Ibn Sina
| Avicenna (Latinized name) | |
| Persian philosopher | |
| Middle Age | |
A carpet of Tabriz representative Avicenna | |
| Birth | August 7 980 ( Bukhara , now Uzbekistan ) |
|---|---|
| Deaths | June 1037 ( Hamadan , Iran ) |
| School / tradition | Peripateticism , Islamic philosophy , Avicennism |
| Main interests | Metaphysics , theology , medicine , science , religion , alchemy |
| Notable ideas | Illumination, Angelology |
| Major works | Metaphysics |
| Influenced by | Aristotle , Alexander of Aphrodisias , Neoplatonism , Al-Farabi |
| Influenced | Ibn Tufayl , Averroes , Sohrawardi , Thomas Aquinas , Duns Scotus , Eckhart |
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Ab 'Al al-Husayn ibn' Abd Allah ibn Sina (in Arabic : ), known as Ibn Sina or Avicenna (Latinized form), was a philosopher , a writer, a physician and a scientist Iran. He was interested in many sciences, including the astronomy , the alchemy , the chemistry and psychology. He was born on 7 August 980 at Afshna near Bukhara , part of the province of Khorasan, Persia, now Uzbekistan , and died in Hamadan in Iran in June 1037 Background In the early centuries of the Hijra ( seventh and eighth century ), Eastern intellectuals translate, compile and comment on the writings of ancient Greek especially. A competition begins between culture Arab culture and Persian. From 750 to 850 , a period of caliphs the Abbasids , the science known as "Arab-Muslim" peaked. The sovereigns were paying, sometimes its weight in gold, while recently translated book, and so, from the ninth century , a majority of the writings of Greece was available in Arabic. The philosopher al-Farabi (d. 950 ), the second master (with reference to the first master, Aristotle ), holds a prominent place in this dynamic. Texts and traditions of Islamic doctrine were fixed at the time: In Latin West, the Middle Ages , between the collapse of the Roman Empire ( 476 , invasion of Heruli ) and Renaissance ( 1453 , the fall of Constantinople ). Avicenna, his full name Abu 'Ali al-Husayn ibn Abd Allah ibn Sina, born in August 980 to Khormeytan (or Afshna, the "land of the sun"), near Bukhara in the east of the Persian ( Transoxiana , now Uzbekistan ). His father was a Muslim Shia Ismaili. Avicenna was later converted to Twelver Shiism . It seems he was in his early interest in natural sciences and medicine, only 14, he studied alone. Avicenna was sent during her childhood studying computing at a merchant, al-Natile. Having a good memory, the boy eventually surpass his master numeracy and mathematics. It retains the memory of entire Qur'an. He studied at Bukhara, interested in all the sciences, and especially medicine. It is influenced by a treaty of al-Farabi, which overcomes the difficulties encountered in the study of the Metaphysics of Aristotle. This early in the studies is combined with early in his career: 16 years already, he led the famous doctors. Then all together: having cured the prince Samanid of Bukhara , Nuh ibn Mansur , a serious illness, he is allowed to see the vast library of the palace. His appetite for knowledge to bear, he would have owned 18 years all known sciences. After the death of the prince and his father, who forced him to save his life, began his itinerant life. He travels first in the Khwarez , which was an independent principality (from 994 to 1231 ) south of the Aral Sea , on both sides of Djihoun ( Amu Darya ), between Bukhara and the Caspian Sea. At Djouzdjan , a powerful protector, Abu Muhammed Shirazi , allows him to give public lectures. He began writing his major work, the Qanun (or Canon) of medicine. It then passes through Khorasan , now north-eastern Iran , and Rayy (Rages then, similar to the current Tehran), and finally to Hamadan (west of modern Iran), where the emir Buyid Shams o-dowleh chose him as minister (vizier). He needed when a program of backbreaking work: the day, he devoted himself to public affairs, science night. In addition to live two careers, he worked doubly: it leads from the front of the Shifa and the composition of the medical Canon, the task is so overwhelming that it must be assisted two disciples share the replay sheets of two books whose faithful Al-Juzjani , secretary and biographer in 1021 , the death of Prince Shams-o dowleh and the beginning of the reign of his son -Sama o dowleh , crystallize the ambitions and resentments: the victim of political intrigues, Avicenna knows the prison. Disguised as a dervish , he managed to escape and fled to Isfahan , to the Emir kakouyide `o-Ala dowleh. These changes do not undermine his work bulimia. He enjoyed such a reputation that many princes of Asia called him to their court: the king of Persia employed both as vizier and as a physician. He also successfully cultivated philosophy, and was one of the first to study and publicize Aristotle. He wrote from what philosopher of treatises on logic and metaphysics, which he often shows an original thinker. During an expedition, to which he belonged, the emir `Ala o-cons dowleh Hamadan , Avicenna is hit by a severe intestinal crisis, which he suffered for long, and maturing, they say, as a result of excessive work and pleasure. Avicenna attempted to heal himself, but his remedy was fatal. He died at the age, always precocious, fifty-seven years in August 1 037 (four hundred twenty-eight AH) after leading a life very hectic and full of vicissitudes, exhausted by overwork. The religion of the mother is known as Avicenna by secondary sources. If it can be assumed at first approach it is Muslim, some sources say she was Jewish: this is the case of the novel Avicenna Sinou Gilbert. However, another source says the Sultan Mahmud of Ghazni have spread this information to "defame" the philosopher. On a scale variable depending on the source (276 titles for GC Anawati, 242 for Yahya Mahdavi), the work of Avicenna is numerous and varied. Avicenna wrote mainly in the scholarly language of his time, the classical Arabic , but sometimes in the vernacular, the Persian. He is the author of monuments, works more modest, but also short texts. His work covers the entire scope of knowledge of his time: The design staff of the philosopher finds its completion in Eastern philosophy (hikmat mashriqiya), which took the form of a compilation of twenty-eight thousand questions. This work disappeared at the sack of Isfahan ( 1034 ), and the fact that some fragments remain. For several centuries, until the seventeenth century , the Qanun is the foundation of education in Europe where he dethroned Galen , as well as in Asia. He is the use of breaks , the rhubarb , the tamarind , the myrobatan , etc.. Avicenna, fine scholar, was the translator of the works of Hippocrates and Galen , and paying particular attention to the study of Aristotle. It is part of a general movement that lives the culture of Islamic philosophers explore the culture Greek from the Byzantine Empire, as part of Western Europe where many Greek and Roman manuscripts were known mostly by scribes of the monasteries. Avicenna was close to the Shia Ismaili , which later belonged to his father and brother, and her autobiography she relates their efforts to bring about its accession to the Ismaili Dawat. However, Avicenna belonged to the Shia Twelver. Membership and non-Ismailis is controversial and remains a current debate on the influence of this branch of Islam. The Ismailis includes important figures such as Abu Yaqub Sejestani ( tenth century ), Abu Hatim al-Razi (d. 933 ), Hamid Kermani (circa 1017 ) or e Nasir Khusraw (between 1072 and 1077 ) whose work strongly influenced the thought in the Islam. Thus, the Ten Intelligences theory (see below), which began at al-Farabi appears in Hamid Kermani before Avicenna does appropriates. The Kitab al-Qanun fi al-Tibb (Medical Book of Acts "), composed of five books, is the major medical works of Avicenna. His Canon met with great success, which eclipsed the previous work of Rhazes ( 850 - 926 ) of Haly-Abbas ( 930 - 994 ) and Abu al-Qasim ( 936 - 1013 ) and even those of Ibn-Al Nafis ( 1,210 - one thousand two hundred and eighty-eight ) that came after. The crusaders of the twelfth to the seventeenth century brought it to Europe The Canon of Medicine, which influenced the practice and teaching of Western medicine. The book was translated into Latin by Gerard of Cremona between 1150 and 1187 , and printed in Hebrew in Milan in 1473 , then to Venice in 1527 and in Rome in 1593. Its influence lasts up its challenge to the Renaissance : Leonardo da Vinci rejects anatomy and Paracelsus burned. It is the development of European science that will cause obsolescence, for example the description of blood circulation by William Harvey in 1628. Nevertheless this book marked a long study of medicine, and even in 1909 , a course of medicine of Avicenna was given to Brussels. Avicenna is distinguished in the fields of ophthalmology, obstetrics and gynecology and psychology. It focuses much to the description of symptoms, describing all the diseases listed at the time, including those in psychiatry. But above all, Avicenna is concerned with ways to maintain health. It recommends regular sport or hydrotherapy in preventive medicine and healing. He stresses the importance of human relations in the maintenance of good mental and somatic health. Avicenna's medicine can be summarized by the phrase introducing Urdjuza Fi Tib '(Poem of Medicine): "Medicine is the art of maintaining health and possibly cure the disease occurred in the body." His philosophical doctrine, particularly his metaphysics, based on that of Aristotle and the work of Al-Farabi. His other works are marked by the pursuit of an Eastern philosophy and a personal mystical. Islamic philosophy, imbued with theology, conceived more clearly that Aristotle 's distinction between essence and existence : while there is the realm of the contingent, the accidental, gasoline is, by definition, which persists in the being through its accidents. The gasoline for Avicenna, is non-contingent. For a species to be present in an instance (a life), it is necessary that this existence is necessitated by the essence itself. This relationship of cause and effect, always because gasoline is not contingent, is inherent in the essence itself. Thus there must be an essence in itself required for the existence may be possible: the Necessary Being, or God Be The First Intelligence creates the emanation. This definition profoundly alters the design of creation: it is no longer a god creating a whim but a divine mind that thinks itself, the passage of the first being in existence is a necessity and Nor will. The world then emanates from God through His superabundance of intelligence, according to what the Neoplatonists named offshoot: a causal immaterial. Avicenna draws on the work of Al-Farabi, but this difference is the necessary Being who is the source of all (see below the Ten Intelligences). This prospect would be more compatible with the Koran. This is the first intelligence that will make the creation of plurality. Indeed, This threefold contemplation creates the first degrees to be. It repeats itself, giving rise to the double hierarchy: This hierarchy corresponds to the Ten Spheres inclusive (Sphere of Spheres, Sphere of Fixed, seven planetary spheres, Sphere sublunary). The tenth intelligence is of singular importance: also called intellect or the Angel, and associated with Gabriel in the Koran, it is so far from the principle that its offshoot broke into many fragments. Indeed, contemplation of the angel itself, as an emanation of the ninth intelligence comes not a soul in heaven, but human souls. While the Angels of Magnificence are meaningless, human souls have an imagination sensual, sensitive, giving them the power to move the material bodies. For Avicenna, the human intellect is not developed for abstract forms and ideas. The man is intelligent yet in power, but only illumination by the Angel gives them the power to turn knowledge into power to knowledge in action. However, the force with which the Angel illuminates the human intellect varies: According to this view, humanity shares a single and an active intellect, that is to say a collective consciousness. The ultimate stage of human life, therefore, is union with the angelic emanation. So this gives immortal soul, to all those who made the perceived influx angelic habit, ability to superexistence is to say, immortality. For the neo-Platonic, which is part of Avicenna, the immortality of the soul is a consequence of its nature, and not an end. This second part of Avicenna's philosophy is not known; the book disappeared during the sack of Isfahan , in 1034 , at the same time as the "Book of fair arbitration" (Kitab al-Insaf), and Avicenna n ' had no time or strength to rewrite it. In this monumental work (twenty-eight thousand questions) remain only a few fragments. Henry Corbin believes that these works are the starting point of the proposed Eastern philosophy Sohrawardi later leads to term. Western Orientalists have long debated the meaning of the term mashriqiya: Tradition, theosophy and mystical Islamic considers mashriq (East) as the world of light, that of intelligences and thus the Angels, as opposed to Maghrib (the West) which represents the sublunary world, dark world where declining souls. This concept is already explicit in Avicenna (see story Hayy ibn Yaqzan symbolic), and will be even more at his commentators and critics, as Sohrawardi. Avicenna is the author of four texts on Eastern philosophy: the "Story of Hayy ibn Yaqzan", the "Story of the bird," the "Story of Salaman and" Absal " The influence of Avicenna is twofold: 1) The course of the Avicennism Latin which is contrary to other trends in scholastic medieval (see Averroism ); 2) The current Iranian Avicennism, represented notably by Nasir Tusi. For Avicenna "the human intellect has neither the role nor the power of abstracting the intelligible from the sensible. All knowledge and reminiscence are originated and enlightenment from the Angel "( Corbin ). Humans are intelligent power, but without angelic intervention, such remains untapped. For its part, Averroes will release additions Platonic Aristotelianism that had grafted on him point emanate from him. Reflections of Avicenna on alchemy (he did not believe in the possibility of the transmutation of metals) had a considerable influence on both the alchemists as their opponents , thanks to De congelatione and conglutinatione lapidum (From freezing and conglutination stone, in Arabic Kitab al-ma'din wa-l-Atar al-'uluwiyya). This is a translation-summary of part of Kitab al-Shifa Avicenna, treating "the formation of stones, the origin of mountains, the classification of minerals (rocks, liquefy, sulfur, salts) and the origin of metals ". Avicenna explains that the metal "resulting from the union of mercury with a sulphurous earth." This treaty was added around 1200 by Alfred Sareshel in Book IV of Meteorology of Aristotle , so he could pass for Aristotle. Avicenna denies the possibility of chemical transmutation of metals: "As to the claims of the alchemists, we must know it is not in their power to truly transform one species into another (sawing devices alchemiae species metallorum transmutari non posse), but it is in their power to do great impersonations, until the red dye in a white that makes it quite similar to silver or yellow that makes it quite similar to Gold . In other words, alchemists can convert the complex, changing species: they act only on the accidental qualities and carry out only imitation. For Avicenna, the metal "resulting from the union of mercury with a sulphurous earth": the theory of mercury / sulfur. On the other hand, a pseudo-Avicenna (XII century) wrote the De anima in arte alchemiae. Avicenna's works were published in Arabic in Rome in 1593 , folio. It was translated into Latin and published his guns or Precepts of Medicine, Venice , 1483 , 1564 and 1683 his philosophical works, Venice, 1495 , his first philosophy or metaphysics, Venice, 1495. Pierre Vattier had translated all his works in French and he did seemed that logic, Paris , 1658 , in-8. Biography
Controversy about the religion of the mother of Avicenna
His work
Influences
Medicine of Avicenna
The Canon of Medicine
Influence of Avicenna
Philosophical doctrine
Metaphysics
First Intelligence
Creation
The Angel
Eastern Philosophy
The West and the East
The Mystic East
Influence of Avicenna
Avicenna and Averroes
Alchemy
Bibliography
Publications ancient works
Works in French
References
External Links
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