Jesus Of Nazareth

Non-Christian sources

Among Jewish authors

Flavius Josephus

There is no official act of the Roman authorities relating to Jesus. The first chronicler who mentions Jesus to 94 is Flavius Josephus , the Roman Jewish origin born in 39. His testimony mentions, in his Antiquities of the Jews , Jesus twice. It is mentioned about the stoning of Jacques de Jerusalem , described as "the brother of Jesus called Christ" . A much more developed portion devoted to Jesus himself, known by its Latin name Testimonium Flavianum , described him as "an exceptional man, . The authenticity of this passage is still under debate, most commentators are now considering this passage in its current state, has been retouched by Christian hands, which does not mean that Josephus has written a instructions on Jesus, perhaps less enthusiastic .

From reading in fact Photios in ^the ninth century , no mention of Jesus was included in the History of the Jews, the text disappeared Just Tiberias , military governor of Galilee and rival Jewish historian Flavius Josephus who the highly critical in his autobiography.

The Talmud

Twenty possible allusions to Jesus in the Talmud exist but still anecdotal and sometimes under another name and do not predate the ^third century . There is a reference to a Yeshu who have led the people on the wrong track and was sentenced to death for witchcraft and hanged on the eve of Easter in Lod. His sect would have survived his death several decades or centuries according to the Talmud.

Since the Middle Ages , we encounter a Yeshu Yeshu or Hanotsri ("the Nazarene") in Toledot Yeshu , written between the ^fourth and the ^sixth century and reflect the Jewish version of events described in the Gospels. Historians generally think that this is a parody of a lost gospel, although it seems at least partly come from ancient Jewish sources about Yeshu.

In the Talmud we find a Yeshu and the character was often identified as the same as Jesus. However, in the Talmud, Yeshu apparently refers to several people at different times (including a century and a century after Jesus) and indexes may suggest that Yeshu the Talmud and the Jesus of the Gospels do not relationship between them . However, Joseph Klausner is reliable approximation of Yeshu in the Talmud with the character of Jesus .

The most interesting text is in the Babylonian Talmud and relates a tradition of "hanging" of Yeshu (or Yeshu Hanotsri in later editions) on the eve of Passover in a strictly Jewish and he assigns five disciples: Matt, Naqi, Netzer, Boni and Todah.

It should be noted that according Toledot Yeshu and by major narrative about Yeshu in the Talmud, he lived a century before the Christian era. For many traditional Jewish commentators as Rabbeinu Tam , Ramban , or more recently Adin Steinsaltz is what Yeshu who was the historical figure which was later built on the figure of Jesus.

It is often referred to Ben Stada, as excerpted from the adulterous union of Miriam and a Roman soldier called Pandera (compare Celsus ). The text of Tosafot on Shabbat 104, dating from the Middle Ages, dismisses the legend: "This was not Ben Stada Jesus of Nazareth, as we say here that Ben Stada lived at the time of Paphos ben Yehudah himself alive time of Rabbi Akiva "a century later .

Pagan Greek and Latin texts

In a letter to the Emperor Trajan in 111 or 112 , Pliny the Younger describes the results of a survey it conducted on the Christians of Bithynia to the following accusations it has received, and explains he does not find much to fault them . Pliny does not, however, speaks of Jesus of Nazareth and mentions "Christ" than to explain that his followers Bithynia gather to sing hymns to him "like a god" .

To 116 in its journal , the Roman historian Tacitus tells how the Emperor Nero , who was accused of having caused the fire that ravaged Rome in 64 , strives to find the arsonists, those accused that "the crowd "called Roman Christians (Christian), followers of" Christ, who, under Tiberius, was delivered to death by the procurator Pontius Pilate , and in fact torturing many .

The Lives of the Twelve Caesars by Suetonius , written around 120 , are few references to the activities of Christians and state in the Life of Claude a Chrestos - which means it is generally accepted Jesus Christ - which, according to Suetonius, incompletely informed, was present in Rome during the troubles of 49-50 in the Jewish community of Rome, against which Claude promulgates an edict of expulsion .

The satirist Lucian in the second part of the ^second century , alludes to the torture of Jesus, without naming him, in The Death of peregrinos .

Jesus in the non-Christian religions and cultures

Jesus in Judaism

Following Jewish-Roman wars and other disasters of ^I and II ^th centuries, Judaism sees the disappearance of almost all its currents, with the exception of Rabbinic Judaism , Pharisaic close without repeating the apocalyptic based on compliance with the Act exclusive. The process will take several decades, which will set the Hebrew Scriptures - which will be included in later centuries by Protestants - the prayers and synagogue, one of which contains the condemnation of the cult, the " minims "whose" Nazareth " .

If Christianity was the first time have passed for a new stream of Judaism acceptable, it quickly raised the issue of full membership of members pagans without first making the Jews . The question arises at the time of the creation of the Torah ritual, one of the 613 commandments ^, and, as regards the non-Jewish members, the problem takes on greater weight to those aspects of rule of purity ritual and means "reconciliation" . The Messiah, though it played some role in the condemnation of Jesus, is not so critical of the Jewish self-determination of the time since some streams of Judaism, such as the Sadducees, were going to abandon this Waiting .

On Judaism , the religion of Jesus himself, not now view specific or particular about Jesus and very few texts in Judaism refer directly or speak of Jesus. Indeed, one of the most important principles of Jewish faith is the belief in one God and only God, without any intermediary . The Christian Trinity is understood as a belief in Jesus as deity, part of divinity or son of God, which is therefore incompatible with Judaism and a break with the Judaism that preceded . "For a Jew, however, any form of shituf (belief in other gods besides the God of Israel) is tantamount to idolatry in the fullest sense. It is not possible for a Jew to accept Jesus as a deity, mediator or savior (messiah), or even as a prophet, without betraying Judaism. " . "The Jews have rejected claims that Jesus meets messianic prophecies of the Hebrew Bible and the dogmatic claims about him made by the Fathers of the Church, that is to say he was born of a virgin he is the son of God, he is part of a divine Trinity, and he raised after his death .. ... For two thousand years, a vow central to Christianity was to be an object of desire on the part of Jews, whose conversion would have shown their acceptance that Jesus fills their own biblical prophecy. "

For this reason, related issues, such as the historical existence of Jesus and other topics concerning his life are still considered out of place in Judaism.

The Jewish eschatology believes that the coming of Messiah will be associated with a series of specific events that have not yet occurred, including the return of the Jews in the Land of Israel, the rebuilding of the Temple , an era of peace .

Jesus in Islam

Persian miniature depicting Jesus at the Sermon on the Mount

The Qur'an speaks of Jesus under the name of `Isa , integral character in Koranic texts his mother (Mary) . It is thus often referred to as al-Masih `Isa ibn Maryam presented with it as role models .

Jesus is one of the prophets called "Family of 'Imran" with his mother, his cousin Yahya ( John the Baptist ) and father of one Zachariah . Popular Muslim faith places great importance on Jesus and Mary while Jesus turned to the beauty of the world, also often appears with his cousin John, radical ascetic, with whom he formed a way of "permanent spiritual twinship" .

The marked emphasis on lineage to Mary is a clear rejection of the divine sonship of Jesus, however, the Muslim tradition emphasizes the miraculous virgin birth without a father known, Joseph is considered a cousin of Mary. In the Qur'an, Jesus is actually created by kun ^and , the "divine imperative" and designed by a ruh of God, timeless divine breath breathed into Mary, the same spirit that animates Adam and transmits the revelation to Mohammed ^and .

The Qur'an shares with many apocryphal Christian life scenes of Mary and Child Jesus offering of Mary , life of Mary in the Temple , care of Mary , under a palm tree nativity , Jesus speaks in the cradle , he leads bird clay .

In the Qur'an, Jesus appears as a prophet , preacher Muhammad, who preached pure monotheism, performs miracles, heals, resurrects the dead and knows the secrets of the heart. Jesus confirmed the Torah , which mitigates the legal requirements , while his "scripture" contained in the Gospel is presented as "guidance and light" that Christians have neglected. Ibn Arabi him confers the title of "seal of holiness," "the greatest witness by the heart", while Mohammed is the "seal of the prophets," "the greatest witness by the language" . His preaching to Jews was a failure and it is followed only apostles. The Jews would then have wanted to punish him by crucifying but God did not permit him and would have substituted a lookalike before to remind him . Nevertheless the end of Jesus' earthly remains obscure, no passage does mean what it clearly happened.

The depiction of Jesus in the Qur'an also gives it a dimension of eschatological : its return to Earth, as a Muslim, is the sign of the end of the world and the Last Judgement, while many hadiths present him as the main companion the Mahdi , Savior of the end of time .

Ultimately found in the Quran four categorical denials about Jesus for fear of associationism ( shirk ) : it is neither God nor his son, and the third in a triad that no more 'He was crucified because it was "unworthy" of a prophet of its importance .

Finally, a Muslim minority living in the mountains of Pakistan , the Ahmadis devote to worship Jesus as the saints of Islam around a tomb it said to be that of Jesus. The Shrine is located in Srinagar. This current develops a Christology particular that Jesus is a prophet of God who have been removed from the cross in a coma and not dead and, once treated, would come to end his life in Pakistan to 80 years . This doctrine is the "blackout."

Jesus in Hinduism

Many Hindus , like Mahatma Gandhi , considered Jesus as an avatar of Vishnu (which is also called by his devotees Eka, the "A" or Naika, the "Multiple" God among Hindus is Absolute) , and many others, like a holy man. The concept of incarnation of God, since Jesus was displayed as such, condemned by the Pharisees as an intolerable blasphemy and that led Jesus to be crucified (dying like a heathen, being death by stoning of Jews), leads exactly the term "avatar" in Sanskrit , the "descent". Hindus believe that Christians understand Jesus with the Jewish point of view (although the concept of incarnation does not exist in Judaism: the Jewish Messiah is a prophet, not God incarnate on Earth), while Hindus feel they can understand Jesus with the reading of the Four Gospels alone, the message of Jesus is regarded by Hindus as a hymn to ahimsa. For this reason, Christianity does not really pierce India , unable to distinguish the Islam very far (and totally transcendent monotheistic God) and Hinduism where the concept of incarnation is already highly revered. Hindus believe that, most often Avatar (incarnation of God), Jesus was crucified because it offended the religious conscience of Mediterranean religions of the time (not admitting that we can say is God incarnate) and that his resurrection is proof that God can incarnate on Earth to restore the cosmic order (Dharma) .

Christian art does not happen by itself and has its origins in pagan and polytheistic art, in which the imaginary ancient painters and sculptors drew. The Fathers of the Church , for their part, challenged the art as such in terms quite hard and demanding of the Old Testament condemns radically the iconography . Clement of Alexandria list however, to 200, elements that can endorse a Christian meaning on seals or rings, such as fish, a Christian symbol with the Greek term ( / Ichthus) was an acronym for the names of Jesus .

If the early ^fourth century the Council of Elvira banned still images painted on the walls of churches, Christian art has however already taken off, a sight which is not foreign to apologetics .

The evolution in relation to the representation of Christ becomes the first third of the ^second century and iconography Christ appears gradually in the catacombs and on sarcophagi. The performances, however, remain rare in profit figures of the Old Testament, like Moses and Jonah, and Jesus is represented in only a small number of scenes: his baptism, miracles or healings, the interview with the Samaritan woman , ... Its share of miracle worker is often emphasized in this first wave also presents iconographic sometimes in the middle of his disciples like the Greek philosophers .

Bust of Jesus. Mural in the Catacombs of Commodilla, late ^fourth century

This Jesus first performances is often beautiful, youthful or attractive - even if his face is often "boilerplate", which differ little from the usual iconography of the Greco-Roman pantheon - against the current descriptions of the Fathers Church who present as any or ugly or pathetic . He is often depicted as the "Good Shepherd" in an image which carries a Hermes "criophore" , to be compared with Orpheus , another "good shepherd", an image that will multiply the first sarcophagi Christians and the vaults of the tombs. Hermas describes Jesus in such ^second century as "a majestic-looking man, dressed as a shepherd, covered with a white goatskin, a knapsack on his shoulder and a crook hand " .

Christianity gradually became the official religion of the Empire from the fourth ^century, iconography will gradually free themselves from the Greco-Roman model, particularly influenced by the Christological debates that characterize this period. It is in the final third of the century that is beginning to reveal the divine dimension - the "power cosmic" - representations of Christ in far more marked by the appearance protector and healer of the character .

Christ Pantocrator, ^sixth century church of St. Catherine in Sinai, Egypt.

At that time, Jesus is still usually portrayed as a stripling glabrous or as a small boy who is usually a name of Christ at the time ("Feed" from the Greek , the "child") ; it was not until the late ^fourth century it is shown older and bearded, under the inspiration of the philosopher's teaching model of antiquity. These two distinct types of representations coexist for nearly two more centuries .

From the ^fifth century, the divine character which constitute the main dimension of the representations, supporting the insistence of the Nicene Creed on the equality of the Father, the Son and by translating the structuring hierarchy and dogma, in an image of the "glory of God" that dominate Christian art until the Gothic . The human aspect, however, will continue through the icons, although most were destroyed during the iconoclastic crisis , who find a continuation in the Byzantine art that will make a synthesis between the human aspects - idealized philosopher teacher - and divine legitimacy from the Council of Nicaea II in 787.

The traditional representations of the Madonna and Child for their draw their origins in the representations of the Egyptian goddess Isis nursing Horus .

Western art

The Catholic Church allows the representations of Christ, it has been the subject of countless representations in the form of portraits, paintings depicting his life, sculptures, prints, stained glass , etc.. In Western art, the character of Jesus is certainly the one that has undergone the greatest number of performances. One of the most common is that of Christ on the cross , at the time of his Passion. All these representations are the artistic creation, no contemporary image of Christ having come to us. Some images achiropoites ("not made with hands") - a Christianization of pagan tradition of "pictures falling from the sky" - claim to represent the "true" face of Jesus. Despite the diversity of artists and eras, they all have some common features. In fact, depictions of Jesus obeyed the canons artistic precise , based on tradition and the oldest known representations of Jesus is presented as a white male, medium size, rather thin, dark-skinned and brown hair, long and will be shown later with a beard .

His head is often surrounded by a circle of light or gold, called halo , given current attribute the sanctity of a character. When it applies to Jesus, this halo is often conventionally marked with a cross (usually red), which identifies it unambiguously.

The expression of the eyes is the object of attention of artists. Similarly, the position of his hands often has a religious significance. The Catholic Church has expressed the wish that the life of Jesus can be understood by all, it is not uncommon to find African representations of Christ in black man, or South American performances of his life with Local clothing. This phenomenon is ancient, since the artists of the Renaissance already represented Jesus surrounded by figures dressed in the fashion of their age (see group of people right on the table of Fra Angelico , Descent from the Cross ).

Fra Angelico, circa 1440 - Descent from the Cross

In the Middle Ages, the visual representations had an educational function: in depicting the life of Jesus Christ, the Christian culture is disseminated to people usually do not know read it, and anyway did not have access to books, including understood the holy books such as the Bible. That is what is causing the crib , tradition still very active in Christian circles. Some scenes carved on the crosses Bretons , like the chapel Tronon for example, are summaries of the real life of Jesus. Similarly, any Catholic church is equipped with a Via Crucis (Latin Via Crucis) contained in 14 steps, called "stations" on the various moments of the Passion of Christ from his condemnation to his burial. Generally distributed on the periphery of the nave, these steps are usually represented by small sculptures or paintings, for the simplest it is only a cross accompanied by the station number. Until recently in all Catholic homes, the main rooms and bedrooms were equipped with a crucifix, usually hung on the wall above the bed or access to the room.

Oriental Art

The Orthodox accept the representation of Christ in two dimensions. The most common representation is that of icons.

In ^the eighth century , led the Arabs to the east and west of the Bulgarians, action will be taken in the Eastern Roman Empire against images and statues that populate the churches in order to unify Empire behind only chrism , triggering the iconoclastic crisis that lasted over a century . After the end of war iconoclasts , Eastern Christianity gives rise to the development of a specific art, icon, based on a very pictorial grammar organized. These images are sacred, or the spirit of the characters represented is supposed to "live" representation. Iconography - the icon painter - is preparing to both learning theological and an ascetic , often fasting and prayer.

The icons are anonymous until the fifteenth ^century.

In film

• 1916 : Intolerance (Intolerance) of David Wark Griffith
• 1953 : The Robe (The Robe) by Henry Koster, with Richard Burton (a tribune in charge of Roman crucifixion of Christ is deeply touched by him and converted to the faith Christian. He picked up the Holy Tunic of Christ at the foot of the cross and joined the apostles to evangelize the Roman Empire)
• 1960 : Ben Hur by William Wyler with Charlton Heston (the film takes place in Judea the 30s AD. and staged a Jew, Judah Ben Hur, loses his family, his property and liberty Because of the Roman occupiers and decides to take revenge, he meets Christ several times and attended his Crucifixion ).
• 1961 : The King of Kings (King of Kings) by Nicholas Ray with Jeffrey Hunter , Robert Ryan
• 1964 : The Gospel according to St. Matthew (He Vangelo secondo Matteo) by Pier Paolo Pasolini
• 1973 : Jesus Christ Superstar, musical of Norman Jewison
• 1976 : The Messiah (He Messia) by Roberto Rossellini
• 1977 : Jesus of Nazareth by Franco Zeffirelli , a soap opera of 6h 16min conducted at the request of Pope Paul VI
• 1979 : Jesus or the Jesus Film from Peter Sykes and John Krisch
• 1988 : The Last Temptation of Christ by Martin Scorcese (adapted from the novel by Nikos Katzantakis)
• 2004 : The Passion of Mel Gibson (the last 12 hours in the life of Christ)
• 2006 : The Birth of Catherine Hardwicke

Musical

• 1971 Jesus Christ Superstar

Relics

Staurothque Byzantine early ^ninth century containing fragments of the " True Cross ".

Jesus of Nazareth, for Christians, has risen with his mortal coil, was nevertheless able to leave traces of his material that can be regarded as relics by some believers, following older traditions: from the early Christian era, was shown to pilgrims who made the trip to the Holy Land as the Old Testament various relics Aaron's rod which, according to the Epistle to the Hebrews , was kept in the Ark of the Covenant in the holy of holies of the Temple Jerusalem and a complex of religious buildings of worship was soon built to accommodate the pilgrims. This discovery seems to have had a major impact and, from the ^fifth and ^sixth centuries, pilgrims flock to the most illustrious obtain fragments of the object found from this period in the West. In 680 , the pilgrim Arculf certifies that he saw in Jerusalem, in the Anastasis - First Church of the Resurrection - outlined a series of relics: the dish of the Last Supper, the sponge and the lance that pierced the side of Jesus at the Crucifixion, and a shroud that covered Jesus' face the grave .

The development of the cult of relics that follows the Carolingian period - to go, following the Crusades , its apogee in the Middle Ages - is a "spirituality of seeing and touching" that tries get in touch with the holiness of which carry the "witnesses" material life of Jesus, material witnesses who therefore tend to multiply and spread - after being initially centralized in Constantinople - a bit everywhere across Europe. Become a sign - or challenge - of power and legitimacy , they will soon be as shown in Peter Brown , an intense trade , other authors have also shown the growth of this Trade along a path towards East West from the Crusades .

If the relics related to Jesus are literally endless, however we may classify them into categories beyond "ipsissima Loca -" places himself "who have seen Jesus change - we can meet the instruments of the Passion ( including the crown of thorns , sponge, etc..) bodily relics related to the public life of Jesus or even his childhood ( blood , sandals , baby teeth ...), and burial cloths and shrouds. It should be noted that many of the relics are rejected by the religious authorities and that the excesses of their cults have also often been debated and contested.

Schedules

Bibliography

Works and general historians work

• Geza Vermes , Dictionary of Jesus' contemporaries, Bayard, 2008;
• The early history of the Church, presented by Marie-Francoise Basler, ed. Gallimard / The world of the Bible, 2004;
• Pierre Gibert and Christophe Theobald (ed.), Where Jesus Christ. Scholars, historians and theologians in confrontation, ed. Bayard, 2002;
• Encyclopedic Dictionary of the Bible, ed. Brepols, 1960, 2002 Update
• The origins of Christianity, presented by Peter Geoltrain , ed. Gallimard / Le Monde de la Bible, 2000;
• The Bible, Writings intertestamental apocryphal Christian writings, al. "The Pleiades", ed. Gallimard, 1987;

Historians and biblical scholars

• Daniel Marguerat , Elian Cuvilier, Sylvie Barnay, Simon Mimouni et al, Jesus, further investigation, ed. Bayard-Centurion/Le World Bible, 2007;
• James D. Tabor, The true story of Jesus: A scientific and historical investigation on the man and his lineage, translated from English by Bernard Cohend. Robert Laffont, 2007
• Gerd Theissen, The Jesus movement. Social history of a revolution in values, translated from German by Joseph Hoffmann, ed. Cerf, 2006;
• Raymond E. Brown pss , The Death of the Messiah, Encyclopedia of the Passion of Christ. From Gethsemane to the tomb. A commentary on the Passion narratives in the four Gospels, foreword by Daniel Marguerat, translated from English by Jacques Mignon, ed. Bayard, 2005, review ;
• David Flusser and R. Steven Notley, Jesus, translated from English by G.-R. Veyret, ed. The Shine, 2005; excerpts online
• John Paul Meier , A Jew: Jesus. The data history
  • Volume I: The sources, origins, dates, eds. Cerf, 2004;
  • Volume II: The words and gestures, ed Cerf, 2005;
  • Volume III: Attachments, clashes, breaks, ed Cerf, 2005;
  • Volume IV: The Law and Love, ed. Cerf, 2009;
• Bovon Francis , The Last Days of Jesus, ed. Labor et Fides, 2004
• Michel Quesnel , Jesus, the man and the son of God, ed. Flammarion, 2004;
• Etienne Nodet , History of Jesus? Necessity and limitations of a survey, ed. Cerf, 2003, online presentation ;
• Daniel Marguerat , E. Norelli, J.-M. Poffet, Jesus of Nazareth, New Approaches to an enigma, Labor et Fides / Le Monde de la Bible, 2003;
• Peter J. Thomson , Jesus and the New Testament authors in their relationship to Judaism, translated to English by Joseph Duponcheel, ed. Cerf, 2003;
• Geza Vermes , Survey on the identity of Jesus. New interpretations, Bayard, 2003;
• Lucette Valensi, The Flight into Egypt. Stories from the East and West. Test Comparative History, ed. Seuil, 2002, review online ;
• Etienne Nodet , op , the son of God, Trials of Jesus and the Gospels, ed. Cerf, 2002, online presentation ;
• Marchadour Alain (ed.), What do we know about Jesus of Nazareth?, Bayard, 2001
• Lawrence Guyenot, Jesus and John the Baptist. Historical investigation of a legendary meeting, ed. Epigraph, 1999;
• Jacques Schlosser , Jesus of Nazareth, ed. Noesis, 1999;
• Hugues Cousin and Jean-Pierre Lmonon , the world where Jesus lived, ed. Cerf, 1998;
• Gerd Theissen, The Shadow of the Galilean, ed. Cerf, 1998
• Charles Perrot , Jesus, ed. Puf, coll. "Que Sais-je? ^"No. 3300, 1998;
• Charles Perrot , Jesus Christ and God the early Christians, ed. Descle de Brouwer, Paris, 1997;
• Gerd Theissen, Social History of Early Christianity. Jesus, Paul, John, translated from German by Ira Jaillet and A.-L. Finck, ed. Labor et Fides / The World of the Bible, 1996, excerpts online
• Xavier Tilliette , The Christ of the philosophers. Teacher's wisdom to divine Witness, Culture and Truth, Namur, 1993
• Xavier Tilliette Jesus romantic Descle-Mame, 2002
• Pierre-Antoine Bernheim, Jacques, brother of Jesus, ed. Noesis, 1996;
• Raymond E. Brown , Jesus in the four Gospels, Cerf, 1996;
• (In) John Dominic Crossan, The Historical Jesus, The Life of a Mediterranean Jewish Peasant, ed. Harper Collins, 1991;
• Charles Perrot , Jesus and History, ed. Descle de Brouwer, 1979;
• Geza Vermes , Jesus the Jew, Descle, 1978

Theologians and exegetes canonists

• Joseph Ratzinger (Benedict XVI), Jesus of Nazareth, ed. Flammarion, 2007
  • Volume 1: From the Baptism in the Jordan to the Transfiguration
• Charles Harold Dodd , The Founder of Christianity, ed. Seuil, 1972;
• Rudolf Bultmann , Jesus. Mythology and demythologization (1926 and 1958), trans. fr. ed. Seuil, 1968;
• Daniel-Rops , Jesus in his time, ed. Fayard, 1946 Daily Life in Palestine at the time of Jesus, ed. Hachette, 1961;

Journals

• What do we know about Jesus?, Magazine Le Monde de la Bible , Occasional spring 2009, ed. Bayard;
• Christology and History of Jesus, magazine searches for religious science , Volume 97, March 2009;
• Jesus, magazine Le Point , coll. Large biographies, Occasional Paper ^No. 1, January 2009;
• Jean-Pierre Lmonon , Jesus of Nazareth. Prophet and Sage, ed. Cerf, coll. Cahiers gospel ^No. 119, 2002;
• Jesus in the light of history, review records of Archaeology ^No. 249, December 1999-January 2000;

Tests

• Christiane Rance , Jesus, Gallimard, 2008
• Timothy Freke and Peter Gandy, The Jesus Mysteries, ed. Aletheia, 2007
• Gerard Mordillat and Jerome Prieur , Corpus Christi, Survey writing of the Gospels, One Thousand and One Nights, 1998; Jesus against Jesus, Seuil, 2000, shows Jesus and unknown Descle de Brouwer, 2001; Jesus after Jesus, Seuil, 2004 ;
• Marie Vidal, A Jew named Jesus, ed. Albin Michel, 2000;
• Manuel de Diguez , Jesus, ed. Fayard, 1985;

Old books

• Blaise Pascal , Summary of the life of Jesus Christ, published by P. Faugere, ed. Andrieux, 1846 (original text found in 1622), book online
• Ernest Renan , Vie de Jesus, eds. Michael Levy brothers, 1863, Book online ;
• Albert Schweitzer , The Secret History of Jesus' life, ed. Albin Michel, 1967 (ed. orig. All. 1913);
• Charles Guignebert , Jesus, ed. Albin Michel, 1933 (reprint 1969);
• Claude Tresmontant , The Teaching Ieschoua of Nazareth, ed. Seuil, 1963;
• Jesus, a collection of the series "Omnibus" (Presses de la Cit, 1999) containing the full text of four books:
  • Pascal , Summary of the life of Jesus,
  • Ernest Renan , Life of Jesus
  • Edmond Fleg , Jesus told by the Wandering Jew,
  • Francois Mauriac , La Vie de Jesus.

Religious books

• Philip Yancey, The Jesus I do not know, eds. Farel, 2001;

Art History

• Nissan N. Perez, Revelation - Representations of Christ in Photography, ed. Merrell, 2003;
• Francis Boespflug, Jean-Michel Spieser, Christian Heck, Valerie Da Costa, The Christ in art. Catacombs of the ^twentieth century, ed. Bayard / The world of the Bible, 2000;
• Dominique Ponnau, Figures of God, ed. Textual, 1999;
• Jean Paris The flight into Egypt, ed. Gaze, 1998;
• Jerome Cottin, Jesus Christ write images, ed. Labor et Fides , 1990, excerpts online

Notes and references

Related Articles

Other approaches Jesus

• Jesus Christ
• Jesus in contemporary exegesis
• Quest for the Historical Jesus
• Mythiste Thesis (non-historical Jesus)
• Point of view of Judaism on Jesus of Nazareth

Articles on sources

• Apocrypha (Bible)
• Bible
• Biblical exegesis
• Sources on the life of Jesus of Nazareth
• Testimonium Flavianum

Related articles

• Christology
• Close to Jesus
• Jesus (name)
• Messiah and Messiah in Judaism
• Early Christianity
• Artistic representation of Jesus Christ
• Trinity Christian
• Unitarianism

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