of any decision of ecclesiastical High Church to leave the established institution. It seemed possible, given the attitude of the British government vis--vis the Church of Ireland , Protestant church official who became independent of state authority in 1871. The leaflets were complemented by the sermons spoken by Newman at St. Mary on Saturday afternoon, and who exercised for eight years, a growing influence, especially on young academics . In 1835, Edward Bouverie Pusey joined the Oxford Movement. He published a pamphlet by signing his initials, which had the consequence of the commitment. Some give the Oxford movement called "puseyisme" .

In 1836, members of the Movement strengthened its internal cohesion by unanimously opposing the appointment of Renn Dickson Hampden as regent professor of theology at Oxford. Indeed, suspicion of heresy Conferences Bampton ( Bampton Lectures ) of 1832, which had been preached by Hampden, and whose preparation he was assisted by Blanco White. These suspicions were reinforced by the publication of a pamphlet distributed by Newman (Elucidations of Dr. Hampden's Theological Statements), denouncing theories of Hampden.

At that time, Newman became editor of the British Critic, and gave a series of conferences in a chapel of St. Mary, where he defended the theory of Anglicanism as a "Via Media", halfway between the popular Catholicism and Protestantism . Through this "Via Media", John Henry Newman was trying to develop a conception of Anglicanism that do not betray the original Christianity of the Fathers of the Church . The idea was to develop a theology together, allowing Anglicanism to stay in the apostolic and doctrinal fidelity revealed at the beginning of Christianity . This work led him to explore more deeply the church fathers . Yet they had fought against various heresies, including Arianism, who were the majority. Newman sought in the attitude of the Fathers of the Church about the different divisions of the Church, the best way to base Anglicanism in this respect for tradition, and thus the faith, considered by him as revealed truth. It was to allow Anglicanism to overcome its difficulties .

In 1838, John Henry Newman and John Keble decide to publish the writings of Richard Hurrell Froude , who died two years ago. His writings published under the title "Remains" a scandal . Indeed the ascetic life Froude, published through its newspapers in which he describes his ascetic exercises and examinations of conscience, offends some English . Critics are growing, some seeing in this asceticism apology disguised as a Catholic .

Doubts and developments

His influence in Oxford reached its peak in 1839. But that same year, the study of heresy Monophysite led him to doubt: he noticed that on this occasion, contrary to what he previously believed, the Catholic doctrine had remained faithful to the Council of Chalcedon (451) . In other words, according to its findings, Catholicism had not deviated from original Christianity he sought. Her suspicions were redoubled when he read in an article by Nicholas Wiseman appeared in the Dublin Review, the words of St. Augustine against the Donatists : "Securus orbis terrarum judicat" ("the verdict of the world is conclusive") . Newman explained his reaction:

"This little phrase, these words of St. Augustine, struck me with a force that words had never been felt so far ... It was like saying, "Tolle, lege ... Tolle, lege, "uttered by a child who had converted St. Augustine himself. "Securus orbis terrarum judicat! These great words of the ancient Father, interpreting and summarizing the whole course of the long history of the church, reduced to smithereens theology of the "Via Media".

Oriel College, Oxford.

However, Newman continued his work for the High Church theologian, until the publication of Tract 90, the last of the series, in which he examined in detail the Thirty-nine Articles of Anglicanism founders . He said their compatibility with Catholic dogma , adding that the Thirty-nine articles did not oppose the official doctrine of the Catholic Church , but only some of the excesses and errors common .

This theory was not new, but it provoked widespread indignation at Oxford. Archibald Campbell Tract, future Archbishop of Canterbury , and three other professors, denounced this view as "opening a way by which men could violate their solemn commitments vis--vis the university" . The concern was shared by many university officials and, at the request of the Bishop of Oxford, the publication of Tracts ceased.

Newman resigned as editor of the British Critic. It was then, as he later explained, "on his deathbed for what was his membership in the Anglican Church." Now, he thought that the position of Anglicans was similar to that of the semi-Arian during the controversy of Arianism . At the same time he was about to establish a diocese in the Anglican established Jerusalem. Nominations should be made alternately by British and Prussian governments. That finally convinced Newman's non-apostolic Church of England .

In 1842 he retired to Littlemore , , where he lived in monastic conditions with a small group of relatives . Newman asked his disciples to write biographies of English saints , while he was finishing his own Essay on the Development of Christian Doctrine, where he sought to reconcile with the doctrine and hierarchy of the Catholic Church. He studied the writings of Alphonsus de Liguori , which helped him to revise the impression of superstitious belief that the Catholic Church gave him . In February 1843, he published anonymously in the Oxford Conservative Journal formal retraction of the criticisms he had addressed to the Roman Church. In September, after the departure of one of his companions, he delivered his last sermon at Littlemore Anglican, then he resigned from St. Mary September 18, 1843 .

Conversion

Conversion to Catholicism

Nicholas Wiseman , engraving (1860).

On September 26, 1843, Newman wrote his last sermon Anglican, "On the Parting of Friends" . His removal was seen by his friend John Keble as the result of criticism too bright, or slander against Newman . He was one of the few who want to support him through his correspondence. Newman described his state of mind, saying he had doubts over the validity of three years of Anglicanism , claiming to have long honed his decision, no longer feeling safe in a schismatic church . Moreover, apart from the consequences of his work on faith, John Henry Newman said he had no interest in converting to Catholicism: he lost his status and his friends, while engaging in a community where there know anyone . John Henry Newman continued his studies on fathers of the church and took time to make a final decision, he stated in his letters to pray to know if "I am the victim of an illusion" . During the summer he completed his work on Athanasius of Alexandria and began to write theological reflections .

Two years passed before it was officially received into the Catholic Church , on 9 October 1845 , by Dominic Barberi , a Passionist Italian College Littlemore . His conversion to Catholicism was to him a source of peace and joy .

February 22, 1846, he left Oxford for Oscott Theological College (fr) near Birmingham , the residence of Nicholas Wiseman , Vicar Apostolic for the Central District of England . He published one of his major works, the fruit of his theological reflections: "Essay on the Development of Christian Doctrine" . The separation of Oxford it was difficult, however, his conversion was followed by other, more numerous in the circle of the Oxford Movement .

In October 1846 he left for Rome at the instigation of Nicholas Wiseman in preparation to become a Catholic priest and his education . He was received by Pope Pius IX . His arrival in Rome was soon the subject of misunderstanding on the part of Catholic theologians. Indeed his work "Essay on the Development of Christian Doctrine" was condemned by the U.S. Catholic Church . Some Italian theologians seem to have adopted the condemnation of this book, a suspected heretic . John Henry Newman then made to remove any misunderstandings by translating this book .

The Oratory

The dome of the Birmingham Oratory.

In Rome, John Henry Newman did not know what would become his life as a Catholic. A time attracted by the Dominicans , and particularly by the writings of Henri Lacordaire , he gradually turned away from this order on behalf of the Congregation of the Oratory and its founder, St. Philip Neri , whose life and writings attracted the . Moreover, in this congregation we do not profess religious vows. It seemed to him better match after his years in Anglicanism . Pope Pius IX appeared enthusiastic about this initiative and encouraged the entry of John Henry Newman and some friends Anglican converts to Catholicism in the Congregation of the Oratory, the novitiate is reduced for them to three months .

He was ordained priest by Cardinal Giacomo Filippo Fransoni , prefect of the Congregation for the Propagation of the Faith May 30, 1847 . He decided from December 6, 1847 for the United Kingdom to establish the first oratory in England, having received the blessing of Pope August 9, 1847 . Arriving on Christmas Eve 1847 in London, he lived in Maryvale, where the first English Oratory was erected canonically February 2, 1848 .

Within the Oratory at Maryvale present, it appears that there were two trends. One, around Frederick William Faber and younger members of the oratory is more critical of the Anglican and seeks, through conversion to Anglicanism change along the lines of Italian Catholicism. The other trend is based on the design of John Henry Newman as a Catholic Church for the faithful to true Christianity of the Fathers of the Church . How to see Frederick William Faber , however, influenced John Henry Newman and led him to temporarily have a style very critical of Anglicanism .

Bishop Nicholas Wiseman Oratorians invited to preach during Lent in London. These sermons were a failure, but led to the founding of the London Oratory , which Frederick William Faber was appointed superior . John Henry Newman meanwhile remained in the Birmingham Oratory . This period was marked by a new wave of conversion to Catholicism which Anglicans Henry Edward Manning .

At the request of Bishop Nicholas Wiseman , Pope Pius IX to John Henry Newman bestowed the title "doctor honoris causa" in theology . In 1847, he remained at St. Wilfrid's College (fr) ( Cheadle (in) , Staffordshire ), St Ann's ( Birmingham ), and finally, Edgbaston.

Pope Pius IX appointed Nicholas Wiseman and Cardinal Archbishop of Westminster. Similarly Pius IX decided to restore the Catholic hierarchy by creating new dioceses in 1851 . This decision was the opportunity of a great popular opposition against the Protestant Vatican and Catholics . It was an opportunity for John Henry Newman to seek to defend the Catholics in denouncing, not Anglican, but the false notion that the Anglicans were Catholics .

Foundation of the Catholic University of Ireland

Home of John Henry Newman in the Catholic University of Ireland in Dublin.

During the 1850s, the Irish bishops opposed the establishment of a Queen's University in Ireland where Catholics and Protestants could study together. The British policy was considered by the Irish bishops who opposed the creation as an attempt to impose progressively Anglicanism in Ireland. In this context the Irish bishops asked to John Henry Newman to found a new university in Dublin, the " Catholic University of Ireland. "

Initially, in May 1852, John Henry Newman gave lectures in which he defended his conception of education and university, as well as human culture and Christianized the possibility of reconciling science and theology . He reformulated his conception in the conferences that give rise to one of his major works " Idea of a University "(The idea of university) .

Soon, John Henry Newman was appointed rector, but the bishops of Ireland left him no room to maneuver. There was little consultation . Faced with this difficulty Nicholas Wiseman tried to have him appointed bishop, but the company failed . Despite the difficulties and lack of consideration he founded a faculty of philosophy and literature in 1854 and a faculty of medicine in 1856 . Given the distrust of some Irish, concerned about its British origins, John Henry Newman studied Celtic culture and Irish media approached . The students were few and the impossibility of appointing people, lack of confidence of the bishops, and few responsibilities left to the laity in the university by them, John Henry Newman resigned as president in 1857 .

Attacks and setbacks

In 1851, John Henry Newman gave a lecture "Present Position of Catholics in England" ("The present situation of Catholics in England") in which he defended the Catholic Church in opposing anti-declarations Catholic Giovanni Giacinto Achilli (en). Achilli, the former Italian Dominican, recently settled in England, was returned to the lay state for having sex with women while he was a priest. He protested against the Church, the taxing of obscurantism and saying it had imposed unfair treatment. John Henry Newman went public in a conference, the hidden life of Achilles in Rome , denouncing his actions immoral. Achilli him on trial for defamation. John Henry Newman had to fund research and pay witness to their homes in London during a trial that dragged on . Threatened with prison time, John Henry Newman was eventually sentenced to pay a large fine of 100 pounds that were added to its defense spending, which amounted to 14,000 pounds. This decision was considered by the newspaper " The Times "as a disgrace to justice, the conviction is considered totally unfair against John Henry Newman . The amount owed by Newman was settled by public subscription in his favor. The surplus was used to purchase Rednall, a small property located in the Lickey Hills, with a chapel and a cemetery, where Newman will be buried.

Office of John Henry Newman to the Birmingham Oratory.

The defamation case was very difficult to bear for Newman . In addition, some criticized his character, Newman describes as "too sensitive" and having "a morbid temperament" .

On his departure for Dublin, John Henry Newman had given one of the Oratory charge of the Birmingham Oratory. However, it led him, prematurely, a reform of the oratory before receiving the endorsement of the Holy See. Newman went to Rome as a result of denunciations for heterodoxy, and sought to defend himself before the Cardinal Alessandro Barnab who looked with little regard .

Back from Rome, he began to write his reflections on the relationship between faith and reason, taking into account in its research, psychological aspects, but also the subject of scientific study. This work was interrupted by Archbishop Nicholas Wiseman , who asked 14 September 1857 leading a new translation of the Bible in English . This mission occupied John Henry Newman for over a year. In 1858, after months of toil, the work had to be abandoned owing to the opposition of American bishops who have undertaken the same work, asked Wiseman to waive his translation . After a moment's hesitation, the Archbishop and gave John Henry Newman had to leave unfinished translation, being reimbursed only for expenses incurred .

In 1858, he planned to build a house in the congregation of the Oratory at Oxford , but was met with opposition from Cardinal Henry Edward Manning and a few others, who feared it might lead the English Catholics to send their son to study at Oxford University, so the project was abandoned it.

During this period, John Henry Newman also suffered setbacks in participating in a review held by Catholics: The Rambler. This journal became increasingly critical of church authority . Newman, who believed in good faith contributors, sought to reconcile the editorial line of the review with the official position of the Church . However, some quoted from his writings, to defend their positions against the Church. John Henry Newman was denounced to the Inquisition for heresy. He defended himself publicly criticizing the misinterpretation that it was his writings . Eventually he resigned from the editorial .

The Apologia Pro Vita Sua

The Board of John Henry Newman.
Article: a href = "Apologia_Pro_Vita_Sua" alt = "Apologia Pro Vita Sua"> Apologia Pro Vita Sua.

Since 1841, John Henry Newman's attitude was disconcerting for many English: convert to Catholicism, he rarely complained of Anglicanism, and focused on the defense of Catholicism and its tenets .

Photograph of John Henry Newman to the end of his life in 1887.

The response from John Henry Newman was then released in the form of a pamphlet controversy, the drama of his conversion and his actions since the beginning of the Oxford Movement. The autobiography published under the title Apologia Pro Vita Sua bared intelligence and the search for truth in his conversion. This book was a bestseller and led to a significant change in the situation of John Henry Newman: he received support and congratulations from many Catholics whose doubts were raised . It also allowed for a renewed dialogue with the Anglicans of the Oxford Movement, which John Keble and Edward Bouverie Pusey , with whom he no longer spoke for nearly twenty years .

Following this success, John Henry Newman sought to found a school near the University of Oxford so that Catholics could study there. John Henry Newman defended this idea in the first place because he came to Catholicism through his studies in Oxford University, but also because he considered the Anglicans as friends, sharing a faith close to Catholicism despite differences . Henry Edward Manning objected and asked the Vatican to denounce the company, describing Oxford as a place of atheism and anti-Catholicism. The firm of John Henry Newman failed, and his desire to build a new chapel at Oxford . Following this failure time he retired and wrote one of his most famous poems "The Dream of Gerontius."

The Oratory was still allowed, but the Cardinal Alessandro Barnab that John Henry Newman suspected of heresy, refused there took part. Newman then asked the Holy See and its grounds. He learned he had been denounced to the Holy See in 1860 and the Roman Curia was suspicious of him since. However, Newman, who wanted to justify himself, could not do so because of the carelessness of Nicholas Wiseman , who had forgotten to submit the necessary documents for his defense . Once recognized this mistake, all the suspicions of the Holy See were raised and the cardinal and the pope sought to show signs of gratitude to John Henry Newman, an invitation to participate as a theologian with ecumenical council I. Vatican , which he refused .

Final years

The private chapel of Cardinal Newman.

In 1870, Newman published his Grammar of Assent , his most successful, in which religious belief is often supported by arguments different from those used by Catholic theologians. In 1877, when the reissue of his work Anglicans, he added the two volumes on the Via Media a long preface and numerous notes in which he answered his own arguments anti-Catholic then.

When I first ecumenical council Vatican (1869-1870), he opposed the definition of papal infallibility by the theologians of the council and returned in a private letter to his bishop published without his knowledge, he denounced " insolent and aggressive faction "who had supported this dogma. When the dogma was proclaimed, he opposed it, and, subsequently, in a letter to the Duke of Norfolk on the occasion of the charge by William Gladstone against the Catholic Church as having "equally repudiated modern thought and ancient history, "John Henry Newman said he had always believed in this doctrine, but only had feared its negative effect on conversions in England because of local historical specificities of Catholicism . In this " Letter to the Duke of Norfolk , John Henry Newman develops its own conception of consciousness and its relationship with the church, wishing thereby deny any incompatibility between Catholicism and freedom of conscience, while strongly criticized by some Anglicans because of the proclamation of the dogma of papal infallibility .

In 1878, at his pleasure, his former college chose him as "Honorary Fellow (honorary), University of Oxford . The same year Pope Pius IX, who had little confidence in him, died. His successor, Leo XIII , following the suggestion of the Duke of Norfolk, decided to raise Newman cardinal. This distinction was remarkable, because Newman was a simple priest. The proposal was made in February 1879 and its public announcement was received with great approval throughout the English speaking world. John Henry Newman was created cardinal on 12 May 1879 and received the title of San Giorgio al Velabro . He took advantage of his presence in Rome to celebrate his constant opposition to liberalism in religious matters.

After an illness that raised concern, he returned to England and resided at the Oratory. After again fell ill, he died August 11, 1890, at 89 years .

Cardinal Newman is buried in the cemetery Rednall Hill (Birmingham). He shares his grave with his friend, Ambrose St. John, who had converted to Catholicism at the same time as him. On the tombstone is inscribed: Ex umbris and imaginibus in veritatem ("Shadows and images to the truth") .

Works and Spirituality

Newman's theology

Statue of Cardinal Newman at the London Oratory

Newman's influence as controversialist and preacher , was immense. For the Catholic Church, his conversion was a source of great prestige and dispelled many prejudices. Specifically, his influence was in the idea of spirituality and in the wider concept of development, both in doctrine to that of church government. Although he was never considered a mystical, Newman developed the idea that spiritual truth is known by direct intuition, as a necessity prior to the rational basis of creed Catholic. For Anglicans, but also some Protestant communities stronger, his influence was also great, but from another point of view: indeed, he defended the legitimacy of the Catholic Faith , and the importance of hand austere, ascetic, solemn Christianity.

Newman stated that, apart from an inner conviction irreducible to reason, there is no rational proof of the existence of God. In Tract 85, he confronted the difficulties of the Creed and Scripture , finding the insurmountable nature of these if they are not transcended by the authority of an infallible Church. In the case of Newman, such statements did not lead to skepticism , because he always had a strong inner conviction. In Tract 85, his only doubt about the identity of the true Church. But, in general, his teaching leads to this: that the man who does not have that inner conviction can only be an agnostic , while he who possesses it is destined to become, sooner or later Catholic.

Design of Christianity

John Henry Newman, through the study of theology and basic texts, sought all his life an authentic Christianity. For him the Christian religion must be based on Revelation , conceived as truth revealed by God . He sought to know how the original faith of the apostles could be summarized in the form of creeds, how Christianity developed gradually and how she described Revelation without betraying the . He studied the Fathers of the Church to go to the foundation of this truth. This concerns the truth became the main objective of his studies and he explained: "I am struck with a sad feeling that the gift of truth, once lost, is lost forever. Thus the Christian world, gradually becomes sterile and exhausted, as a land fully exploited and that becomes the sand " .

He quickly placed the Church in the heart of his thinking . He refused to make the Bible the only pillar of faith. This must be present, he said, in reality and in everyday experience, and must be lived within the Church . He considered that the Church transmitted the Christian truths through revelation, after the tradition and based on apostolic succession . This design led him to believe that God acts, and that the Christian life is not through a sensory experience, as claimed evangelical Protestants, but by faith and grace that can act without necessarily giving visible psychological experiments . Being a Christian is for John Henry Newman, a gift of self, renewed faith in the .

The study of the Church Fathers , encouraged by writing encyclopedia articles , followed by research on Arianism , led John Henry Newman to deepen his faith. He then accepted the mystery of faith and biblical texts. The words of Origen on the difficulty of unraveling the mysteries of the Bible marked him: "Whoever believes that the Scriptures have come from Him Who is the author of nature may well expect to find the same sort of difficulties found in the constitution of nature " . He sees that God speaks through the Church . Patristic study led to study the stories of key councils and seek the truth in the origin of Christianity.

The crisis touched Anglicanism in the nineteenth century drew to facilitate separation of church and state , to which the Anglican Church is separated from any influence of the state . John Henry Newman then sought to return to the roots of Christianity and Catholicism that represented for him full Anglicanism , . Indeed, many felt that the Anglican Catholic Church had lost the mission because of the vagaries of the popes , who no longer represents the true Catholicism. This attempt at reconciliation between Christianity and the original unity of the Anglican Church was the object of his research, developed a time under the name "Via Media" . He finally looked away from the Anglican origins of Christianity .

Conception of the Christian Tradition

Main article: Tradition (Christianity).

John Henry Newman before his conversion to Catholicism, gave great importance to the tradition in Christianity . Some Protestants refused dogma and truth outside the Bible, following the adage " Sola Scriptura "(the Scripture only). They challenged the creation of new doctrines of the Catholic Church . John Henry Newman, on the contrary, put value in the Christian tradition in a lecture at St Mary in 1837 entitled "Lectures on the Prophetical Office of the Church" . He declined Tradition in two forms: the "Episcopal Tradition" and "Sunna". Newman for the two types of traditions are inseparable from each other .

"Tradition Bishops'" includes all the official documents of the hierarchy. It enhances both the hierarchy and thus the apostolic succession , that all the founding texts and creeds of the Church. It adds to the Scriptures and can interpret it. This tradition, rooted in the writings, can preserve and protect the faith of the Church .

The "Sunna" is the set of the writings of doctors of the Church , the liturgy and rites. It is expressed in the lives of Christians . It consists, according to Newman, what St. Paul calls "the life of the Spirit" . Prophetic Tradition is tradition for Newman lived daily and continuous manner by Christians .

John Henry Newman thus interpret the tradition as something living, changing and current. However, he claimed that Anglicanism is likely to deviate from the truth of faith if it is detached from the Fathers of the Church and therefore of tradition. For Newman, the Church always needs to return to its roots, its foundation, because away from the Episcopal tradition, Anglicanism may lose what makes the richness of the Tradition . The importance given by John Henry Newman to the Church Fathers and Patristic therefore follows from his conception of Tradition .

Theology of the Church

John Henry Newman studied throughout his life the Church and its meaning. It is the search of original Christianity that drives him to look at the writings of the Fathers of the Church. He sees the crisis of Arianism in the fourth century similarities with the crises in Christianity in the nineteenth century.

John Henry Newman sought to see if Anglicanism could be the heir to the authentic Christianity of the Fathers of the Church. He considered that Anglicanism is the true heir of Catholicism, the Papacy would have betrayed him. While Anglicanism lives in nineteenth crisis of his practice, John Henry Newman looking through the Oxford Movement and his work "Via Media", to define an authentic Anglicanism, based on the faith shown by the Fathers of the Church and the sacraments .

This search for authentic Christianity led John Henry Newman to gradually move away from Anglicanism. After years of reflection and research, he began to consider, through his research on the Fathers of the Church that Anglicanism is not what he believed true Christianity. The analysis of the history of the Church, including heresy , led him to consider Anglicanism as the face of unjustifiable dogma and Christian Tradition. He saw similarities between the heresy of the Donatists , who refused the authority of Rome and Anglicanism. He discovered the same similarity in the study of heresy Monophysite . He later wrote the evolution of his thinking "It was hard to argue that Eutychians and Monophysite were heretics, unless Protestants and Anglicans were also, difficult to find arguments against the Fathers of Trent that were also not contrary to the Fathers of Chalcedon; difficult to condemn the Popes of the sixteenth century without condemning the Popes of the Fifth. " .

His attempts at reconciliation between Anglicanism and Christianity of the Church Fathers found themselves so shaken, and his search for the "Via Media" within Anglicanism could not find the foundations that he wanted . Moreover he saw in the Fathers of the Church a condemnation of any local church that would separate the Universal Church . He considered it impossible to reconcile the position of the Fathers of the Church and Anglicanism, "What used to continue the controversy or to defend my position, if, after all, I conjure arguments for Arius and Eutyches , and I became the devil's advocate against the patient Athanasius and the majestic Leo ? " .

His studies lead him gradually to refine and change his view of the Catholic Church. He only discovered because no differences between dogmatic faith of the Fathers of the Church and the faith professed by the Catholic Church when he observes a shift of more and more of Anglicanism, whose Protestant faith gradually detached from the original faith. The suspicion that he had to respect the faith of "superstitious" Catholic faded when he deepened the issue through the writings of Alphonsus de Liguori. After several years of reflection he decided to gradually move away from tasks which occupied to allow further reflection and make the best decision. He then chose to convert to Catholicism.

John Henry Newman considered the Catholic Church as the inheritor of the Fathers of the Church and therefore the only true Christianity as revealed. This conversion and faith in the Church did not prevent, for John Henry Newman, the critical attitudes of the popes. He saw the Church as a divine institution, but rooted in the world, and therefore made up of sinners.

Theology of Grace: Lectures on Justification

The book "Lectures on Justification," was based on a set of lectures given by Newman at St. Mary in 1838 while he was Anglican . Once converted to Catholicism, he disowned anything of his remarks. The objective of Newman is then to reconcile the two elements, the effect of grace and works in the salvation of people. Indeed, Protestants, including Martin Luther , had turned away from Catholic doctrine of justification, rejecting the idea that works (good deeds) saving and affirming that only faith in God could allow access to the paradise . This theology was strongly influenced Anglicanism and led to the justification of a private matter between man and God . Newman in this book tries to develop a theory of justification, by reconciling the two theologies. This book was regarded by the German theologian Ignaz von Dllinger as "the most beautiful masterpiece of theology that England has produced a century. " . Some saw in this book a profound significance ecumenical , Newman trying to reconcile the two theologies , , .

In his "Treatise on Justification" Newman started in criticizing the overly literal reading of the Bible by some Protestants. Modeled on the interpretation of the Bible of the Church Fathers , he denounced two fins Protestant Bible reading. The first is to select certain passages in omitting others, which prevents any holistic view of the logic of salvation found in the Bible, which can not be divided . The second drift is the danger of reading the Bible as the sole source of interpretation of salvation, by refusing the instruction given in the councils and the writings of church fathers. This choice may lead to a subjective interpretation of the Bible. A reading of the Bible detached from any temporal context, history, negates, to Newman, the Revelation, because for him, Revelation will not end with the death of Christ, but continues through the action of the Spirit saint present in the Church .

In a second step, Newman criticized the design of Protestants who say that faith alone saves. Newman concludes that in this Protestant conception, God is ultimately more the agent of justification and sanctification of individuals. This is the personal faith that leads to salvation: the conversion and faith first, Christ is the second . The man then becomes its own justification, which is a total paradox Newman: "Thus religion she finally consist in the contemplation of self and not of Christ" .

Newman goes on to contest the design rationale of Martin Luther. For Luther, God justified in failing to recognize the guilt of man. Newman opposed by developing a theology of the Word of God. " For Newman, the "Word of God" is action, as shown in Genesis , , which is the word that God creates the world. When someone says God justified, the justification is no longer a failure to acknowledge the guilt of the person justified, but God made her a righteous person "is not the quiet of a concession for but the bursting seen his power and his love (...). Let us be sure of this consoling truth of divine grace that justifies realizes what she says. " .

For Newman, God, in justification, transforms the man, not by an act outside himself, but by changing it internally. Now that justifies this change is a pure gift of God: "It is neither quality nor an act of our mind, nor faith, nor the renewal, or obedience, or anything of knowable to man ... but a gift of God containing all realities " . Thus the rationale is to live with God "to be justified is to receive the Divine Presence, is to become the Temple of the Holy Spirit" .

If God has justified, says Newman, is that our conduct, our actions and our works, fall within the Hi God. There is no dichotomy in the justification of faith and works: "Christ has not only kept in his hands the power to justify; dispenses his Spirit by means of our own actions. He gave us the ability to please him. " . The justified live then, for Newman, with Christ. And while Christ continues to justify ourselves, "inside of us, with us, through us, by us" . Our life becomes the sign of the justification of God, and presence of God, who justifies us continually: "There is only one reconciliation: there are ten thousand justifications" , . The justification can be understood according to the word of St. Paul "is no longer I who live but Christ lives in me", the merits of the person then merge with those of God . Thus the justification comes from the fact that presence of God in us: "The Father Almighty is watching and he does not see us but the sacred presence of his son who turns out spiritually in us " .

Design of Education and Culture

Main article: The idea of university.

Newman gave a series of conferences between 1852 and 1858 on the themes of education and knowledge. His thoughts are reflected in his work The idea of university. He developed a concept of a university in which all the sciences must be studied because they are mutually enriching. The different sciences considering only a specific aspect of an object, knowledge of this object can not develop an interest in several sciences. Knowledge does not limit a precise science. John Henry Newman defended the option to teach theology at the university, a possibility which had been gradually excluded in other English universities during the nineteenth century.

Influence

Personality

Cardinal Newman in his later years, portrait by Emmeline Deane

Cardinal Newman was a charismatic, confident sense of his own destiny. His character had its strengths and weaknesses. As poet , he was truly inspired and had a genuine talent. Several of his early poems are described by RH Hutton (in) as "unprecedented for the magnificence of their composition, the purity of their taste, and total radiation," while his last and longest poem, "The Dream of Gerontius" , is sometimes regarded as the most convincing effort of representation of the invisible world since the days of Dante .

In his writings, some passages show that he felt sympathy for a religion broader. He admitted as well that there was "something true and divinely revealed in all religions. He asserted that "freedom against symbols and articles is, in the abstract, the highest stage of Christian communion," but was "special privilege of the early church."

In 1877, he said that "in a religion that brings together diverse and separate masses of believers, there is always a certain extent a doctrine exoteric and esoteric doctrine. These words, with his theory of doctrinal development and his affirmation of the supremacy of conscience, have led some , and the phrase was engraved on the memorial erected in his honor at Edgbaston , "Ex umbris and imaginibus in veritatem "(Out of shadows and images into truth), seem to reveal as much as possible, the secret of a life that has attracted the interest of his contemporaries, mixing affection and curiosity, membership retention and severe.

Newman and Manning

Main article: Henry Edward Manning.

The two great figures of the Catholic Church in England in the nineteenth century both became cardinals were both former Anglican clergy. But there was little sympathy between them .

Newman's character was reserved, while Henry Edward Manning was a man of expansive. One was a university professor, the other a defender of workers, one was a loner, the other a major figure in the social life of Victorian society.

The origin of their opposition is also more fundamental reasons: John Henry Newman raised the important issue of integration in a largely Catholic Anglican . Anglicanism had taken a href = "% C3% 89glise_d% # 27Angleterre La_rupture_avec_la_papaut.C3.A9" alt = "Church of England"> anti-Catholic as the ban on Catholics integrate universities. John Henry Newman therefore considered that the greater participation of Catholics in British public life was through their enrollment in universities .

However, on social issues, it is Manning who has the most modern approach, since it can be considered a pioneer of the Social Doctrine of the Church. He played a major role in preparing the encyclical Rerum Novarum.

Posterity

When, in 1860 , Catholics began to attend Oxford, they created a club that received in 1888 the name "Oxford University Newman Society. Finally, the Oxford Oratory was to be founded a hundred years later, in 1993, in premises formerly belonging to the Society of Jesus.

The fame of John Henry Newman grew after his death, both in theological literature. In a letter dated 25 May 1907 , Paul Claudel directing Jacques Riviere in his choice of readings in religious terms: "Books to read: First of all Pascal . James Joyce believed that "no novelist is comparable to Newman . And GK Chesterton he devoted several tests between 1904 and 1933, stating in the foreword of his book Orthodoxy (in) that was modeled on the Apologia.

From 1922, Newman Centers were developed primarily in American and British universities. These centers are designed to develop a life of faith and reflection according to the thought of John Henry Newman on universities. There are over 300 centers Newman is currently the world.

Some of his writings have been translated into German by Edith Stein , and she inspired in his philosophy . The theologian Erich Przywara said about the influence of John Henry Newman: "What St. Augustine was for the ancient world, St. Thomas for the Middle Ages, Newman deserves to be for modern times" .

Minutes of beatification

The trial beatification of John Henry Newman began in 1958 .

After a thorough examination of his life by the Congregation for the Causes of Saints , Pope John Paul II proclaimed him venerable in 1991 .

In 2005 the postulator announced the cause of healing attributed to the intercession of Newman, Jack Sullivan, who was suffering from a disease of the spinal cord. After an examination by experts appointed by the Vatican Congregation for the Causes of Saints found no scientific explanation for this healing and a panel of experts attested to the miracle April 24, 2009 , which allowed for initiate the process of beatification. On July 3, 2009, Benedict XVI recognized the healing of Jack Sullivan as a miracle. The same day he allowed Cardinal Angelo Amato , prefect of the Congregation, to begin the trial in canonization.

The beatification of John Henry Newman was celebrated September 19, 2010 in Birmingham, during the Pope's visit to the United Kingdom . It was the first beatification ceremony presided over by Benedict since the beginning of his pontificate. While John Paul II had chosen to preside personally over many beatified in Rome, Benedict XVI had decided, after his election to leave this responsibility to the local Catholic churches . On this trip, the pope visited St. Philip Neri Oratory in the district of Edgbaston, where Newman lived from 1854 until his death in 1890 .

January 15, 2011, Blessed John Henry Newman was chosen as a template for the ordinariate staff of Our Lady of Walsingham is erected on the same day. This is a structure designed to accommodate groups of Anglicans in England and Wales seeking to enter into full communion with the Catholic Church .

Publications

Books translated in French

Essays and sermons
Autobiographical writings and correspondence
Miscellaneous
Anthologies
  • John Henry Newman, selected writings, ed. Keith Beaumont, Artega, 2010
  • To see Newman (edited by Charles Stephen Dessain), Ad Solem, 2002

Books in English

Anglican Period

  • Arians of The Fourth Century (1833)
  • Tracts for the Times (1833-1841)
  • British Critic (1836-1842)
  • Lectures on the Prophetical Office of the Church (1837)
  • Lectures on Justification (1838)
  • Parochial and Plain Sermons (1834-1843)
  • Select Treatises of St. Athanasius (1842, 1844)
  • Lives of the Saints Franais (1843-1844)
  • Essays on Miracles (1826, 1843)
  • Oxford University Sermons (1843)
  • Sermons on Subjects of the Day (1843)
  • Essay on the Development of Christian Doctrine (1845)
  • Retraction of Anti-Catholic Statements (1845)

Catholic Period

  • Loss and Gain (en) (novel - 1848)
  • Faith and Prejudice and Other Sermons
  • Discourses to Mixed Congregations (1849)
  • Difficulties of Anglicans (1850)
  • Present Position of Catholics in England (1851)
  • Idea of a University (1852 and 1858)
  • Sempiterne Cathedra (1852)
  • Callista (en) (new - 1855)
  • Apologia Pro Vita Sua (autobiography - 1866, 1865)
  • Letter to Dr. Pusey (1865)
  • The Dream of Gerontius (1865)
  • An Essay in Aid of a Grammar of Assent (1870)
  • Sermons Preached on Various Occasions (divers/1874)
  • Letter to the Duke of Norfolk (1875)
  • Five Letters (1875)
  • Sermon Notes (1849-1878)
  • Select Treatises of St. Athanasius (1881)
  • On the Inspiration of Scripture (1884)
  • Development of Religious Error (1885)

Miscellaneous

  • Addresses to Cardinal Newman and His Replies, Biglietto With Speech (1879)
  • Discussions and Arguments (divers/1872)
  • Critical and Historical Essays (divers/1871)
  • Historical Sketches (divers/1872)
  • Historical Tracts of St. Athanasius (1843)
  • Tracts Theological and Ecclesiastical (divers/1871)
  • Autobiographical Writings, ed. Henry Tristram, London-New York, Sheed & Ward, 1956

Notes

Bibliography

French Language
Other languages
General works

Related articles

External Links

References

Notes

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  7. Article on ecumenism Newman in Family Christian September 13, 2010.
  8. Hugh Chisholm, The Encyclopaedia Britannica: a dictionary of arts, sciences, literature and general information, Volume 19, At the University Press, November 1911, 519 p.
  9. Currency also found in Francis de Sales : "Let your words be inflamed, not by shouting and excessive actions, but by the internal affection. They must leave the heart more than the mouth. Say what you like but the heart speaks to heart the mouth speaks only ears. " Letter from Francis de Sales Mgr Fremyot, 1604.
  10. Jacques Riviere and Paul Claudel, Correspondance 1907-1914, Plon, The Reed Gold, 1926, p. 49.
  11. Richard Ellman, James Joyce, repr. Oxford University Press, 1982.
  12. Andreas Mller and Uwe Maria Amata Neyer, Edith Stein, a woman in the century, Jean-Claude Lattes, La Flche (France), November 2002, 161 p. 276 ( ISBN 2-7096-2080-4 ) .
  13. The disclosure of heroic virtues newmancause.co.uk on the site.
  14. (en) 'Miracles' set to make British cardinal a saint on [www.timesonline.co.uk Site Times], August 6, 2006. Accessed July 2, 2010.
  15. Simon Caldwell, " (in) Cardinal John Newman Poised for beatification after ruling "on the Telegraph website , 24 April 2009. Accessed July 2, 2010.
  16. Benedict XVI and Writing Online, " Benedict XVI's Homily for the Beatification of Cardinal Newman "on-croix.com, La Croix, September 19, 2010. Accessed September 19, 2010.
  17. Newman: First beatification presided over by Benedict XVI , ag. Zenit, September 9, 2010.
  18. Cardinal Newman was a priest "beloved," says Benedict XVI , Gisle Plantec, ag. Zenit, September 19, 2010.
  19. (en) Erection of a personal ordinariates for England and Wales , Vatican Information Service.
  20. online census.
  21. According to Cross , these 2 studies in the 1920s, also included in the compendium Posts dating from 1926.
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