Ismailis
The Ismailis, or Isma `lisme is a minority of the Islamic Shia. Its members were called Ismailis, Isma `islanders (Arabic Isma` ili). The Ismailis are not specifically Persian, not Arab or Indian and he has a long history that is complex and far from being unified, the Ismailis are divided into several branches ( Mubrakiyya , Khattbiyya , Qarmita , Druze , Must `Aliyi , Nizriyya , Sheba `iyya ).
Summary |
The origin of the Ismailis was in the death of the sixth Imam Shia Ja `far as-Sadiq in 765 , successor of Ali ibn Abi Talib.
The mu `tazila founded the first school of rationalist theology in Islam and she soon became the main school of thought among the intellectual elite of the second century of the Hegira. Many Shiites are attracted by the rationalistic theology of the Mu `tazila. The second century of the Hegira will only accelerate and deepen the intellectual and political expansion. The massive effort undertaken by the dynasty Abbasid in the translation of Greek philosophy and science , the literature and the Persian wisdom was only denser and more complex intellectual knowledge.
Undoubtedly the long Imamat (34 years) of Jafar as-Sadiq was a boom period Shiite imams. Imam Ja `far al-Sadiq refused to political action as its predecessors. This has probably served on the Shiite doctrine. Shiism has been through difficult times thanks mainly to teaching and caution of Imam Ja `far al-Sadiq.
Origin of the Ismailis
The split between Shia Twelver and Ismaili Shiites was held in the death of Jafar as-Sadiq in the year 765. It is the eldest son of al-Sadiq, Isma'il `he , who had been designated to succeed his father. According to Abu Muhammad al-Hasan Nawbakht (author of the Firaq al-Shi `a) among them were the Qarmats the khattbiyya the mubrakiyya the Ismailis pure and Twelver.
- Twelvers think that the death of Ja'far al-Sadiq, the Imamate was transferred to Musa al-Kazim , younger brother of Isma'il Could, as it would have died in the lifetime of his father and could not exercise his role as Imam.
- The Ismailis were those who claimed pure qu'Ism `He was refused and Imam version Twelver qu'Ism` He was the living death of his father. But they said it was a ruse of Ja `far al-Sadiq Isma'il` to protect it.
- The mubrakiyya claimed that the death of Ja'far al-Sadiq, the Imamate was transferred to Isma'il Muhammad ibn `There , grand-son of al-Sadiq son of Isma `and he, the living death of his father. According Mubrakiyya the Imamate should be perpetuated from father to son as the Imam Ja'far al-Sadiq was initially appointed Isma'il, it is impossible that the Imamate had been transferred to his younger brother, Musa al-Kazim.
"The Imam is the successor of the prophecy and the transmission is through an explicit mandate from the old to the new Imam. Isma `If he received this dual temporal and spiritual legacy of his father, he and he alone who can pass it to her offspring. The imam is a legitimate son of Muhammad Isma `il and not Musa al-Kazim. " Zyed Krichen
Isma'il Muhammad ibn `it was hidden from the eyes of the world and its four descendants. They are called the hidden imam.
The concept of Imamate and began to articulate the main features of this institution are still embryonic form and become the central theme amplified by Imam Ja `far al-Sadiq Period of the Fatimids (882-1171) The founder, Imam `Ubayd Allah al-Mahdi , installed early in Kairouan , managed to win many supporters among the Berbers and to extend its authority over much of North Africa , from Morocco to Libya. Powerful enough to challenge the authority of the Caliph of Baghdad , he chose another capital by founding the city of Al-Mahdiyya on a peninsula in the Sahel of Tunisia, he proclaimed himself caliph in 909. The Qarmats to revolutionary ideas refused his authority and established a kingdom, marked by violence, in Bahrain , but from 939 , its military power weakened. The Fatimids conquered the Egypt in 969 , thanks to General Jawhar al-Siqilli on the orders of Caliph Al-Muizz li-Din Allah. The general entered Fustat 7 July 969 , in a country plagued by disorganization and famine. They founded, near this city a new capital Cairo , "the Victorious". Unlike authorities Sunnis , the Fatimids in their administration accepted all persons selected according to merit and competence. And members of other faiths of Islam and the Jews and Christians were admitted to higher office. The empire continued to prosper, the Caliph Al-Hakim in Cairo built the great mosque of al-Hakim, begun under the reign of his predecessor, Al-Aziz. He is also the foundation of the House of Wisdom , Dar al-Hikma, which will be promoted the study of Hellenistic science. lawyers , doctors, astronomers, mathematicians attending his extensive library. If one considers the entire Fatimid period as a whole, we must emphasize that Muslims, Jews, and Christians seem to have lived and worked together peacefully for the welfare of the empire throughout the Ifriqiya. By Al-Hakim cons will go down in history as a persecutor of Christians and Jews and as a person disturbed. So violently that he had lived he would have disappeared on 13 February 1021 , during an evening walk on Mount Mukattan . Five days later they found his clothes torn from stab wounds. He was murdered at the instigation of his sister Sitt al-Muk or by a stranger. The Druze , who today remain in Lebanon , in Syria , in Jordan , and Israel , believe in the occultation ( ghayba ) al-Hakim and his divine nature. For them, al-Hakim is the Mahdi whose return is awaited. From 1060 , the territory of the Fatimids was reduced until no further understand that Egypt. In 1077 , the kingdom Quarmate disappeared after their defeat by a coalition of leaders of Arab tribes. At the death of the last Fatimid Caliph Al-Adid , 13 September 1171 , Salah al-Din append the caliphate to that of Baghdad, making it the Sunnis. The Ismailis know during the caliphate Fatimid a new break in 1094 on the death of Caliph al-Mustansir Billah , who had transferred the Imamate of the investiture of his eldest son Nizar to his younger brother Mostali. When he died, some gave their allegiance to Mostali, they are the ones who kept the Fatimid Dawat, the others remained loyal to Imam Nizar. This schism generate two rival groups: the nizriyya and musta `Liyi. The cause of Imam Nizar then found a defender in the person of Hasan Sabbah, who organized the famous Ismaili commanderies in Iran and in particular the fortress of Alamut in the mountains south-west of the Caspian Sea. 17 Ramadan 559 (August 8, 1164) Imam Hasan, the new Grand Master of the Ismaili Nizari proclaimed the Great Resurrection (al-Qiyamat Qiyamat) to all the followers gathered on the high terrace of Alamut is to say the The advent of a pure spiritual Islam free from all legalistic spirit. When the fortress of Alamut was destroyed by the Mongols in 1256, reformed the Ismailis of Alamut went into hiding under the cloak of Sufism. Proponents of the reformed Ismailis of Alamut, in India today called for Khojas recognized leader Aga Khan. The Ismailis profess a gnosis complex influenced by neo-Platonic and diverse traditions of the revealed religions. Early on, they have distinguished themselves by their very particular way of thinking about religion. For them, Islam contains two complementary principles: one exoteric ( zahir ) represented by Mohammed and the Shari `a (religious law), the other esoteric ( batin ) transmitted in the spiritual exegesis of the imam of the time (Imam al-Zaman). Imams are the only custodians of this knowledge (`ilm) received directly (ta` yid) of God and are like the prophetic wisdom. The Ismailis are followers of the allegorical interpretation of texts that should lead believers to the knowledge of the Supreme Truth, it gradually unfolds in layers. Their doctrine is derived from Shi'ism in its many facets, but differs in some points. The cornerstone of their Shiite theosophy is the theory of the Imamate. The sources seem to agree on four Ismaili Imams hidden between Isma'il ibn `he Jafar as-Sadiq and Ubayd Allah al-Mahdi, the names vary somewhat, eg one that is nicknamed" al-Wafi is now the second sometimes the third of these imams. The Ismaili explain the discrepancies sources by the very fact that these imams had to hide and use pseudonyms to avoid prosecution of the Abbasid caliphs. Similarly, difficulties to maintain the security or integrity of the faithful concealment technique Taqiyya was used. At Alamut , the Nizari Ismailis reform, finally abandoning the Islamic ritual prescriptions to focus only on the side esoteric of their faith. The Ismailis are modern times referred to as neo-Ismaili, they would be more than 15 million living for the vast majority in India, Pakistan, Syria, Yemen. They are divided into two main communities: the Bohras from the Mustaliens and Nizari whose spiritual leader the Aga Khan has established in India. It is also in Syria, Jordan and Lebanon, the Druze , members of a sect derived from the initiatory Fatimid Ismailis. The followers of the Ismailis Ismailis are called or Ismailis, not to be confused with the descendants of Ishmael ( the Prophet of Islam and patriarch Bible) called Ismailis. 
The reformed Ismailis of Alamut
Theology
Major thinkers and Fatimid Ismaili prfatimides
Major Nizari Ismaili thinkers
The Ismailis today
Note
Bibliography
References
External Links
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