John Adams (U.S. President)
| John Adams | |
 | |
| Mandates | |
|---|---|
| 2 nd President of the United States | |
| 4 March 1797 - 4 March 1801 | |
| Election | 1796 |
| Vice-President | Thomas Jefferson |
| Predecessor | George Washington |
| Successor | Thomas Jefferson |
| 1 stVice-President of the United States | |
| 21 April 1789 - 4 March 1797 | |
| President | George Washington |
| Predecessor | No |
| Successor | Thomas Jefferson |
| Biography | |
| Date of Birth | 30 October 1735 |
| Place of birth |  Quincy , Massachusetts |
| Date of death | 4 July 1826 (90 years) |
| Place of death |  Quincy , Massachusetts |
| Nationality | U.S. |
| Party | Federalist Party |
| Spouse | Abigail Adams |
| Children | Abigail "Nabby", John Quincy , Susanna, Charles, Thomas and Elizabeth Adams |
| Graduate (e) | Harvard College |
| Occupation | Lawyer |
| Religion | Unitarianism |
| Signature |  |
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| Presidents of the United States Vice-Presidents of the United States | |
change  | |
John Adams ( 30 October 1735 - 4 July 1826 ) was the first vice-president of the United States ( 1789 - 1797 ), then the second president of the United States ( 1797 - 1801 ). He is considered one of the founding fathers of the United States.
John Adams played an important role in the American Revolution first in Massachusetts , his home region, then as a representative of the Continental Congress in Europe. He obtained such funds from the money markets of Amsterdam to finance expenditures related to the Revolutionary War. He was a key architect of the peace ( Treaty of Paris of 1783 ) with Great Britain. His prestige enabled him to be elected vice president alongside George Washington twice, and then become president of the young nation. During his presidency, he faced the opposition that agitated his political family , the Federalist Party , especially on the part of a faction led by Alexander Hamilton. He tried to make the office of President apolitical but was faced criticism from both political parties at the time. He tried to safeguard the neutrality of the United States in the conflict between European powers during the crisis of the Quasi-War (1798-1800). John Adams was the first president who lived in the White House completed in 1800 at Washington (District of Columbia).
Defeated by Thomas Jefferson in the American presidential election of 1800 when he was running for a second term, he retired with his wife in his home state. Correspondence he had with her during his presidency shows that he was at the same time friend and rival Thomas Jefferson. John Adams is the source of an important line of politicians, of historians and diplomats. The historiography has recently tried to rehabilitate his political record.
Summary |
John Adams was born on 30 October 1735 in Braintree , which in 1792 became Quincy in Massachusetts. His birthplace is now part of Adams National Historical Park. His father, John Adams (1690-1761) is a farmer and a deacon descendant of Henry Adams, an Englishman who settled in North America around 1636. His mother, Susanna Boylston Adams .
In 1764, John Adams married Abigail Smith (1744-1818), daughter of Rev. William Smith, Weymouth. The couple had several children: Abigail (1765-1813), the future U.S. president John Quincy Adams (1767-1848), Susanna (1768-1770), Charles (1770-1800), Thomas Boylston (1772-1832), and a stillborn daughter Elizabeth (1775).
Political involvement
John Adams had an important role in the events that preceded the American Revolution as a constitutional lawyer. His knowledge of law is a key figure in the revolt. He is a supporter of the republican system and analysis of historical examples . He wrote several essays, legal briefs and resolutions against the British taxation and regulation.
In August 1765 he contributed anonymously to several articles published in the Boston Gazette and develops the idea that opposition to the Stamp Act (1765) is directly related to Protestantism brought in Puritan New England in the seventeenth century. He says that the new fees should be waived with the consent of the people, it also affirms the right to be tried by his peers. He wrote the Braintree Instructions in which he defends the rights and liberties of the colonists. In December 1765, he delivered a speech before the governor and council of the colony in which he states the Stamp Act invalid for lack of representation of American colonists to the British Parliament .
In 1768 he moved to Boston and two years later, March 5, 1770, he showed moral courage in defending the officer and the seven British soldiers accused of killing five colonists during the " Boston Massacre ". His courageous and patriotic behavior allows her to be elected from Massachusetts to the assembly of the colony .
He is a member of the Continental Congress from 1774 to 1778. In 1775, he supported the colonial union and approve the appointment of George Washington as Chief of Staff of the Continental Army. His influence in Congress is important and, almost from the outset, it supports the separation between the colonies and Great Britain. In 1775 Congress created the first in a series of naval affairs committees , . Adams is an ardent defender of the U.S. Navy which is often considered the father.
In 1776 he published a pamphlet entitled Thoughts on Government, which inspired several state constitutions. The same year, he approved the famous resolution introduced by Richard Henry Lee on the right of the colonies to be free and independent, he was appointed June 11, and Thomas Jefferson , Benjamin Franklin , Livingston and Sherman , the Drafting Committee of the American Declaration of Independence. In reality, it was Thomas Jefferson who wrote most of the text, even if John Adams occupied a prominent place in debates about its adoption.
In 1777, John Adams is appointed Minister Plenipotentiary to negotiate a treaty of peace and commerce with Great Britain. Contrary to his instructions he deals directly with British officials without consulting the French government ally. It particularly seeks to obtain fishing rights on the coasts Anglo American. Given the political climate conditions it gets particularly interesting. He was sent to the Netherlands where he received recognition from the United States as an independent government and negotiated the peace treaty and trade following the one signed in 1778 with France.
In 1785 he was appointed ambassador to Great Britain. Presented to King George III that he understood his distrust of the French Government he replied: "I must say your majesty that my only loyalty is to my own country," a phrase that has been particularly irritating to the sovereign. He published a book on the Constitution of the United States where he attacks the ideas of those who defend the central government. However it is not particularly appreciated by his countrymen because of his ideas on "the rich, the well-born and able" to be assigned a place in the national assemblies. That's probably why it only receives a portion of the votes of electors in the first presidential election in 1788, where he was elected as vice-president (George Washington is elected president) and he takes his duties April 21, 1789. Both men were re-elected in the same office in 1792.
George Washington refused to run for a third term, 3 November 1796, Adams was elected president against Thomas Jefferson , who became his vice president.
Presidency
1797
March 4: John Adams' inauguration as the second president of the United States.
1798
June 25: Voting for the bill authorizing the president to deport dangerous foreigners reported.
July 11: Adams signs legislation creating the United States Marine Corps , troops landing in the U.S. Navy.
July 14: Rating of the law prohibiting write, publish, or utter false or offensive remarks against the president or the government.
1800
November 1: Adams and his wife moved to Washington in the presidential palace that became known as " White House "until much later. They formerly resided in the President's House , the presidential residence in Philadelphia , until then the capital of the United States.
Foreign policy
Because of the assistance provided by France during the War of Independence of the United States they would support France in case of conflict with Great Britain ( Treaty of Paris ). On 24 December 1796 , Victor Hugues , governor of Guadeloupe on behalf of France, makes an order against U.S. ships. This order was motivated by the fact that some Americans, through monetary compensation, allowed the British, at war with France, to use the American flag to address the French islands of the Antilles. This order authorizes privateers to attack ships Guadeloupe America.
Privateers from Guadeloupe, former slaves recently freed by the abolition of 16 Pluviose Year II, came to liberate the islands of Guadeloupe and St. Lucia to the British presence. But it was the slave revolt in Santo Domingo , which then represents half of world production of cotton and coffee and a third that of sugar, which changes the game.
Arriving in Cuba refugee Santo Domingo after the armistice of 30 March 1798 sees many become privateers during the Quasi-War against the background of tripartite trade agreement of 1799 between Toussaint Louverture , the United States and England , which will feed the piracy 1800s in the Caribbean and provides an initial boost to commercial traffic to Cuba as shown by the values produced by the Port of Cuba between 1797 and 1801, some taken from the French privateers attacking American ships trading with Santo Domingo :
| Year | 1797 | 1798 | 1799 | 1800 | 1801 |
| Tonnage | 32,5 | 46,1 | 76,5 | 84 | 116,6 |
Against the aggressions of these pirates on 7 July 1798 , the United States Congress passed a law that loosens the United States of their obligations to France. In addition, John Adams was asked to create the first U.S. Navy, and make permanent the body of Marine , already apparent during the War of Independence.
This episode, known as " Quasi-War ", saw naval battles between France (Guadeloupe essentially) and the U.S. (who considered their losses in ships and cargoes worth 20 million francs from time). Napoleon put an end to this state of war by agreement Morte Fontaine , the 2 October 1800.
U.S. President John Adams was strongly urged by Washington hawks to officially declare war on France, which he always refused to do so with exceptional composure. Conversely, it was criticized by a movement called the French party in Washington , which accused him of weakness towards England and disrespectful to the former French ally, led by Thomas Jefferson , who triumphed at the U.S. presidential election 1800.
Domestic policy
The mandate of Adams is marked by the passage of the law on "Alien and Sedition" which will bring disrepute to his party. This law is a consequence of foreign policy of the United States, which at that time, are caught in the vortex of European complications, and Adams, instead of participating in contests, deals to consolidate peace with France against the opinion of Hamilton and his friends.
Partisan Politics
As the second president, Adams was brought, like Washington, to establish precedents. He tries to have a government and ended only apolitical give control of the Federalist Party to Alexander Hamilton and the Democratic Party-Republican Thomas Jefferson , who is also his rival and vice president, because this then electoral rules give the two positions to men who obtained the greatest number of votes. In addition, infighting broke out and Adams and Hamilton disagree more, members of his cabinet to look up their orders with the second.
In 1800, Adams was again the candidate of the Federalist party in the elections, but the lack of confidence within his own party and popular sentiment opposed to the laws "aliens and sedition" lead the victory of his rival Thomas Jefferson.
Retirement
After his defeat in the 1800 election, Adams retired to his home state, Massachusetts, where he died on 4 July 1826. It chanced he died exactly 50 years after the signing of the Declaration of Independence. Thomas Jefferson, who was the father of the declaration, extinguished the same day, a few hours before his friend. Jefferson's last words were "Are we already on 4? "Those of John Adams:" Thomas Jefferson still lives there? " .
Trivia
Adams is not a leader of men but rather is a lawyer and constitutional expert as he has participated in events of the Revolutionary War.
Adams is senior vice president to become president.
25 October 1764, he married Abigail Smith, the daughter of a pastor. She is a woman gifted and his letters, written in excellent English, are of great interest to those studying this period. Their eldest son John Quincy Adams , also became president.
Adams died on the anniversary of the Declaration of Independence and, coincidentally, the same day as Thomas Jefferson , his friend and political rival. The news did not reach him as his last words are: "Jefferson is still alive" Quotes Bibliography
Works by John Adams in French
(Choice of texts, introduction, translation and notes by Jean-Paul Goffinon), Presses Universitaires de Caen, 2 vol., 2004. References
See also
John Adams Study in French
Vice-President John Adams ( 1789 - 1 797 ) 
Secretary of State John Lay ( one thousand seven hundred and ninety - 1793 ) Edmund Randolph ( in 1794 - 1 795 ) Timothy Pickering ( 1795 - 1797 ) Treasury Secretary Alexander Hamilton ( one thousand seven hundred and eighty-nine - one thousand seven hundred ninety-five ) Oliver Wolcott, Jr. ( in 1795 - 1,797 ) Secretary of War Henry Knox ( 1789 - 1794 ) Timothy Pickering ( 1795 ) James McHenry ( 1796 - 1797 ) Attorney General Edmund Randolph ( one thousand seven hundred and ninety-two - 1,794 ) William Bradford ( one thousand seven hundred ninety-four - in 1795 ) Charles Lee ( 1795 - 1 797 ) Postmaster General Samuel Osgood ( 1 789 - 1791 ) Timothy Pickering ( 1791 - 1,795 ) Joseph Habersham ( one thousand seven hundred and ninety-five - 1797 ) (None) Previous Administration next administration ( J. ADAMS ) Vice-President Thomas Jefferson ( one thousand seven hundred and ninety-seven - in 1801 ) Secretary of State Timothy Pickering ( 1 797 - eighteen hundred ) John Marshall ( 1,795 - one thousand seven hundred ninety-seven ) Treasury Secretary Oliver Wolcott, Jr. ( 1,797 - 1,801 ) Samuel Dexter ( 1801 ) Secretary of War James McHenry ( one thousand seven hundred ninety-six - eighteen hundred ) Samuel Dexter ( 1,800 - 1 801 ) Attorney General Charles Lee ( 1797 - in 1801 ) Navy Secretary Benjamin Stoddert ( one thousand seven hundred and ninety-eight - 1 801 ) ( WASHINGTON ) Previous Administration next administration ( JEFFERSON )
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