Jean Paul Marat
| Jean-Paul Marat | |
 | |
Marat's portrait by Joseph Boze (1793) | |
| Birth | 24 May 1743 Boudry, Neuchtel, Switzerland |
|---|---|
| Deaths | 13 July 1793 (50 years) Paris |
| Nationality | Prussia ( Switzerland today) |
| Occupation (s) | Journalist , politician , doctor |
| Family | two son, Henry and Justin |
Jean-Paul Marat was born in Boudry ( principality of Neuchtel ) on 24 May 1743 and died in Paris on 13 July 1793 is a doctor , physician , journalist and politician French. He was a member mountain to the Convention at the time of the Revolution. It has long been considered the main responsible for the massacres of September , which has blackened its image, even if historians have come back quite heavily on its role. His assassination by Charlotte Corday allowed to Hebertists to make a martyr of the Revolution and install a few months his remains to the Pantheon.
Summary |
Medical physicist
Born in Boudry , in the principality of Neuchtel ( Prussian at the time, and whose territory corresponds to that of the present canton of Neuchtel in Switzerland ), he was the son of Jean-Baptiste Marat , a monk defrocked home Sardinian born in Cagliari in 1704 and designer in Indian converted to Calvinism , and Geneva Louise Cabrol , his younger brother David ( 1756 - 1821 ) was professor of French literature at the Lyce Imperial Tsarskoe Selo , where his pupils included the young Pushkin.
The future treaty and left his family in Neuchtel in 1759 , after graduating from college and became a tutor of children of a shipowner Bordeaux. After a stay in Paris from 1762 to 1765 where he completed his studies and gained in self trained doctor, he moved to London and then Newcastle in 1770 , where he worked as a physician and veterinarian. Between 1770 and 1772 he wrote The Adventures of Young Potowsky count, an epistolary novel in the style of the time, which remains unpublished. In 1772 he published anonymously An Essay on the Human Soul, then, after his return to the British capital in 1773 , a second philosophical work, A Philosophical Essay on Man, which was reissued in 1775 . Disciple of Rousseau , he attacked several times Helvetius , treated as "false and superficial mind" in this book, but also Voltaire , which he described as "illogical" and replied with the banter in a short article , published in the Journal of Political and literature on 5 May 1777 .
In May 1774 , Marat was published in London the Chains of Slavery, which was in the context of the election campaign which saw the election of John Wilkes as alderman and Lord Mayor of London .
After a short stay in the United Provinces ( 1774 - 1,775 ) . He opened a law firm experience where he did research in experimental physics , especially on the nature of light , the light and the medical electricity. In August 1783 , the latter topic led to his being crowned by the Academy of Rouen , in his grand hotel in the Rue de Bourgogne, the experiences of Marat, who wants to proven both in physics and medicine . In 1778 , he had presented a paper on the nature of fire, and Jean-Baptiste Le Roy, who had been appointed to the commission to investigate the merits of the theories of Marat, had succeeded in attracting Franklin "Having exposed his bald head at the focus of solar microscope (instrument invented by Marat), we saw surrounded by rolling vapors that ended twisted into points, and they represented the kind of flame that painters have the attribute of engineering "
This research earned him criticism from the Academy of Sciences in Paris .
Fell ill in 1782 , besides its scientific conflict, he experienced a reversal of fortune, before losing in 1784 his office of physician to the Comte d'Artois , . In the 1780s , Marat continued to treat Claire de Choiseul, the Marquise de Chteauneuf Hawthorn (1751-1794) which supported financially and with whom he had an affair concerned if we are to believe the editors of Jacques-Pierre Brissot .
"A few years at a salary of Count of Artois as a doctor, Marat became intimate, if one believes the Observer newspaper, with the bookseller Lawrence who passed for the evil genius who's Minister Calonne, London, cons-organized the revolution with the unspoken support of the British government. The bookseller Lawrence was true even the editor of the sheet of Marat " corroborated this information later by Barrere of Vieuzac:
"Marat left Geneva in 1782 and fanatical to London where he returned in 1790 as pursued by La Fayette , returned in 1791 is put at the head of the Cordeliers, main agitators of the populace. His two colleagues were Gasc , a partner of lvernois in the administration of English subsidies and Jannot-Lancon. It is near these adventurers that I was sent by the French Republic and is against them that I had to fight, especially when I proved to them that under the deceptive veil of democracy, they were the channel of distribution in Lyon sums sent by the court of London to patriot leaders and heads royalists in 1793 that devastated the central point of our trade . "
There was a time approached, unsuccessfully, to found an academy in Madrid by the Minister Floridablanca The Revolution On 25 July 1789 , the Constitution Committee presented to the Assembly by the votes of the member Mounier , a first draft. At this point, Marat published in early August , one sheet 8vo 8 pages Monitor patriot, devoted entirely to criticism of the draft Constitution, fueled criticism, among others by his experience of English constitutional model. It is also aimed in this direction at the end of August, the National Assembly in a letter entitled "Table of defects in the English Constitution, introduced in August 1789 the States-General as a series of reefs avoided in the Government they wanted to give France ". On 12 September 1789 , Marat published the first issue of the Parisian public , political newspaper, free and impartial daily newspaper known as The People's Friend. It normally consisted of 8 pages in-8, sometimes 10 or 12, sometimes 16. From September 1789 to September 1792 , Marat will appear as nearly a thousand numbers. Under the Constitution, he defended the cause of passive citizens, victims of the silver mark. He wrote of a "citizen's petition liabilities. He took the same position on colonial issues between May 1791 and April 1792. Imbued with the thought of Montesquieu, to whom he paid tribute in a contest for pre-revolutionary irony of his text "from the slavery of Negroes" in May 1791 he defended the cause of free colored people, condemned the amendment Rewbell May 15, which recognizes citizenship to some but discriminates against others. He even published May 18, 1791 a plan of gradual abolition of slavery of blacks with compensation for farmers. In the autumn of 1791 to the announcement of the slave uprising in Santo Domingo he radicalized his thinking taking up the cause of the insurgents, which he predicted December 12, 1791 Access to Independence. Marat made two trips to England at the time of the Revolution. The first took place in the 1790s, and the second in spring 1792. When he returned to Paris, Marat was detached from the Duke of Orleans, he strongly defended by the Constituent Assembly until July 1791 to help develop the movement now still embryonic exaggeration revolutionary which began dramatically with the massacres of September 1792, continued throughout the year 1793 and ended with the end of the Great Terror. After the day of 10 August 1792 , it encourages further movement by advocating the elimination of imprisoned royalists. Unlike his previous calls for murder, it is this time followed by a section of the press, including Gironde. The publication of the Friend of the people cease to August 21, and his latest call for murder of 19, it is likely that at least one closet anonymously on August 26 is the hand . On the eve before the 2 September 1792 , it was named assistant Supervisory Committee of the Paris Commune. In his diary, he told some two days earlier than the . This circular and its violent writings contributed significantly to do to take primary responsibility for the massacres, but this view is abandoned by historians since the 1930s and books of Gottschalk and Walter . Parliamentary commissions of inquiry demanded by the Girondins were slow to fall into place. In September 1792 the elections to the National Convention which shall succeed to the Legislative Assembly be held at two levels, as required by the Constitution of 1791. On 9 September 1792 , Marat is chosen by his section to be a member of the Paris Convention. Ironically he was very legalistic about the fate inflicted on Louis XVI. In contrast to Robespierre, Saint-Just, Saint-Andre-Jeanbon he wanted a real trial that would highlight the crimes of the king. He heard also expunge the crimes and offenses committed prior to September 1791 (King's flight to Varennes and shooting the Champs de Mars) to the extent that they were pardoned. Only the day of tile could be used against Louis XVI as a crime to be established. He does not vote unless the king's death within 24 hours of course and rejected the appeal to the people and the suspension. Shortly after he took the offensive against the faction known as the "statesman" is to tell supporters that he denounced Brissot unabated. He took them to Lebrun-Tondu particular he accused of having links with "foreign agents", including Edward Wackiers of his family and representatives of international banking . Since he was elected president of the Jacobins , on 5 April 1793 , a circular calling for insurrection and coup d'etat was published under his name. "The cons-revolution, he asserted, is in the National Convention (...) Let us rise, yes we all get up! Let's arrest all the enemies of our Revolution and all suspicious persons. Exterminate mercilessly all conspirators if we do not want to be exterminated ourselves (...) Dumouriez march on Paris to restore the kingdom (...) To arms! "On April 17 , Guadet read aloud the manifesto and, finally, asked for the arrest of Marat. The decree of arrest was issued by Marat treaty by a majority of 220 votes against 92. Forty-eight members turned back because they were usually denounced in the writings of Marat. Enacted-making body, it was translated to the Revolutionary Court the following day, April 13. Faced with the April 24 at his accusers and his defenders, Marat was granted a jury that it was a foregone conclusion. Acquitted on April 24 , Marat, crowned with laurel, was carried in triumph. Under the legislation, the first half of December 1791, and among the first prospective mountaineers engaged in this struggle-Marat fought vigorously Gironde in belligerence Ami du Peuple. December 15, 1791, he published a plan of defensive war. (Jean Jaures, Socialist History of the French Revolution, "The Law Clerk" and Jean Massin, Marat, 1960) After this date for financial reasons, he had to suspend its publication until at the beginning of April 1792, but then more radical than Robespierre (after Max Gallo Robespierre story of a lonely Paris, Perrin, 1968) he took the course, even taking a defeatist speech after April 20, 1792; the fear of war benefit Lafayette Girondins that members did not want to dismiss, motivated his decision and exposed to new lawsuits. (Marat Jean Massin, 1961). In November 1792, almost alone he abstained from voting on the annexation of Savoy to France, and as regards the territories occupied by France, he preached in the winter of 1792-1793, the sparingly relation to the forces of aristocracy and clergy that Brissotins wanted to exclude politics. (Jean Jaures, Socialist History of the Revolution "The French Revolution and Europe"). All this was not inconsistent with his argument for war to the death against the allied powers, insofar as she became defensive. Just before his death July 12, 1793 on the occasion of renewal he demanded the ouster of Barrere committee public hello (Jean Massin, op cit) who, not mountain Jacobin, was still a supporter of the war attack . These are all data which show by Thomas Paine and the conventional so-called "moderate" (but as Barrere and Gironde, former warmongers) as the objective ally of William Pitt who praised the "support" of Marat to his "war policy" and its active role in the first "pit" - the proscription of the Girondins - practiced in the Convention. And because it was they who did declare again to England, 1 February 1793 (report on Brissot). In the British Parliament , the Prime Minister argued the instability of the French government. . Since 3 June 1793 , Marat no longer presented to the Convention. The evolution of his illness prevented him from appearing in public. According to Dr. Souberbielle, the origin of evil was herpes. The doctor Cabans suggested the likelihood of a severe form of eczema or the consequences of diabetes . As of June 20 , his condition worsens and requires him to constantly take baths for relief. Marie Anne Charlotte Corday of the Armont , after the nobility of Caen and down in line with Pierre Corneille , becomes aware of the revolutionary events and meet several members Girondins who took refuge in Caen after their indictment by the Convention. Although open to new ideas, the young woman is outraged by the excesses of the Revolution. Considering Marat as a tyrant and the main instigator of the massacres revolutionaries, she decided to eliminate it. On 11 July 1793 , she arrived in Paris with the intent to murder Marat in the assembly, but needs to review its plans having learned his absence to the Convention . On July 12 , Marat visited by Jacobin deputies, the painter Jacques Louis David , who are the last to see him alive. July 13 Charlotte Corday This is the first time at the home of the Tribune in the late morning but Simone Evrard his wife refuses to let go, she tries a second time to make contact without success, but it did provide a letter that she has written with information about an alleged plot . At the third attempt is Marat himself who asked to be left to enter. After an interview, according to Simone Evrard takes about fifteen minutes, Charlotte Corday pulls out a knife and Marat hit in the chest, the path of the blade through the right lung, aorta and heart, causes death in the bath . Charlotte Corday is arrested on the murder scene, and after his trial by the Revolutionary Tribunal, executed on 17 July 1793. The painter and conventional Jacques-Louis David is responsible for orchestrating the funeral of Marat, especially united Lepeletier de Saint-Fargeau , is presented as a martyr of Liberty, with all the phraseology expensive at the time. This episode of intense communication only last a few months, but had a strong impact, including historiography. On July 15 , David prepares the body's exposure to the Cordeliers, but the state of decomposition, due to intense heat, does not show the public Marat, the painter decides to completely cover with a sheet, except wound caused by the assassination . Great organizer of parties, David plans on Tuesday 16 July 1793 an impressive procession that starts at 18 o'clock. The convoy left the Rue des Cordeliers, through the Rue de Thionville, the Pont Neuf, Quai de la Scrap and goes back to French Theatre , to go to the Cordeliers, where the burial takes place. An immense crowd marched through the night by the light of torches. Le Club des Cordeliers asked to testify in place of its meetings the "heart" of Marat, he joined one of Buirette Verrires which is already set .. In the following weeks, hundreds of tributes will be made to the Friend of the people across France and statues of the "martyrs" are opened everywhere. , a new decree specifies that the image of any citizen will no longer appear in the Assembly or in any public place ten years after its death, his remains are interred in the cemetery (now deceased) of Sainte-Genevieve, near the church of Saint-Etienne-du-Mont , the 26 . The table is returned to the author which will retain until 1820 when he was entrusted to Antoine-Jean Gros in Paris that the cache until the death of David . Following the assassination, several cities in France such as Saint-Nazaire or Le Havre was christened Marat. This was the case a few months. We can still find some traces of these names, streets ( Ivry-sur-Seine , Dcines-Charpieu ) bear his name. In 1921 , the Soviet regime baptize a battleship named Marat , Marat is the first name used in Russia (for example, Marat Safin / A>), and there are Marat (proper name) in France, Sardinia (home country), Italy, Spain. Top revolutionary
Marat publicist
Jean-Paul Marat and the massacres of September
The Trial of Marat
Marat carried in triumph by the people after his acquittal by the Revolutionary Court. Anonymous engraving of 1793.
"Immortal defender of the people and their rights,
He felled the great and overthrew the throne
Fonda equality on the fall of kings;
Of civic virtue offer him the crown! " Recent issues of the Friend of the People
The Assassination of Marat
After the assassination
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