Ibn Ishaq

Abu Abd Allah Muhammad ibn Ishaq ibn Yasar ibn Khyar or the prophet's biography or due to Ibn Hisham's Biography .

Biography

Ibn Ishaq was born about 704 to Medina. He was the son of small-Khyar a slave taken captive during a campaign of Khalid ibn al-Walid , and then freed after converting to Islam. That makes him a mawdli. The starting point of the work of historian Ibn Ishaq stories that would have made him his father (and grandfather). He became an expert on campaigns Muhammad.

After the father of Ibn Ishaq, who was his first teacher, other teachers in his (traditions of the Prophet), by Abdurrahman Badawi , are twenty in number .

He attended Qays b. Malik (founder of malachite system in fiqh (Islamic jurisprudence), al-Sa'id Musayyab (eminent successor), Salim b. 'Abd Allah b. Umar, Uthman b. Aban.

Around 734 he went to Alexandria in Egypt to follow the course of Yazid ibn Abu Habib.

Around 749, Ibn Ishaq returned to Medina in the middle of the scholars of the city. After the takeover by the Abbasids , he went to settle in Baghdad under the pressure of some of Medina, in particular, Malik ibn Anas who accused him of being a supporter of free will.

Ibn Ishaq died in Baghdad around 767.

Thought

Ibn Khaldun , Ibn Ishaq holds in high esteem and cites the first of the three best historians :

"But few historians are pretty well known for being held for authorities: those who made the original work. They could count on the fingers of one hand. Perhaps they do not outnumber the (three) vowels that indicate case in Arabic grammar. These include: Ibn Ishaq, At-Tabari, Ibn Kalbi ... "

et il ajoute Al-Wqid et Al-Mas'di, en prcisant que les ouvrages de ces deux auteurs sont discutables certains gards. For Ibn Khaldun , the historian's work is not simply that of "traditionalists", that is to say, those who establish the chain of transmission and content about the transmitted (external criticism): "the best how to distinguish truth from falsehood "is to critically examine the facts before judging the credibility of informants. "This external criticism should be given only after internal criticism of reality. When a story is absurd, regardless of the credit or not attached to its author " .

According to Singh and Samiuddin , found in the "Sirat Rasul Allah", different types of material that relates to the tafsir (sense of the sacred text), which relates to Maghazi (historical material), anecdotes which relate to the hadiths and stories are of special events, and resource materials. The material includes a list of historical expeditions, the purpose of each, the name of its leader, the number and often the names of participants, the approximate date and place in the timeline. This material is usually presented without isnad (without a list of transmitters). It is now also among Al-Waqidi , which sometimes corrects some dates. When you hold this material for accuracy, consistency emerges from the achievements of Mohammed, which confirms that these historical materials are, generally speaking, accurate. The stories are generally given their isnaad. It is important to distinguish the hadiths which are biased by political, religious or theological, or concerns of jurisprudence. These interests represent a wide range and Ibn Ishaq conducted syntheses among the . For other stories, many are wholly or largely true and are of great historical importance. The documentary material, essentially consists of the paragraph "The pact between the Emigrants and the Ansar and reconciliation with the Jews", better known by the name under the misnomer of "Constitution of Medina" (see Muslim Tribes and Jews of Yathrib ).

In his reconstruction, through texts, images of the Prophet of Islam (Islam designating the system while Islam means the religion), as seen by believers who wrote and read them, Uri Rubin wrote on the subject attestation : "Like all these prophets were biblical figures, it took shape the biography of Muhammad according to biblical models. This was supposed to convince people of the book , which refused to recognize Muhammad as a prophet than theirs. According to Uri Rubin , the subject of the certificate also includes stories that entrench the Prophet in Arabic local history : "In these traditions, Muhammad is not the hero Koranic prophet whose origin is attested in the book , but first and foremost, it is the Arab hero whose writing is rooted in the local Arab history. Although the stories are constructed as to affirm the true message of Muhammad , they are actually intended to promote the interests, claims and the status of some Arab groups fighting for recognition in the medieval Islamic society. "

Ibn Ishaq is accused Shiite tendencies: it would give an exaggerated role in Ali. He is also accused of being qadarite proclaiming free will and considering that each believer is accountable. The accusation came from Ibn Qutaybah , a disciple of Ibn Hanbal , does not, as Ibn Ishaq recounts a profusion of legends and miracles attributed not only to the Prophet but also to secondary persons . The most violent criticism of Ibn Ishaq is Ibn Hanbal , the founder of the Hanbali, which deals with very big liar Ibn Hanbal , however, focuses his criticism on "the traditions concerning lawful and unlawful" (that is to say by law) and he acknowledges this:

"With regard to the campaigns of the Messenger of Allah and the stories of this kind, one can quote . "

Works

In addition to his famous book "Sirat Rasul Allah, Ibn Ishaq wrote several books, none of which has reached us. He is the author of Kitab as-Siyar . He is credited with a history of the caliphs Kitab al-Khulafa and a collection of SUNNAN, all have disappeared .

Copies of the original of Ibn Ishaq

Four copies of the "Sirat Rasul Allah" were made :

• Two copies of Al-Bakka', one of his students, was taken and edited by Ibn Hisham , and copies made after them, all lost.
• A third copy due to Salama ibn-Fadl al-Ansari, the original quote from the copy of Ibn Fadl.
• A fourth copy of the original was written by Yunus b. Bukayr in Rayy. It was used by Ibn al-Athir in his al-Ghbah Usuda, which means that until the first third of the ^thirteenth century, a complete copy of the original still existed.

The originals have disappeared and the only remaining version of Ibn Hisham.

Editions of the revised by Ibn Hisham

According Abdurrahman Badawi , "Ibn Hisham did qu'abrger just the original text of Ibn Ishaq and introduce some genealogical notes and language that are generally insignificant . Throughout the text of the edition of Ferdinand Wiistenfeld back, in great detail, the references to Ibn Ishaq said, "and" Ibn Hisham said. " It is also the same in the sira of Ibn Kathir .

Under the title Ibn Hisham. The biography of Prophet Muhammad , Atallah Wahib published an abstract in which all distinctions between what comes from Ibn Ishaq and what comes of Ibn Hisham are removed, and all chains of transmission, all lists people and all mentions of the tribes to which they belong. The historic document that is the most famous section known as "Constitution of Medina" (see "Thinking" above) is deleted without explanation.

A copy of Yunus b. Bukayr in Rayy, students also Ibn Ishaq, was the basis for drafting the chapter of The Chronicle of Tabari devoted to the life of Islam's prophet Muhammad. The text of Tabari is very similar to that of Ibn Ishaq / Ibn Hisham, albeit with some differences. In particular, Tabari recounts the episode said the satanic verses while it does not appear in the text of Ibn Ishaq / Ibn Hisham.

Under the title Al-Sira, Islam's prophet narrated by his companions , Mahmoud Hussein (pseudonym of two political scientists) published in paperback a personal vision that recovers nothing and the text of Ibn Ishaq nor that of Ibn Hisham.

Notes

See also

Sources

• (In) This article is partially or entirely from the article in English entitled " Ibn Ishaq "(see the list of authors )
• Sira reference (text by Ibn Ishaq quoted by Ibn Hisham and Ibn Hisham additions, text drawn from seventeen manuscripts), critical edition by Ferdinand Wiistenfeld, published in 1858-1859 (Volume 1 containing the Arabic text) and 1860 (Volume 2 contains an introduction, critical notes and indices). The Arabic text, which occupies the first volume in two volumes, contains 1026 pages at 20 lines per page, each line having an average of 14 words, is contained in its title in Arabic. It seems that the text in Arabic prepared by Ferdinand Wiistenfeld not be reissued and is not accessible to readers Arabists.
• Ibn Ishaq, Muhammad, French translation of the Sira reference by Abdurrahman Badawi , introduction and notes by Abdurrahman Badawi , Al Buraq edition (September 28, 2001): Volume 1, 654 Pages ( ISBN 2841611531 ) Volume 2, 608 pages, ( ISBN 284161154X ) The translation, made from the Arabic, is complete and shows throughout the location of the 1026 pages of original Arabic Ferdinand Wiistenfeld.
• Encyclopedic Historiography of the Muslim World, pp. 388-395, edited by NK Singh and A. Samiuddin, 1091 pages, Global Vision Publishing House (March 1, 2004). ( ISBN 8187746548 and 9788187746546 ) Paragraph Ibn Ishaq
• (Ar) " "
• Tabari (trans. Zotenberg Hermann), The Chronicle, Vol. II Actes-Sud/Sinbad, coll. "Thesaurus", 1985 ( ISBN 978-2-7427-3318-7 ), "Mohammed Seal of the Prophets" .
• Janine and Dominique Sourdel, Historical Dictionary of Islam, PUF, coll. "Quadriga", 2004, 1056 p. ( ISBN 9782-130-54536-1 ), "Ibn Ishaq, p. 367-368
• (Ar) _ " "
• (En) Biography of the Prophet
• (In) Biography of the Prophet

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