Jean Baptiste Charcot
| Jean-Baptiste Charcot | |
 | |
| Birth | 15 July 1867 Neuilly-sur-Seine |
|---|---|
| Deaths | 16 September 1936 Death at Sea |
| Occupation (s) | Polar explorer , physician |
| Spouse (s) | Jeanne Hugo |
Jean-Baptiste Etienne Auguste Charcot, born in Neuilly-sur-Seine on 15 July 1867 and died at sea (30 miles northwest of Reykjavik ), on 16 September 1936 , is a physician and polar explorer French.
Summary |
Biography
Born July 15, 1867 in Neuilly-sur-Seine, he was the son of doctor Jean-Martin Charcot. From 1876 to 1885 , he attended the School of Alsace , including practice many sports ( boxing , rugby , fencing ) and writes the adventures of a three-masted in Patagonia for a small illustrated paper. In the summer he enjoys sailing at Ouistreham.
From 1883 to 1887 , he made many trips with his father ( Wales , Shetland , the Hebrides , Faroe Islands , in Iceland , Jan Mayen , Netherlands , Spain and Morocco , and keep a real phobia too hot countries). In 1888 , he completed his military service in Alpine as a medical assistant.
In 1891 , the contest received internship, he performs, as a doctor, a trip to Russia with her father.
In 1892 , he bought his first yacht (Daisy, a little cutter he renamed the Slender), a sloop of 8.30 m with which he learns to sail. In 1893 , his father, Jean-Martin Charcot , died of lung edema. Jean-Baptiste is building its first -Why Not? , a cutter of 19.50 m (20 tons), the site Bonnin Lormont / Bordeaux. That same year, it is internal to the Salpetriere Hospital and the Hpital Saint-Antoine.
In 1894 , he completed a two-week cruise. He is champion of France rugby with Stade French rugby Paris , to the position of the right crus. In 1895 , he defended his doctoral thesis progressive muscular atrophy and became Doctor of Medicine at the University of Paris.
In 1895 , he has a first daughter, Marion Charcot (1895-1927).
In 1896 , he married Jeanne Hugo , the granddaughter of Victor Hugo , divorced from her school friend Leon Daudet. He sold his boat being replaced by a schooner of 26 ft timber, the Not-Why? II. In 1897 , he changed ship, a schooner of 31 ft iron with steam engine, the Pourquoi Pas? III. In 1898 , he sailed up the Nile to Aswan in the company of billionaire Vanderbilt.
In 1899 , fascinated by the changes and improvements made by the owner through, he bought his old schooner, the Pourquoi Pas? II, and will cruise in British waters. In 1901 , he conducts research nautical, meteorological and microbiological to the archipelago of Shetland , the islands of Hebrides and the islands of Faroe.
In 1902 , he held the rank of naval officer. He bought a schooner of 214 tons of iron (the Rose-Navy) makes a cruise with his wife to the island Jan Mayen. Then, it navigates to the Iceland , crossed for the first time the Arctic Circle and ice approach.
He also acquired in the years 1895-1900 a wooden chalet in the Swiss-style spa town of Aix-les-Bains in Savoy.
Expeditions to Antarctica
In 1903 , he had built at Saint-Malo a three-masted schooner of 32 meters, the French and mounts the first French expedition to Antarctica that winters in the lee of the island Wandel. March 4, 1905 , the expedition left the Antarctic Peninsula after a winter without a hitch. The scientific objectives are exceeded: 1 000 km of coastline and found discoveries, 3 charts detailed 75 cases of observations, notes, measurements and collections for the Museum of Natural History in Paris. The boat was sold to the Argentine Navy. Upon his return to France, Charcot divorce and moved with her sister Joan, her daughter Marion.
In 1907 , he remarried on Jan. 24 , with Margaret Clery , a painter who often accompany him on his travels, Monique, his second daughter and the first couple, born December 8, 1907 His assignments as a military From 1914 to 1918 , during the war he was first drafted as a doctor of first class marine and assigned to a hospital in Cherbourg. In July 1915 , he won the British Admiralty the command of a ship specially designed and built by the British to hunt submarines. In 1916, he convinced the French Navy to construct Nantes 3 cargo-traps for anti-submarine with crew dressed as merchant seamen. Assigned to command the first of three out of the yard, he Bourlingue for two years along the coast of Brittany and Normandy. Charcot ended the war with the British Military Cross and French and a citation to the order of the Army for his acts of courage. From 1918 to 1925 , Charcot, ascends the hierarchical ranks (junior reserve lieutenant, lieutenant commander) and was appointed Commander in 1923. During this period, he performs with his ship, the Pourquoi Pas? IV scientific missions in the Gulf of Biscay, English Channel, in the North Atlantic, the Mediterranean and the Faroe Islands, primarily for studies in geology and lithology diving through dredging, which Charcot has developed equipment and methods. From 1925 , having reached the age limit, he lost command of the ship, but remains on board as head of missions. He will perform multiple voyages to the Arctic ice. In 1926 , he became a free member of the Academy of Sciences and was entrusted with a mission to Tierra Jameson. He explored the east coast of Greenland and yields an abundant harvest of fossil and many samples of insects and local flora. In 1928 , the Pourquoi Pas? IV and the cruiser Strasbourg (KMS former German Regensburg) go in search of big seaplane French, a " Latham "47, disappeared with the controls the great Norwegian explorer Roald Amundsen , himself in search of the Italian General Nobile , left fly the North Pole aboard the airship Italia in which there is no news. The research will be vain. In 1929 , Charcot was received at the Naval Academy. From 1930 , he prepared the International Polar Year. From 1931 to 1933 , he deals with the definition of the mission, implementation and organization of the station of Scoresby Sund with the help of scientists, local authorities and the Danish workforce of the country. In 1934 , he set up in Greenland ethnographic mission led by Paul-Emile Victor , who is staying for one year Angmagsalik to live among a population of Eskimo. In 1935 , he returned looking Victor and his three companions (Gessain, Perez and Matter) and will further develop the mapping of these regions. On September 16 , a real hurricane ravaged the coasts of Iceland and the boat managed to escape in a small harbor. In September 1936 , returning from Greenland , where he went to deliver scientific equipment to the mission of Paul-Emile Victor , which has just crossed the ice sheet in 50 days, after completing a survey mission, the Pourquoi Pas? IV made a stopover in Reykjavik on September 3 to repair the boiler of the boat. They leave Sept. 15 for St. Malo , but the boat was taken Sept. 16 in a cyclonic storm and dark body and goods on the reefs of Alftanes about 5:30. The toll is 23 dead, 17 missing and only one survivor: the master helmsman Gonidec Eugene , a native of Douarnenez and nicknamed Penguin. It will tell the Commandant Charcot, including the inevitable destruction of the Pourquoi-Pas? IV on coral, freed from his cage a seagull (Rita) who was the mascot of the board. Dr. Charcot, accompanied by the commander and senior master Conniat Floury pilot remained on board and sank with the ship, as the code of honor of the sailors. Jean-Baptiste Charcot, who died at sea, but whose body is found, is buried in Paris at the Montmartre cemetery, October 12, 1936 after a state funeral which took place at the Cathedral of Notre-Dame de Paris. 
Chief of polar missions
Miscellaneous
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