Jewish Calendar

Hebrew calendar for the year 5591 (1831)

The Hebrew calendar is a lunisolar calendar composed of year , sun of months lunar, and weeks of seven days beginning on Sunday and ending Saturday , the day of Shabbat. It takes as its starting point the beginning (Bereshit) of Genesis , first book of the Bible , it does correspond to the year -3761 in the Gregorian calendar. On the evening of 9 September 2010 , he joined the Hebrew year 5771.

Each new month begins with New Moon. The calendar is aligned with the moon phases of 29 days 12 hours 44 minutes and 2.9 seconds and alternating months of twenty-nine and thirty days. A lunar year of twelve months is 354.36 days. Since a solar year is 365.24 days, nearly eleven days are lost each year ^History

Until the ^fourth century, the Sanhedrin established land of Israel which fixed the dates of the Jewish calendar. The patriarch Hillel II , is credited with having established in 359 the rules for calculating the Jewish calendar. By this gesture, he gave one of the last symbols of the power of the Sanhedrin, which until it determined only the calendar date and therefore the parties but allows Judaism to continue regardless of the future of this institution . The rules that makes public those are still observed today.

Cycle Metonic

Meton Athens in 433 BC said that if we stay with this system of 29.53 days, every nineteen years, we lose exactly seven months. Therefore divides the Hebrew calendar the months cycle Gamaliel the Elder , or by calling the years of twelve months, or thirteen months. The year is "common" when she has twelve months, "embolismic" when she has thirteen.

In a Metonic cycle , seven years are Leap, the other twelve being common. The extra month of leap years still has thirty days, the month of Adar is doubled to give I Adar (Adar Rishon-in Hebrew ), intercalary month itself and Adar II (adar-bet in Hebrew ).

The distribution of years of thirteen months "Leap" in the Metonic cycle of 19 years is known to Gou'hadzat " (the numerical value of the letters forming the word represents the numbers 3, 6, 8, 1, 4, 7, 9), one year of thirteen months ^{the 3rd, 6th,} 8th, ^{11th, 14th, 17th} and ^19th solar cycle 19.

Organisation for months

Mosaic representing the cycle of twelve months of the Hebrew zodiac, Byzantine, Hebrew inscriptions.

The month names come from deformations of Assyrian-Babylonian names assimilated by the Hebrews during the exile in Babylon in the ^fourth century BC. AD.

The duration of some months is not fixed. The second, third and sixth months of the year, Cheshvan , Kislev and Adar , may have:

• twenty-nine days, in which case it is "defective" (Haser)
• or thirty days and then said it is "abundant" (maleh)

A common year may have:

• 353 days (it is called "defective")
• 354 days (it is called "regular")
• or 355 days in which case it is called "abundant".

In leap years may also be defective, regular or heavy when equipped with 383, 384 or 385 days.

When no adjustment solar / lunar month are:

For the month of Cheshvan and Kislev , their length is calculated from the date of the full moon (dichomnie) of the following year in the month of Tishrei , which determines the classification given to the year. The calculation method that avoids the holy festival of Yom Kippur , 10 Tishrei falls on a Friday or a Sunday, that is to say the day before or the day after the Sabbath (the seventh day holiday, the Jewish week, which begins on a Sunday).

Count the days

The day of the Hebrew calendar begins at sunset. This, to comply with the Genesis , Section Bereshit , which says "there was evening, it was morning, Day One. "That is interpreted as" the first day begins the evening, then comes the morning. "

Passover, or Pesach falls on 14 Nissan. This date is fixed according to the Hebrew calendar, but mobile if one refers to the Gregorian calendar.

The Sabbath is appointed by the name of the Torah (part of the Torah ) read in the synagogue , in a cycle that begins and ends with Simchat Torah.

Start (s) of the year

The Jewish year has traditionally debut four years:

• The solar year begins the first month of Tishrei. Some think it is the creation of the world. Jews celebrate Rosh Hashana, the New Year Jewish occasion. This is the beginning of Jewish civil and Yamim Noraim (Hebrew , "Days of Awe," also known as the ten days of repentance) - ten days between Rosh Hashanah Yom Kippur - during which God evaluate actions and repentance of the Jews of the past year to include them (or not) in the Book of Life in the New Year.

• The lunar year begins on the first month of Nissan and has been since the exodus from Egypt, as he says: "This month will be for you the beginning of every month." This date is defined as the new year for kings. The month of Nissan is called the first month in the Torah.

• The fiscal year begins the first month of Elul. This date is used to calculate the taxes described in the Torah.

• The agricultural year starts on the 15th of Shevat , the day traditionally called "New Year for Trees (Tu B'Shevat). The laws concerning agriculture punctuate this year.

Count the years

Throughout the world, including Israel , Jewish communities are using the Gregorian calendar as a calendar. The Hebrew calendar is used to calculate the dates of religious holidays, and is starting a year from the date of the alleged creation of the world (Anno Mundi, often abbreviated AM). This date was calculated using all the dates mentioned in the Torah about different people and generations back to Adam. The creation of the world thus calculated corresponds to October 7 -3761 of the Gregorian calendar. This calculation is late because it was made by the patriarch Hillel II in the year 358 of the Julian calendar.

Secret of the calendar according to Rashi

Hebrew mysticism, the secret of the calendar is called Sod Ha'ibour. Rashi refers to it . The literal meaning of Sod Ha'ibour astronomical knowledge is allowing us to fix the Hebrew calendar.

See also

• Hillel II
• Aaron ben Meir
• Aviv
• Sod
• Four senses of Scripture
• Islamic calendar

Notes

References

Bibliography

• Roger Stioui, The Hebrew calendar, the editions Colbo (1988)
• Michael Khntopf , Jdische Chronik, Norderstedt 2008, Vol. 1, ISBN 978-3-8334-8628-9 , pp. 113-138

External Links

• CalJ.net The site of Jewish Calendar
• roger.stioui.free.fr Roger Stioui. Site about the Hebrew calendar
• The Hebrew calendar on the site Calendars Saga.
• Date converter

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