Hotel Des Invalides
The Hotel National des Invalides is a monument in Paris , whose construction was ordered by Louis XIV in the order of 24 February 1677 , to house his army of invalids. Today, there is even more handicapped, but also several museums and a cemetery military.
This site is served by metro stations Invalides , Varenne and La Tour-Maubourg.
Summary |
History
The creation of the Invalides during the reign of Louis XIV
King Louis XIV wanted to like his predecessor Henry II , Henry III , Henry IV , provide support and assistance to disabled soldiers of his armies so that "those who risked their lives and lavished their blood in defense of the monarchy (.. .) spend the rest of their days in tranquility, "said the royal edict of 1670. However, be aware that beyond the humanitarian gesture, Louis XIV was also very political purposes. These invalid, drawn largely from the Thirty Years War figures are bad, trailing on the Pont Neuf , often mixed with street brawls. The people complained of this behavior and although Louis XIV rehousing disabled in some monasteries, by imposing the Oblates , helping to strengthen the ranks of the clergy , but as religious soldiers fleeing this solution, the first denying a life as strict as that of the monastic life. In addition, Louis XIV no longer hides his plans of conquest, it must improve the image of his army from the population, but also his own image in the eyes of his soldiers.
Located in the plain of Grenelle , then a suburb of Paris , the work of the main buildings are given to Liberal Bruant by Louvois.
Liberal Bruant , whose project was selected by Louis XIV himself among the eight proposed designs at the age of 36 years in five during an organization, centered on the largest: the royal court. He thus terms of the Escorial , the palace monastery of Philip II of Spain , near Madrid. The work is conducted between March 1671 and February 1674 , which can be described as fast with the help him bring Louvois and his stewards, the three brothers Camus (the first are lodged in October 1674 by Louis XIV in person. However, on that date, the construction of the church is not yet started). The rear of the courtyard, however, is destroyed within one year after its completion, giving way to the foundations of the great dome.
The church, originally scheduled for Bunting , on mound construction. Louvois , who sees an opportunity to put away a protg of his rival, Colbert says the book from March 1676 to Jules Hardouin-Mansart, who also works with entrance pavilions and sick. The construction of the church building lasted nearly thirty years and is completed until 28 August 1706 , when the keys by the architect at Sun King. A long building that took a turn for the death of Colbert , whose restrictions choked construction. Louvois was replaced in the department and thus the development of four hundred thousand pounds allocated to the construction of the dome by Colbert. Nevertheless, it is very present on site and does not hesitate to harass stone suppliers laggards such as Carel. Louvois was particularly attached to the Invalides, where he also wanted to stand at his death. 19 July 1691, he was buried in the church, but he will unfortunately never saw the end of work on the dome. Tragic love story because despite everything, in 1699, his mausoleum is still not finished. Suspected Madame de Maintenon , wife morganatic king's old adversary and Louvois , delaying construction. Thus, January 29, 1699, the body of Louvois leaves the Hotel des Invalides. Nevertheless it remains a pretty far by pun. Stay in the courtyard of the Invalides and admire the decorations adorning the ox-eye. Among the decorations of weapons, we present a strange animal out of tall grass laying down the court. Indeed, by the "wolf sees."
The place became a stroll for Paris, mingling with the military population. The ceremonies take place there again attract many spectators. Les Invalides remain subject to the monarchy of Louis XIV. Louis XV did not make it, and Louis XVI on rare occasions during which he always saluted the performance of this institution. Another guest illustrates the monarchical era, Tsar Peter I of Russia is going there in April 1717.
The building is in fact double, even if there is an architectural continuity: the nave is the church of the soldiers, the choir, under the dome, is rated as a church dome. This distinction is embodied by the establishment in 1873 , a large window separating the two sides.
Hotel des Invalides then includes, besides the church, a factory (making uniforms and printing), a hospice ("retirement home") and a military hospital. The initial workshops are quickly abandoned to make additional dormitories.
The hotel opposite end of the monarchy
Monday, July 13, 1789, at night, get up the barricades in Paris. Baron Pierre-Victor Besenval , lieutenant general of the armies of the king, and colonel of the regiment of Swiss Guards , is responsible for protecting the city, but this one, facing the threat was removed with his troops in his camp set Martius. The crowd is armed with sticks and gradually plundered the monastery of St. Lazarus. Governor Charles Franois de Virot Sombreuil , charged from the Invalides, knows that this atmosphere has spread into the ranks of his own institution. Unpopular reforms of the Count Saint-Germain, War Minister of Louis XVI brought back to the royal governor and his staff. Among the disabled themselves, the proximity to Masonic lodges and living with the soldiers who survived the French expeditionary force of Lafayette during the American Revolution , resulted in a surge of sympathy for the revolutionary movement.
The next day, July 14, at seven o'clock in the morning, the Standing Committee of Voters, serving on the City Hall, sending Ethis Corny , prosecutor, calling for the weapons stored at the Invalides. He arrived at nine o'clock, with his armed escort. The governor, with only his guard and a company of artillerymen, refused to surrender their arms without formal orders of the King. Already last night, Sombreuil had received a request to provide arms to the people. He then understood the value of this stock for the crowd and had used 20 to remove disabled dogs and guns and make them unusable. But they took the delay, probably to support revolutionary action, and the idea was abandoned. Sombreuil explains to Ethis Corny a letter left for Versailles , and asked him to wait for the answer. Nevertheless, the crowd massed around the Invalides refuses the request and began to storm the building. The order is given to the gunners to fire on the crowd. Yet not a shot will be heard. The disabled themselves open the gates. Taking Invalides will get the crowd to 32,000 rifles and 27 guns.
15 July 1789 Sombreuil can calm his men. He then gave his resignation, which will be refused by the King asking it to wait until the Assembly takes a decision about the fate of the institution. The case will be considered much later in 1791 by the Constituent Assembly , charging Edmond Louis Alexis Dubois de Crance the record, it is already assigned to the case of the reorganization of the army. It wants the closure of the hotel to save money and increase the pay of 30,000 invalid soldiers spread across the country. The patients were then divided into 83 "Hospice of the Nation" that the Constitution seeks to create. The building would be sold to the City of Paris which could then be reused as a prison. The project is discussed, the disabled themselves are divided, Father Jean-Sifrein Maury is one of the biggest critics of the idea of closing a facility he considers to be "an example for all Europe ". April 30, the Constituent Assembly decides the maintenance of the building and its status, but under the new title of "Hotel National des Invalides Military" which will be borne by a committee elected from the Department of Paris. This new status will be challenged by some staff (including the hero of the storming of the Bastille , Cordier, and the head of the infirmary, the widow Piat), and finally deleted 15 May 1794 and replaced by an Agency revolutionary, composed of Jacobins. They will stop Sombreuil to be guillotined wrong with his son Stanislas, June 17, 1794. Since then, the hotel had already been repeatedly looted, royal emblems and religious symbols hammered, classes renamed (the Royal Court is that of the Republic, that of the Infirmary in that of humanity, that of the Governor in Sans-Culottes ...). The four virtues which adorned the lantern of the dome will also seized, melted to become bullets. The symbol of Louis XIV was thus the wrath of the Revolution. However, with the declaration of war against Austria from April 20, 1792, the revolutionary government no longer hesitated to turn to his former soldiers, Emblems enemies are presented to the Invalides, men are finally appointed to handle the head the institution to recover, as Louis-Adrien de Montigny Brice supported the Adjutant General Dumesnil and Major General Jean-Franois Berruyer. Over time, the institution finds its brands. But it is a name that will unite the residents. The wounded of the Italian campaign that already speak of him: the young General Napoleon Bonaparte.
The turn Napoleonic
The young general has never ceased to talk to a close the disabled. To him it was in its early days, a way to legitimize that win the heart of soldiers. Thus, September 23, 1800, the anniversary of the founding of the Republic, led by the First Consul , will be held at the Invalides, in which the speech delivered by his brother, Lucien Bonaparte , the string will vibrate National old soldiers. When news of the explosion of the bomb December 24, 1800 during the visit of Bonaparte to the opera, conspiracy led by Cadoudal , disabled immediately send their support and wishes for the future. With the announcement of the senatus-consulte of 18 May 1804, proclaiming the empire , the old revolutionaries are concerned. So Napoleon trick, he shifted the anniversary of the storming of the Bastille after a Sunday day of rest. The trick lies in the fact that at the same time, he prepares a new ceremony that, too, will take place at the Invalides. Thus, the 15 July 1804 took place in the chapel of the Invalides a lavish ceremony: the first award of medals of the Legion of Honour by Napoleon to deserving officers.
The ceremony is set to millimeters. Josephine , her stepsisters and her maids of honor ahead of Bonaparte who left the Tuileries at noon on a horse richly caparisoned. He was escorted by his marshals, aides, colonels, generals of his longevity and great officers, and an endless line of soldiers, accompanying him to the entrance of the dome. The new governor of the Invalides, General-Senator Serrurier , and Cardinal De Belloy come to meet him, Napoleon installed installed on the throne in the choir. Since the opening of Louis XIV in 1706, they had known such glory for the monument. Senior military, clergy and great scholars argue the best seats, while students of Polytechnic and disabled, installed on the bleachers, attending all the splendor. After the speeches it comes to decorations. Napoleon himself was awarded the Legion of Honour from the hands of his grandson, son and nephew, Prince Louis , but it is detached from his coat and then prefers to decorate Cardinal Giovanni Battista Caprara. The noble gesture drew the sympathy of the crowd. Napoleon , who at his feet two basins, one containing the legion gold for grand officers, commanders and officers, the other money for the Knights, began distributing by pointing out the cross on the chest of each. It includes brilliant military Kellermann , Oudinot , Suchet , Marmont ... but as the Cardinals or Belloy Fesch , scientists like Monge , founder of Polytechnique, the chemist Berthollet , astronomers Lalande , Cassini or Mchain , the surgeon Pelletan the learned chemist Parmentier , a former employee of the Invalides, and many others. , painters, musicians, botanists, cooks ... At each it touches a word on their injuries, their work, their shared memories ... After the ceremony, the Te Deum Pierre Desvignes heard in the choir of the imperial chapel while Napoleon leaves with the grand master of ceremonies, Mr. De Segur, and the grand chamberlain Talleyrand.
If his brother, Lucien Bonaparte , a great dream of a military burial, Napoleon himself, rejects the project, not grand enough to rival the work of Louis XIV. He prefers to deal with the operation of the institution and its reputation. It erases all the bad treatment meted out had the French Revolution , with the deterioration of the statues, and so he asks Peter Cartellier reconstitution of the equestrian statue of Louis XIV , on the high relief of the door of honor, sculpted by Nicolas Coustou. There place May 17, 1807 with great fanfare the sword of the Prussian Emperor Frederick II of Prussia , gained from his victory October 25, 1806 at the Battle of Potsdam. This one will repeatedly hear the recriminations of his former comrades. March 25, 1811, he conceded at the Hotel a budget of 6 million francs at the time. That's the Invalides real golden age that First Empire.
The Death of Napoleon to the Present
The exiled Emperor, Empire conquered, the new monarchy of Louis XVIII returned from exile, wins in Paris, the Invalides and renamed into "Royal Hotel des Invalides. But in the heart of the military, Napoleon remains their hero. Les Invalides become emblematic of the place Bonapartist. With the fall of Louis XVIII and the introduction of Louis-Philippe I , the Three Glorious Days will bring with them an air of freedom. The Bonapartist displayed, and the question of the return of ashes required. Victor Hugo , Alexandre Dumas claim the grave. Ultimately, it Adolphe Thiers, who at the Assembly, manages to shift the debate. The return of the ashes it seems a beautiful symbol of the return of a strong France. If Louis-Philippe I still reluctant, his son the Duke of Orleans is enthusiastic. May 1, 1840, feast of St. Louis-Philippe, it accepts the request of Adolphe Thiers. Remusat Charles , Minister of Interior, then asked the Assembly, a credit of one million francs to finance the return of the remains and the construction of a tomb whose location is already named: the Invalides, already chosen by Napoleon himself. When the second million claimed in the Assembly is refused, the press is unleashed: the royalists see it as an insult, the Republicans a huge sum, the Bonapartist an expense naturally. The Prince de Joinville is in charge of transfer aboard La Belle Poule and La Favorite from July 7 Toulon , returning Nov. 30 at Cherbourg. But dramatic turn of events between the government Adolphe Thiers is falling and it is replaced by Marshal Soult , which loads Francois Guizot Foreign Affairs, and so therefore repatriation. Now he is a staunch opponent of Thiers and an anti-Bonapartist. Joinville finds himself stuck in Cherbourg, awaiting orders that fail. If the site making great strides under the leadership of prime contractors Henry Labrouste and Visconti, the ceremony, she is not ready. However, Dorado finally back from the River Seine in Courbevoie to dock with the cry of "Vive l'Empereur! .
The hotel boasts a very early feature museum: Museum of Artillery in 1872 and the historical museum of the armies in 1896 , met in the army museum in 1905.
The statue of Napoleon in the courtyard has experienced vicissitudes Architecture The chapel of the Invalides, built to accommodate residents from the hospital of the Invalides, was elevated to cathedral . A model of the whole of the Invalides is exposed beneath the dome. The golden dome of the Invalides is one of the landmarks of the landscape of Paris. To the north, the court extends beyond the boundaries of the hotel by a wide public esplanade along which lies the embassies of Austria and Finland , Terminal d'Orsay and the Hotel du minister Foreign. Two spaces are cemented to the ends of North a training ground for skaters. Les Invalides is a large open space construction inside Paris. After the esplanade of the Invalides, the Seine is crossed Pont Alexandre III to reach the Little and Grand Palais. The hotel has a mission to guard emblems and trophies of France. As such, cannons captured from the enemy is exposed as a trophy along the moat, facing the Esplanade des Invalides. Until the early twentieth century, they were firing salutes which marked the great public rejoicing. Disabled soldiers will neither accede to the Invalides, after ten years of service in the Army, then increased to twenty in 1710. The load was delivered to the governor of the hotel because the location was seen both as a religious building but the military organization, to check various application files. And Protestants, sailors and sick of scrofula were refused at the time of Louis XIV. Religious therefore, by the refusal of the Protestants, but also by the formation of forty days each soldier received on arrival by the priests. That religious instruction was often down to fifteen days for officers. A difference found in the apartment. By two or three officers are entitled to a heated chamber. For soldiers, dormitories for five or six beds. The quality of coverage and form beds are further evidence. Daily life is agreeable, they roam freely, going in one of eight including two cookers were considered "smokers." If women are banned, married soldiers may sleep out twice a week. Forbidden to drink or eat in the rooms, and ban any form of trade under penalty of exclusion. The saturated institution since 1766, the disabled could live away from the Hotel via their balances. Louis XIV did not hesitate to distribute land to his soldiers on which they could do to build their house. Nevertheless, the building accommodates up to 4,000 people, fed so hearty, and enjoying good hygiene and luxurious service in the infirmary. Indeed, this individual will include 300 beds at the time of Louis XIV, a real luxury at that time. Twice a day, a physician and surgeon make the rounds of the beds, book orders by hand. Crutches and wooden legs are distributed on Thursdays. At night, two sisters watch over the sick. Nevertheless, this place remains in the cup religion. Twelve priests of the Congregation of the Mission of Saint-Lazare take care of worship: daily prayer to the King, his family and the prosperity of weapons. Morning and evening prayer after the disabled, and vespers on Sundays and holidays. Disabled workers, however, still serving the state. The most valid stand guard (as at Dieppe, Lisieux, Honfleur, St. Malo ...) while others remain in Paris to make uniforms, socks, shoes or even tapestries in factories located in hotel. One of these factories, the object of all pride, the workshop of calligraphy and illuminations, even works for Versailles. Iron discipline reign of Louis XIV at the Invalides. No latecomers allowed when the gates are closed to the sound of military drum in the evening. A reward system enriches the informers on the bad manners of the disabled. In case of fault: lack of wine, deductions, jail, expulsion or wooden horse (the soldier is suspended on a pommel horse in the forecourt of the hotel and suffered the ridicule of his fellow ... ) are possible. In the 1970s, the department decides to rehabilitate veterans and the humanization of premises used as living space for those who have served the country in the military orders, this office is entrusted to the Alsatian UA5 , founded by Apprill John and Peter Gebhart, work has been directed by their partner Jean-Paul Meyer. The inauguration was made on 18 December 1980 by the President of the Republic Valry Giscard d'Estaing , the Military Governor of Paris, accompanied by various secretaries of state . Many French men of war are based at the Invalides. Thus, for the periods monarchical and revolutionary: the Marshal of Henri de La Tour d'Auvergne, Vicomte de Turenne , the heart of Marshal Sebastien Vauban Priest , the heart of Theophile Malo Corret La Tour d'Auvergne , heroes wars of the Revolution, General Francois Severin Marceau and Claude Joseph Rouget de Lisle , author of La Marseillaise. Napoleon died in 1821 at the St. Helena Island , where he was buried on 15 December 1840 , under the July Monarchy , whose leaders sought to bring together supporters of the late emperor (at the same time, was in fact completed the arch of triumph de l'Etoile ). Napoleon's ashes are placed in a monumental sarcophagus in porphyry red Finland , itself resting on a black marble base from Sainte-Luce , the whole being placed in a crypt open circular form practiced at the center of the chapel St. Louis , under the dome. His son, King of Rome Napoleon II (also called the "Eaglet") is buried there in 1940 on a proposal to Adolf Hitler. Joseph and Jerome Bonaparte , brother of the Emperor, are also buried in two side alcoves. The tomb of Napoleon is surrounded by those generals of the Empire Grard Christophe Michel Duroc and Henri Gatien Bertrand. The remains of General Lasalle were hauled back in 1891. Several commanders of the First and Second World War are also buried in the Invalides, such as: the marshals of France Ferdinand Foch , Hubert Lyautey , Philippe Leclerc Hauteclocque , Alphonse Juin and General Robert Nivelle , Charles Mangin , Pierre Auguste Roques and Henri Giraud. The governors of the Hotel des Invalides, which remains a military place, are too. Admiral Emile Gupratte , General Louis Ernest Maud'huy are buried in the vault of Governors. In the absence of their remains, several major characters French soldiers only their heart buried in the Invalides. From 1777 , the Royal Gallery of Plans-reliefs had left the palace of the Louvre to the Invalides, where she still is. She was joined in 1871 by the Museum of Artillery, whose pieces adorn the palace and walks over. To keep track of the traditions of the army, his trophies and objects of daily life of soldiers, an Army Historical Museum was established in 1896. It merges with that of the artillery in 1905 to form the Army Museum. One section lists all weapons and armor ancient placed under windows. Another, on three floors, traces the history of wars of 1870, 1914-1918 and 1939-1945 with many objects and historical documents. Since the end of the Second World War , during which the Invalides hid a resistance network in 1942 , the museum has expanded the museum of the Order of the Liberation and the Museum of Contemporary History. Historial Charles de Gaulle is a multimedia space of 2,500 sq m underground inaugurated on 22 February 2008 , which traces the life and work of General de Gaulle by the image and sound, mainly with audiovisual materials. Les Invalides also host the General Secretariat of Defence and National Security. Hotel des Invalides was headed by governors (1670-1792), a General Board of Directors (1793-1796), commanders (1796-1803), Governors (1803-1871), commanders (1871 - 1941) and then again of Governors since 1941. Hotel des Invalides was the subject of a documentary directed by command Georges Franju in 1951. The documentary rolling throughout the film to criticism and denunciation of the war and its aftermath, the army refused. The church of Saint-Louis-des-Invalides
Planning
A genuine military hospital, "under the blessing of God"
Pantheon military
Museums
Administration
Governors
Notes
See also
External Links
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