Jerusalem

Jerusalem
From top right: Panorama of Jerusalem Givat ha'Arba seen since, Mamilla , the old city and the Dome of the Rock , a souk of the old city , the building of the Knesset , the Western Wall , the Tower of David and walls of the old city
Administration
Foreign language names	(He) literally Yerushalayim (Ar) or
Country	Israel - and Palestinian Occupied Territories ?
Mayor Current term	Nir Barkat (under Israeli law) 2008 - until 2013
Demography
Population	769 400 inhabitants (2009).
Density	3847 inhabitants / km
Demonym	Jerusalemite (s)
Geography
Contact	31 47 '00 "North 35 13 '00 "East / 31.783333, 35.216667
Altitudes	Min. 570 m - max. 857 m
Area	200 km

Panorama of the Western Wall and adjacent buildings.

Panorama of the Western Wall overcome the Dome of the Rock and al-Aqsa mosque

Jerusalem ( e.ry.za.lm ) (or Salem, or Solyme Hierosolyma also named in Old French ; in Hebrew . The city, capital of the District of Jerusalem , is very heterogeneous mingle with many religions, peoples, socio-economic groups. The part called " Old Town ", surrounded by ramparts, is comprised of two neighborhoods predominantly Arab , called Christian Quarter and the Muslim Quarter , and a predominantly Armenian district and a predominantly Jewish neighborhood.

Etymology

Jerusalem is mentioned for the first time in texts Egyptians called "of execration ^, "( ^twentieth and ^nineteenth centuries BC. , the period when Egypt was vassal Canaan ) as the Rushalimu. The exact pronunciation of the Egyptian name is not clear of hieroglyphs (also found Urushalimu or other variants ^, ). Presumably the name of the city reflects the worship of the god Shalem (in) or because it was common Shalimu so-called cities of the name of the local god ^, . The name thus refers to Jerusalem to worship the god of the Canaanites, Salem was a popular god in the pantheon West Semitic , god of creation, completeness, and the setting sun. As the first syllable of Jerusalem just uru, which means "foundation" or "city founded by" the original meaning of the name is "founded by Shalem" or "under the protection of Salem."

A detailed etymology is given by Sander and Trenel. The name "Salem" comes from two roots Chaldean: Yeru ("City", "Notice" ) and SHLM, who gave the words shalom and salaam in Arabic in Hebrew. This root SHLM means today "peace" but the original meaning is that of completeness, completion , which derives the notion of peace later .

Names of Jerusalem

History

The Timeline below shows the main historical periods of Jerusalem.

Geography

Satellite View of Jerusalem

Topography

Jerusalem is located at 31 46'45 "N 35 13'25" E / 31.77917, 35.22361 , on the end of a plateau 800 m above sea level between the Mediterranean Sea and the Dead Sea and covers 126 km ².

The city is surrounded on all sides by several valleys, including those in the north are less pronounced than those in other directions. Are the two main north-west of the city today.

Climate

Jerusalem has a Mediterranean climate , characterized by high temperatures and high aridity in summer. Only a few months in winter wet, especially in February, which fell more than half of total annual precipitation.

Neighborhoods and Urban

Urban extensions and problems

Since 1967, successive Israeli governments, regardless of the ruling party, struggling to transform the face of Jerusalem. There is a political will to change the demographic gap in the East, inhabited mainly by Palestinians (55 000 in 1967). The State of Israel has categorically refused any policy of expelling Arabs. Besides legal reasons humanists, it is always put forward a quest for international recognition. Instead of this political primary, Israel has established an expansion of the city by building Jewish neighborhoods. Political scientist Frdric Encel understood as a way to "destroy the Palestinian influence by changing the geographic balance of the city."

Separation wall in Jerusalem is seen from the Old City. Top of eight meters, isolated Jerusalem from the West Bank.

The aim is to encircle the Arab neighborhoods by a policy of expropriation of land surrounding the municipal boundaries of 1967. East Jerusalem was 38 km ² in 1967. And the effect of this policy, 108 km ² by the construction of Jewish neighborhoods. This situation is exacerbated by the proposed route of separation barrier which should surround the settlements of Adounim 11 km east of Jerusalem and intended, according to Israel, to reduce the number of attacks Palestinian terrorists. Moreover, according to the International Commission of Jurists and its affiliated Palestinian LAW in a 1999 report, "Israel continues to apply arbitrary and incompatible with international law to expel Palestinians from Jerusalem and replace them with Jewish settlers in to cement his authority over the city. This policy takes various forms: confiscation of identity cards, withdrawal of residence permits, unfair tax system, denial of building permits, destruction of homes " .

This construction policy is reflected in the plan that was proposed by Benjamin Netanyahu and approved 21 June 1998 by the Knesset as the "Greater Jerusalem," although the 13 July 1998 , the UN has asked Israel to give up this plan.

Added to this the establishment of a belt of blocks of Jewish settlements around the city to the north ( Givat Zeev ), south ( Gush Etzion ) and east ( Ma'ale Adumim ) which increases the size of Jerusalem to 440 km ^2. The total area of metropolitan Jerusalem counting East Jerusalem, West Jerusalem and the belt of settlements is equal to about 900 km ^2, is "the Great One Jerusalem" which is connected administratively and structure Greater infrastructure (transport, highways). But the Arab population is now landlocked. Thus, the expansion of Jerusalem had the effect of building an urban belt disjoining the Arab neighborhoods of East Jerusalem from the rest of the West Bank. The "Greater Jerusalem" does not depend entirely on the territories granted by international law in the State of Israel and building the separation barrier imposes de facto borders that are not recognized east of Jerusalem.

Demography

Called Jerusalemite (s) the inhabitants of Jerusalem.

In 1967, there were 263,307 inhabitants, 195,700 Jews (74%) and 54,963 Arabs (21%).

In 2004 there were 706,000 inhabitants, 458,000 Jews (65%) (including 200 000 in the East) and 225,000 Arabs (32%).

Within the Jewish population, the ultra-Orthodox ( Haredim ) weigh nearly a third, non-Orthodox Haredim are about 10%, and the remaining 60% are traditionalists (religious partial) or lay people .

The Arab population has increased in proportion since 1967 , from 20% in 1967 to 32% in 2004 to all of Jerusalem. However, the French Senate stated that "the demographic balance in East Jerusalem has gradually changed in favor of the Israelis" .

These demographic changes are attributable mainly to higher birthrates of Arabs. However, since 2005 the total fertility rate of Jewish and Arab populations of Jerusalem are at the same level of 3.9 children per woman - a consequence of the significant decline in the Arab birthrate recorded in recent years .

The other major reason is the migration deficit of the city, since each year the people leaving the city are 6 or 7 000 more than those who move there. Most part live in the suburbs of Jerusalem, where housing costs are much lower. The policy of building permits, the Economic and Social Council of the United Nations and Amnesty International consider it discriminates against Palestinians and the destruction of houses belonging to Palestinians also affect the Arab population of East Jerusalem ^, .

The city called "thrice holy"

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The Wailing Wall in Jerusalem

The entrance (of Christ ) in Jerusalem (icon Ukraine 1570)

General view of the Dome of the Rock. third holiest site for Muslims

The city of Jerusalem is regarded as "thrice holy" because it contains the holiest places of Jewish and Christian religions and the third holiest site in Islam :

• the Wailing Wall , a remnant of the Temple ;
• Church of the Holy Sepulchre ;
• the Dome of the Rock and Al Aqsa mosque.

Jerusalem is a privileged site:

• for Jews for over 2,500 years for Jerusalem is regarded both as an important place for pilgrimages biblical patriarchs Hebrew, the capital of King David 's kingdom and later Jewish Hasmonean. After the two destructions of the Temple of Jerusalem and dispersion of the Jewish people who followed, Judaism has always evoked a return to Jerusalem, the ancient capital of the Kingdom of Israel by David. The first Babylonian exile had caused an initial return of Jews to the Promised Land to rebuild the Temple. Jewish identity remained tied to Jerusalem through the biblical and historical legacy that has continued to be taught and transmitted from generation to generation since the second exile called "Rome" of the Jewish people. It is the city where religious worship was made at the time of the two Temples and where remains the Wailing Wall , a remnant of the temple and place of prayer. It is a place of religious pilgrimage during the three pilgrimage festivals : for example, every year during the festival of Pesach (Passover), the words "Next Year in Jerusalem" just close the ceremonies. The traditional daily prayer (always addressed by turning to the city) blessed the building of Jerusalem and calls for the return of exiles.
• by Christians since the ^first century and the stories of the life of Jesus of Nazareth as described in the Gospels , since its ascent to the Temple of Jerusalem until his crucifixion and his resurrection , according to Christian dogma, consecutively, there and there are also honors the memories of Mary of Nazareth , saints and Jacques tienne who were martyred, etc.. St. Helena , mother of Constantine, the Byzantine emperors and there erected magnificent temples of the Holy Places. This link between Christians and Jerusalem has been maintained by the Crusades in the Holy Land in successive Middle Ages. Jerusalem was the capital of the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem from 1099 to 1187. It is a historical patriarchates (with Rome, Antioch, Alexandria, Constantinople);
• by Muslims since ^the seventh century, drawing on all the above reasons and also because the tradition of Jerusalem is the place where the Prophet of Islam Muhammad would have made his night journey , according to Sura XVII Koran. Moreover, the early Muslims prayed toward Jerusalem, the direction of Mecca was established by Muhammad later. If the Koran does not explicitly mention the name of the city, but describes how Mohammed, having reached the farthest Mosque, ascends to heaven (al-Mi `raj: Ascension) accompanied by the angel Gabriel , the name of Jerusalem as a place of nocturnal journey is cons perfectly explicit in the narration of Ibn Ishaq transmitted by Muhammad . Finally armistice agreements were not registered by the United Nations nevertheless contributed to their supervision. They have been guaranteed by the Western members of the Security Council of UN (United States, France, United Kingdom). This is the tripartite declaration of May 29, 1950. Meanwhile, the Jordanian Chamber of Deputies and the Chamber of Notables voted April 24, 1950 annexation of East Jerusalem and the West Bank. The Israeli Basic Law of 1980 confirms the status of the capital city "eternal and indivisible." Resolution 476 and Resolution 478 the Security Council of the UN are on that decision. They reiterated that "the acquisition of territory by force is inadmissible," it must be ended its occupation of Jerusalem and that "the legislative and administrative measures taken by Israel ... have no legal validity and constitute a flagrant violation of the Geneva Convention ... .

  The Security Council states in its preamble "the holy city of Jerusalem, in fact, the delineation of the old city is the only internationally established. The name of Jerusalem is different realities for Israel, Jordan, the Arab League countries and the Palestinians. The right name is probably a question to be decided independently of geographical boundaries. According to the Partition Plan for Palestine , it should be three separate entities: an under Israeli control, a Palestinian-controlled and include Jerusalem and its suburbs (including Bethlehem) under international control.

  1988 (July 31), King Hussein of Jordan said on television that he abandons its claims to sovereignty over the West Bank and East Jerusalem to the Organization for the Liberation of Palestine . This statement has no validity under international law. On 26 October 1994 the Treaty of Peace between Israel and Jordan was signed. The international borders between Israel and Jordan are set. But the status of the territories "... under Israeli military control since 1967," that is to say, including East Jerusalem, is reserved . It is nevertheless clear that the "special role" of the Kingdom of Jordan on the Muslim pilgrimage sites in Jerusalem is recognized. Priority will be given to this historical role in the negotiations on the future permanent status of the city , this according to the Washington Declaration of July 25, 1994 . In 2000 , the PA passed a law establishing Jerusalem as the capital of a future state, this law is ratified in 2002. For parties, the status of Jerusalem remains a key issue in solving the Israeli-Palestinian conflict.

  In December 2003, the Geneva Initiative , an alternative peace plan drawn up by former partners of the Taba negotiations , provides the framework for a comprehensive settlement of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, shared sovereignty over Jerusalem, which would capital of two states, the Arab neighborhoods and the Temple Mount is under Palestinian sovereignty.

  The question of the legitimacy of both parties on Jerusalem also leads to debates about archeology. The Israelis have begun since 1967 to provide research evidence for the existence of the Temple of Jerusalem. Palestinians and Israelis accusing each other of conducting work together to destroy further evidence of this existence and others to undermine the foundations of the mosques in the old city. (According to Israeli experts, the foundations of the mosques have been weakened by several earthquakes in recent centuries.) Discussion on the use of expressions Mount Temple / Temple Mount is significant relative to the concerns of both parties to win the battle for legitimacy in Jerusalem.

  Israel's position

  

  

  the Knesset , Israeli parliament located in Jerusalem

  After the Declaration of Independence of the State of Israel in 1948 and the war that followed, the city ends up divided between a western part annexed by Israel and an eastern part (including the old city) annexed by Jordan separated by a no man's land. In 1949 , West Jerusalem was proclaimed capital of Israel.

  In 1967, during the Six Day War , Israeli army conquered East Jerusalem and said Israel unified Jerusalem, its capital "eternal and indivisible". However, almost all states have so far maintained its embassy in Israel to Tel Aviv because international law has held that no change in the status of the city. The Jews then have access to their holy sites, while access to the Esplanade of the Mosques and Muslim holy sites is regulated. The management of the plaza was still under the jurisdiction of a body composed of Palestinian Muslims, the Waqf (where is the Al-Quds University ) and a "self" of Palestinian areas. The failure of the summit ends the negotiations. In 2005, the status issue and the possible division of Jerusalem is at the heart of future peace process negotiations but no attempt has not been initiated on this point since the Taba summit.

  Position of the PLO and the Palestinian Authority

  Early in the British Mandate and throughout their nationalist struggle , the Palestinians have claimed control of all Palestine, with Jerusalem as its capital but could not achieve its demands.

  At the proclamation of a Palestinian state by the PLO in 1988, Jerusalem was chosen as the capital ^, . The PLO of Arafat has often positioned within the meaning of these claims refusing to have another capital as Jerusalem. The PLO in Jerusalem had an unofficial headquarters, the "Orient House, headed by Faisal Husseini, in 2001, this institution has been forcibly closed. Jerusalem is also the hometown of Palestinian refugees wishing to return to live there. The final status of the city is so intimately tied to the issue of Palestinian refugees.

  Position of the Holy See

  Eastern Christians are no longer issued claims on Jerusalem since the end of the Kingdom of Jerusalem. Most of them fall within the Orthodox Patriarchate of Jerusalem , and those within the Latin Patriarchate are a minority. Christians have always continued to live in Palestine , and maintain some important places of pilgrimage. They experienced the creation of the State of Israel as a failure. It is among the Arabs but also Christian, as the French government, the Vatican found the strongest support for an internationalization of Jerusalem, as proposed in 1947.

  UN position

  The UN position on Jerusalem is linked to resolution 181 of the General Assembly and the resolutions of the General Assembly and Security Council made thereunder.

  The Security Council in resolutions 476 and 478, said that Israeli law establishing Jerusalem as the capital "eternal and indivisible" is null and void and a violation of international law. The resolution invites Member States to withdraw their diplomatic missions in the city.

  First UN proposal

  At the end of the British Mandate , the partition plan for Palestine of 1947 stipulated that Jerusalem become a Corpus Separatum under international control and independent of what would become a Palestinian Arab state and a Jewish state. This separation should thus ensure that all religions have free access to all holy places safe. The Special Committee on Palestine had expected that after a period of ten years of "Corpus Separatum," the final status of Jerusalem would be determined by the people consulted by referendum.

  History of Resolutions

  The following resolutions were adopted by the Security Council of UN. They involve tacitly Jerusalem (resolution 252) or explicit for all subsequent resolutions:

  • 1968 : Resolution 252
  • 1969 : resolutions 267 and 271
  • 1971 : Resolution 298
  • 1980 : resolutions 465 , 476 and 478
  • 1996 : Resolution 1073

  International position

  • In the past, before 1973 a number of African countries, including the Ethiopia and the Ivory Coast had embassies in Jerusalem. In 1973 , after the Yom Kippur War , many African countries decided to break diplomatic relations with Israel .
  • Before the resolution 478 passed in 1980, 13 countries had embassies in Jerusalem: Bolivia , the Chilean , the British , the Costa Rica , the Dominican Republic , the Equator , the El Salvador , on Guatemala , Haiti , the Netherlands , the Panama , the Uruguay , the Venezuela. Under the terms of this resolution, the 13 embassies have been moved to Tel Aviv. The embassies of Costa Rica and El Salvador were again moved to Jerusalem in 1984 , until 2006 when the two states decided to move back their embassies in Tel Aviv. Foreign consulates, as the Consulate General of Greece , the French consulate, and those of the United Kingdom and the United States, located in Jerusalem, to award the Occupied Palestinian Territory , including East Jerusalem. The embassies of Bolivia and Paraguay are for their part in a suburb of Jerusalem, Mevasseret Zion. The Netherlands has an office in Jerusalem, which deals almost exclusively with cases involving Israelis.
  • The United States has passed a law in Congress in 1995 stating that "Jerusalem should be recognized capital of the State of Israel" and that the U.S. embassy should be moved to Jerusalem no later than 31 May 1999. Since the relocation of the embassy has consistently been postponed twice a year by the U.S. President. The terms of these reports however indicate that the administration is engaged in the process of moving the embassy to Jerusalem. One consequence of the 1995 Act is that the official U.S. approach Jerusalem as Israel's capital.
  • The United Kingdom considers that the status of Jerusalem must be determined by negotiations between the Israeli and Palestinian. This country recognizes Israel de facto control of the western part of the city but consider East Jerusalem as occupied territory and recognizes no sovereignty over the city.
  • In a statement to Le Figaro published November 30, 2009, the French foreign minister, Bernard Kouchner , said: "For us, Jerusalem must be, both the capital of the State of Israel and the future Palestinian state . "
  • On December 8, 2009, the EU calls on Israel to share Jerusalem as the capital of two states joint Jewish and Palestinian. The bloc insist they "will not recognize any change other than negotiated" pre-1967 status .

  Economy

  

  

  Mahane Yehuda market in West Jerusalem.

  Historically, Jerusalem's economy was mainly focused on religious pilgrimages and now more generally on tourism, and public enterprises of the State of Israel ^, .

  Since the establishment of the State of Israel, the government remained a major player in the economy of the city. It not only generates a large number of jobs, but work to provide conditions conducive to entrepreneurship .

  Although Tel Aviv remains the financial center of Israel, a growing number of high-tech companies are leaving Tel Aviv to Jerusalem. Industrial Zone Har Hatzvin north of the city hosts several major companies like Intel, Teva Pharmaceutical Industries, and ECI Telecom .

  Among the major sectors of Jerusalem included shoe factories, textile, pharmaceuticals, metal products, and printed articles. The plants are located mainly in the industrial area of Atarot north along the road to Ramallah .

  Art and Culture

  This section is empty, insufficiently detailed or incomplete. Your help is welcome!
  

  

  Sculpture at the Israel Museum

  Jerusalem is home to many religious and historical monuments such as the Western Wall - also known as the Wailing Wall - the Al-Aqsa and the Dome of the Rock , the Church of the Holy Sepulchre. The Old Town is completely surrounded by walls dating from the XVI ^century.

  It is also home to several Israeli government institutions, such as Knesset (National Assembly), the Supreme Court , or institutions like Hebrew University , the Yad Vashem (the memorial to the Holocaust ), the Yad Ben Zvi- or the French Biblical and Archaeological School.

  Many archaeological sites exist in Jerusalem, including Solomon's Stables , the City of David.

  Social Life

  Education

  

  

  Campus of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem.

  Jerusalem is home to many prestigious universities offering courses in Hebrew , Arabic and English. The Hebrew University of Jerusalem was founded in 1925, she became part of the 100 best universities in the world . Albert Einstein and Sigmund Freud were among the board's governors . The university is among the few alumni winners of Nobel Prizes that academics Avram Hershko , David Gross and Daniel Kahneman .

  

  

  Inauguration ceremony of Hebrew University in Jerusalem.

  The work of students and researchers is facilitated by the National Library of Israel , which receives nearly 5 million volumes . The library opened its doors in 1892, nearly thirty years before the first university. It's the site with the most books of Hebrew theme. Today she meets the national library and university library . The Hebrew University of Jerusalem is composed of three campuses, one at Mount Scopus and the other at Givat Ram , and the campus of medicine at Hadassah Medical Center.

  The al-Quds University was founded in 1984 , it hosts Palestinian academics and those from Arab countries . Al-Quds University is located southeast of the city on nearly 19 hectares . Other institutes of higher learning in Jerusalem are the Academy of Music and Dance in Jerusalem and the Bezalel Academy of Arts and Design which the buildings are located on the campus of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem.

  

  

  The campus of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem Givat Ram.

  The Faculty of Technology was founded in Jerusalem in 1969, offering engineering education and high technology industrial .

  Education for Arabs in Jerusalem and Israel is criticized for its lower quality than for Jews . Many schools in East Jerusalem are filled to maximum capacity, so that one receives complaints against overpopulation. However, the Jerusalem Municipality is currently building more than a dozen new schools in the Arab neighborhoods of the city . Schools in Ras el-Amud and Umm Lison opened in 2008 In March 2007 the Israeli government offers a 5-year plan to build 8,000 new classrooms in the city, 40% in the Arab sector and 28 % in the Haredi. A budget of NIS 4.6 billion has been earmarked for the project In 2008, a British philanthropist whose made a 3 million U.S. dollars for school construction in Arab East Jerusalem . The Arab students spend bagrut , as consideration, the bulk of their curriculum is identical to that of other Israeli high schools and includes some topics related to Jewish culture .

  Health

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  Security

  This section is empty, insufficiently detailed or incomplete. Your help is welcome!

  Sports

  

  

  Teddy Kollek Memorial Stadium.

  The two most popular sports are football and basketball . The Betar Jerusalem , the Israeli football league , is best known in Israel , having been victorious five times in the football section of Israel . Jerusalem has another football team, the FC Hapoel Katamon , winner once the football section of Israel , which is a third division, Liga Artzit.

  In basketball, the Hapoel Jerusalem plays in the top division. The club won the championship of Israel Basketball three times, and the ULEB Cup in 2004 . Inaugurated in 1992, Teddy Kollek Stadium is the largest football stadium in Jerusalem with a capacity of 21,000 seats .

  Transportation

  

  

  Begin Highway
  

  

  Fresco illustrating the tram Jaffa Street in Jerusalem

  Air Transportation

  The nearest airport is Atarot, north of Jerusalem ( 31 51 '53 "N 35 13' 09" E / 31.864722, 35.219167 ), which was used for domestic flights until October Israeli 2000 including flights to Eilat , and is now under the control of the IDF because of its proximity gogaphique with the autonomous Palestinian territories . Since then, the flights were transferred to the Ben Gurion airport near Tel Aviv at about forty miles north-west.

  Road Transport

  The Egged bus cooperative , the second largest bus company in the world ^</ sup>, serves most towns around Jerusalem and operates bus services to the rest of the country since the Central Bus Station on Jaffa Road, near the western entrance to Jerusalem.

  Rail transport

  Jerusalem is connected by railway to Tel Aviv since 1892. His service was interrupted in 1998 because of poor infrastructure, which were renovated. It was reopened in its entirety in April 2005 with the inauguration of the new Jerusalem Malha Railway Station , located in the south of the city.
  A second high speed rail link from Tel Aviv, is under construction north of the frontline. This will be electrified and will use several long tunnels for the passage of high speed trains from the coast to the mountainous region of Jerusalem. Initially, it will reach a new underground station Binyanei Hauma beneath the central bus station. In a second step, it could be extended so as to be connected to the historical line. The journey from Tel Aviv to Jerusalem will then take 28 minutes. The line should be completed around 2011.

  Tram

  Main article: Trams in Jerusalem.

  The tender took place in 2000. The tramway is under construction and should be shipped in September 2010 , however, a further period of nine months has been requested. It should be capable of transporting daily almost two hundred thousand people are estimated. It is planned 23 stations .

  Twinning (established de facto by the Israeli municipality)

  • New York ( USA ) since 1993 ^,

  Notes and references

  Notes

  1. See the discussion corresponding
  2. And possibly "people", according to Gesenius ( Sander and Trnel 1859 ).
  3. Since it is the capital of Israel.

  References

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  61. (en) Veolia abandon the Jerusalem tramway blog Denis Brunetti . Accessed July 12, 2009.
  62. (en) Sister Cities International: Israel, Middle East . Accessed July 29, 2009
  63. New York City Global Partners in New York City. Accessed July 29, 2009

  Bibliography

  • Nathaniel Philip Sanders and Isaac Trnel, Hebrew-French dictionary, Bureau of Archives Israelites, 1859, p. 811 [ read online ]
  • Treaty of Peace between the State of Israel and the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan on untreaty.un.org, United Nations Treaty Collection, October 26, 1994. Accessed July 6, 2010
  • Washington Declaration on mfa.gov.il, Israeli Ministry of Foreign Affairs, July 15, 1994. Accessed July 6, 2010
  

  

  View of Jerusalem from the Mount of Olives

  See also

  Related Articles

  • East Jerusalem
  • List of Orthodox Patriarchs of Jerusalem
  • Pilgrimage to Jerusalem

  External Links

  • Maps & Maps of Jerusalem
  • (In) Official website of the Jerusalem Municipality
  • King David and Jerusalem: Myth and Reality
  • The history of Jerusalem and the Jews in Jerusalem by then
  • (In) Akkadian Tablets
  • Jerusalem, a city so full of mythical story by Andre Lemaire, director of studies at the Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes.
  • Jerusalem, lyrical evocation of a troubled history by Ren Saens, writer.
  • The library of Architecture and Heritage Archive photographs
  • (In) Jerusalem Pocket Guide & Atlas
  • (In) Jerusalem, in KnowledgeRush Encyclopedia

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