Homoparentality

Gay or lesbian parents.

The homoparentality means the legal relationship or fact that ties one or more children at one or both parents are homosexual. It shares with the parenting notions of heterosexual couples and procreation. As in the stepfamily , she knows the coexistence of biological parents and social parents, who did not conceive a child but take the role of parents. Sexual life, here as elsewhere, do not prejudge parenting skills.

Basics

Even if the increase in the number of single parent families or stepfamilies has changed dramatically in the classic nuclear family consisting of a father , a mother and child , Parent Families have more complex patterns that families heterosexual. The concept of nuclear family is, as the dominant sociological model, relatively recent, dating from the ^nineteenth century. It has gradually replaced the model of the extended family which includes grandparents, sometimes uncles, aunts and their descendants. In ancient Greece, the extended family into a "household" also includes the slaves to obey pater familias.

In order to obtain legal recognition of same-sex families, associations have started or taken to define notions of all the players that make up the family and also enjoy all the contemporary family patterns where procreation, parenting and couple relationship does not necessarily overlap.

The biological parent, sometimes called genetic parent is the parent whose genome has been used in the reproduction.

The legal parent is the parent, biological or not, who has acknowledged (or could recognize) the child. It is exercising the parental authority. The French Civil Code is careful not to venture into the field "organic" and defines the descent pragmatically as being related to having carried the name of the parents, their child be considered by them there by the family, society and the Vital has recognized him as such ^Forms

Same-sex parenting, which implies the presence of at least one homosexual parent, brings together several different family situations and which are classified according to the origin of children.

Unions previous heterosexual

Sometimes one of the legal parents of the child to live with someone of the same sex who acts as a social parent, by investing in education and care brought to the child, and loves him as if it were his own child, regardless of parentage.

This social parent with whom the legal parents can possibly share parental authority, is mostly devoid of rights.

Heterosexual couples in the same context, recognition of the child could be achieved through an act of recognition by evidence and testimony before a notary or the court (state ownership) or a trial a declaration before a registrar or notary (deed).

Adoption

A person in a couple can adopt children whose parentage is legally single when they are high, in fact, by both parents. Children can be deprived of links they have forged with the person who is not their legal parent, upon the death of one partner or separation. This also applies to unmarried heterosexuals.

In cases where same-sex parenting is not recognized, the adoption by a single member of the couple is sometimes possible (this is the case in France, where the adoption by a "single" is possible but not by a couple bound by a PACS ). But this solution is often made difficult by the adoption services for people displaying their homosexuality and requires, if one wants to hide his homosexuality, lying about his sexual orientation or even deny the existence of a companion or a companion in the case of a single person declared as such (with tax services, for example) but living de facto couples.

Exceptionally, the simple adoption has been used in France to create kinship ties between a child and same-sex partner of a parent without terminating the legal relationship with that parent. The adoptive parent has sole custody then. However, a ruling of the Court of Cassation on 24 February 2006 modifies the state of the law and recognizes for the first time two women who live a harmonious and stable relationship the right to pool the parental authority two children they raise together since birth. Mother holder of parental authority while delegating all or part of the exercise of this authority to his partner.

On 20 February 2007, the Court of Cassation in a ruling quashing the Court of Appeal has made it impossible to Bourges homoparental adoption by the other spouse . However, it recognized the right to same-sex couples to be adoptive parents recognized in France if they have got this right abroad .

In adopting a spouse's child, the age difference required between the child and the adoptive parent is more than 10 years ^{medically assisted reproduction and surrogacy}

French law prohibits the donor insemination for single people or gay and prohibits the use of surrogacy (surrogate mother).

In France, unlike some other countries of the European Union (Belgium, Holland, Great Britain, Spain, Denmark ...), the Act allows the centers of PMA (assisted reproduction) to perform artificial insemination (AID , ... IVF) that benefit married couples or couples of one man and one woman who can prove two years of cohabitation.

The practice of "surrogacy" is also prohibited for all since the Bioethics Law of 29 July 1994. But it is authorized or not prohibited in many countries around the world. For gay couples and / or singles it is possible mainly in the U.S., in states that permit it, and to a lesser extent, Canada ( outside Quebec) or South Africa (without compensation to the surrogate mother) Russia (reproduction for others, because of a loophole) and India.

Homosexuals (the) French s (es) are forced to go abroad to benefit from medically assisted procreation techniques.

Project co-parenting

There are two to four people around the cradle of the child: the natural parents is to tell a lesbian mother and / or a gay father, and their potential partners.

Unlike the in-laws coming in a second step, the partners are co-parents , as they are ready to commit vis--vis the child from conception. They provide daily as parents and natural parents to feel full even if they do not have legal status.

Concerns and controversies

The humor here as on a sign at the Gay Pride in Budapest in 2008, which says "Jesus had two fathers," is a favorite weapon in the fight against the stigma associated with same-sex parenting.

The controversy between supporters and opponents of gay or lesbian parents is intense . The subject is new and this gives new hope or worry, as the camp where we place ourselves. In 1991 , the group "Sociology of the Family", created in 1989 within the CNRS , has published The Family, current knowledge does not enshrine a gay couple in line . In 2002 , in an interview with the daily Liberation, Francois de Singly highlights the inherent contradictions of the French law "same-sex parenting is the debate on another ground: that the interests of the child, which has not the definition. If a child needs both parents, how is it that has included the possibility of adoption by one person in the act? If we think he has the right to both parents and its origin, why the anonymous childbirth , why the full adoption when she abolished the two original parents? Same-sex parenting is one of the terms of our contradictions and our disabilities vis--vis the descent. The resistance against same-sex parents are notably theories, such a reading of psychoanalysis. Any history of family shows, the dominant theories pass and other designs, scholarly and political well-born live together . "

Parents homosexuals make good parents?

The studies, undertaken since the 1970s show that children raised in LGBT families are as happy as others. The bibliographic guide 2007 of the Association of lesbians and gay parents has been formed from a systematic search of academic databases and the CNRS, the online bookstore has been a second type of source. Rare are those who conclude that children raised by homosexual couples would be more likely to develop psychiatric disorders during adolescence or that homosexuals are less able to raise a child as heterosexual couples. These negative studies, such as No es igual are made by Catholic activists or researchers criticized by the rest of the scientific community, as Cameron has been removed from the American Psychological Association for violation of ethical principles of psychologists . All other studies conclude that there are no differences (in terms of quality of education provided and the risks of psychological disorders) between children raised by homosexuals and those raised by heterosexuals.

For opponents of same-sex parenting, children in need of a father and a mother to be structured psychologically. The full biological parenthood is not necessary for psychosocial development of young . That the social parents are the biological parents or not has less influence than the types of authorities used in education (democratic, authoritarian or permissive) and family dynamics . Number of families in different cultures assign "lifetime" their children to other .

Sexual orientation of parents does play a role in the children?

Nothing shows that children of homosexual parents often become homosexual than children of heterosexual parents . Or even that it affects their acceptance of homosexuality in their future social life. Many issues raised are solely related to the character "shameful" the status of their parents in a society that is still intolerant. However, the social patterns of family change.

Studies Golombok (1995) and Dr. Williams find that 9% of children have a homosexual orientation.

Movies and TV series

Works of fiction have shown examples of homosexual parenting in film and television series. French film La Cage aux Folles (1978) is one of the first to broach the subject of same-sex parenting as one of two men, formerly married, had a child. Subsequently, the Taiwanese-American film The Wedding Banquet (1993) and the Japanese film Hush! (2001) show how a gay couple and an unmarried woman conceive a child together (unintentionally in the first). The French film of 2008 , like other shows a similar situation.

The Franco-Belgian TV movie All dads do not pee standing (1998) depicts a pair of lesbians whose little boy wants to know his dad. We find a similar plot in the American film The Kids Are All Right (2010).

In two television series Queer as Folk (British, 1999-2000 and American, 2000-2005), two lesbians raising a child and discover the co-parenting with the birth father, gay best friend of one of the mothers. The American series The L Word (2004-2009) shows a lesbian couple with a child and raised in recent seasons the issue of same-sex families experiencing separation and in particular legal problems that can result when the couple is not married.

The series Six Feet Under (2001-2005) discusses the adoption homoparental two men there in a couple adopt two children (two younger brothers). The Canadian film Breakfast with Scot (2008) also addresses the issue of adoption by a gay couple with a child who turns out to be gay himself. Awarded in the Swedish film The Joy of Family (2009), a male couple to adopt what they believe to be an infant to be left with a young ex-offender to 15 years after an administrative error.

Modern Family is an American television series created by Christopher Lloyd and Steven Levitan II, and broadcast from September 23, 2009 on ABC, which operates including a gay couple who recently adopted a little Vietnamese. This series addresses the issue of gay parenting in the form of a mockumentary comedy and tells of how the different situations that exposed these new dads.

Other films or television series to address one way or the topic of sex parents or co-parenting: Glee , The Next Best Thing , Gazon Maudit , Clara Sheller , Brothers & Sisters ...

Famous LGBT Parents

• Ricky Martin
• Rosie O'Donnell
• Cynthia Nixon
• Neil Patrick Harris
• Jodie Foster
• Jane Lynch
• Melissa Etheridge
• Mary Cheney
• Dan Savage
• Philippe d'Orleans (1640-1701)
• Charles de Montalembert ( 1 810 - 1,870 )
• Elton John

References

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