History Of Portugal
The history of Portugal is notable chiefly for its unique geography, its history back to first explain how the Iberian Peninsula , despite a common destiny until the twelfth century, was divided in two. This is how this country has taken and remain independent despite ongoing attempts to unify its powerful neighbor. Indeed, the Basques , the Catalans and Galicians , despite a strong individuality, eventually, themselves, by joining the kingdom of Castile to form the Spanish modern.
Prehistory and ancient pre-Roman
This period is important for understanding the emergence of features that will bring the power of Rome and its successors to distinguish these populations on the peninsula and thus to create different divisions.
The earliest traces of civilization in Portugal date from the Paleolithic paintings and engravings from caves Escoural ( Alentejo ) from Mazouco ( Tras-os-Montes ) and especially Ca Vale, dated between 22,000 and 10,000 years before JC. The majority of these tracks are located north of the Tagus and demonstrate the existence of indigenous nomadic hunting and gathering. It's the reign of the Neanderthals who finds his ultimate refuge in the territory of present Portugal before being replaced by Homo sapiens.
About 10 000 years BC, the Iberian peninsula is inhabited by indigenous peoples such as the Iberians (occupying mainly inland and Mediterranean side of the peninsula). Agriculture tends to establish populations.
Between 4000 and 2000 BC, the land for Portugal and Galicia are the development of a megalithic culture originating from the rest of the peninsula is characterized by its particular religious and funerary architecture and the practice of the mass burial. Can still be found in the country many traces of religiosity that although most are concentrated in the Alentejo : the stone circle of Almendres near vora (the largest alignment of standing stones in Europe), those of Maria do Vale Portela de Meio or Mogos and the dolmen of Zambujeiro.
The Copper Age and the Bronze Age saw the development of maritime contacts between the Atlantic coast and that of Britain and the British Isles while the south of the peninsula maintains trade links with the Mediterranean : the Greeks and Phoenicians and their descendants Carthaginian to established small trading posts semi-permanent. The engine of this business is the wealth of the peninsula in metals (gold, silver, iron and tin). The Phoenicians had founded and Lisbon around 1000 BC The legend says that even this is Ulysses who gave his name to the city. But only the site of Abul, near Alcacer do Sal , remains undisputed. The first urban communities are emerging around 2600 BC The Phoenicians are also responsible for introducing the culture of wine and the olive oil in the peninsula.
Among the Iberian peoples are the Tartessians , occupying the east and south of the peninsula around the Guadalquivir. This powerful civilization, heavily influenced by the Phoenicians and the Greeks with whom they trade in bronze and silver, disappeared with the arrival of the Carthaginians in 235 BC
The Iron Age saw the arrival in the peninsula people Indo-European , the Celts , (around 1200 BC). Soon, they will be cut off from their mainland relatives and acquire characteristics. These Celtic tribes were mixed with indigenous peoples of the region and were then designated by the Romans in generic terms ( Celtiberian , Lusitano and Gallaeci ) before they decide to divide the peninsula administratively taking into account their differences. If one observes the groups occupying the future Portuguese territory, we find the center of future Lusitano , west future Celtiberians and north-west future Gallaeci.
Their culture is best known: they live together in small isolated population centers, established on the hills with circular houses (the castro ) and engaged in farming and ranching. Each house (about 150) is defended by a wall (as can be seen in the Citnia of Briteiros ). Also contained within these groupings a funerary building. As they master iron, working the land becomes more effective, picking up, thereby improving living conditions and demographics Roman Province Roman civilization permeates all the more strongly the future country that resistance to Roman troops is particularly intense from the Lusitano. Towards the second century BC. AD, during the Second Punic War (between 218 and 201 BC), Rome subdued Iberian Peninsula, thus making its contribution to the ethnic composition of the modern Portuguese population. Carthage had preceded the Romans, subjecting some Iberian tribes. The objective of the Roman troops Scipio is to take the troops back to Carthaginian and especially to prevent them from preparing an assault on Rome. The Carthaginians were expelled and this victory will take quick military occupation designed to maintain order and ensure the exploitation of natural resources. In 197 BC, Roman territory is divided into two provinces : the Hispania Hither and Hispania later. But the pacification of the rest of the peninsula is proving difficult. The Turdetani south and west Lusitano rebel regularly inflicting serious defeats on the Romans and forcing them to reinforce their troops. In 147 BC, the Lusitano Viriatus became head of the resistance. If we consider the Lusitano as the ancestors of the Portuguese, it is understandable that Viriatus has become the symbol of the first national resistance. He leads a guerrilla war against the armies of Rome but was defeated and died in 139 BC. In 133 BC, Rome subdued the peninsula and finally terminates the mound civilization by forcing people to settle in the plains for its unification. This policy has led the cities of Braga (Bracara Augusta), Chaves (Aquae Flavia) and Beja (Pax Iulia). Under the dictatorship of Sulla in Rome, aristocratic Peninsular request the support of dissident Roman general Sertorius. This pushes the troops of Sulla and plans to install a republic independent of the Peninsula and to civilize the people (79 BC). It creates a senate and a school primarily responsible for educating the son of good families to form an elite. This episode proves short-lived, however, the spirit of independence of these populations. The territory is pacified and settled by Julius Caesar about 60 BC In year 13, during the reign of Augustus , was made a new division of the territory: Hispania Ulterior is divided into Lusitania and Betic , separated by the river Guadiana. A new division in the year 286 , during the reign of Diocletian , gives rise to new provinces, including Gallec , north of the River Douro. Portugal borders of the future will be more or less modeled on those of conventi belonging to Roman provinces of Lusitania and Gallec. This suggests that these divisions correspond to tribes, different villages, or at least, to different social realities . A popular variant of Vulgar Latin became the dominant language of the region and replaces all dialects before creating a certain unity. The Romans introduced writing, schools, many scientific concepts and private property then unknown. They spread their culture and their customs, impose an administrative division and a social organization with hereditary lords and serfs - in Roman culture, the work is considered degrading, a noble does not work. The Romans also draw roads, cities create, develop grain farming, fishing, wine production and salt. This occupation is changing the landscape architectural and gives her face to the Mediterranean countries. An example of this the temple of Diana at Evora , the Forum of Augustus and many amphitheaters , temples and baths. Around the fifth century, the peoples of Germanic origin invade an Iberian Peninsula within a collapsing Roman Empire. Among these invaders are the Swabians and Visigoths , who inhabit what is now the Portuguese territory. The Vandals and Alans , also arrived in the region are rejected or partially integrated by the Visigoths. These newcomers have little influence on the language, most Romanized, or the organization of the territory, they respect the existing provinces. The Alans , from Central and fleeing the Huns , settled in 409, under the authority of Rome, Lusitania , where they remain until 416 before being reduced by the Swabians and Visigoths in the pay of Rome . In 418, they are sent back to pitch the Vandals , settled in Betic since 411 but looting the surrounding regions. Repulsed by the Visigoths , they eventually settled in North Africa in 429. The Swabians are also coming to 409, established in Gallaecia and founded a kingdom. King Hermric sworn in Rome. Soon, they try to expand, finding themselves faced with the Visigoths in 418, but managing to win at the expense of Alans. This is a rural people and self does not mix with the Romans. They take Braga as its capital and convert to Christianity for the first time in 448 by Bishop Martin of Braga. The north of Portugal at that time becomes an important religious center. Rechiaire is the first European king Christian mint its own coins. Before the power of the Visigoths , the Swabians attempt an alliance with them in 449. But, continuing their expansionist strategy, they undergo a final defeat against the Visigoths in 456. The Suevian kingdom is divided and then reunited in 464. It was during this period of struggle between the kingdoms Swabian Conimbriga is destroyed. The Swabians are converted to Arianism in 466 before returning to Catholicism in 550. Initially sent by Rome as military, Visigoths eventually dominate the peninsula in 476 and ending the kingdom Suevian decaying in 585. The conversion to Catholicism in 589 King I. Recared allows it to accept its authority over all the peoples of the peninsula. The Christianity thing and tends to unify people Ibero-Roman and barbarian. At the same time, the company feudalism and the nobility infighting grow to weaken the power. There are remnants of the Germanic presence in the region of Minho and Beira Baixa : Chapel of So Frutuoso Montlios , Basilica of Egitnia (now Idanha-a-Velha ). In the early eighth century, the Iberian Peninsula was invaded by the Moors from North Africa, recently converted to the new religion: Islam. They land in the south in 711, commanded by Tariq ibn Ziyad at the head of 7000 men won the battle of Guadalete face the Visigoths of Roderic. At the root of this battle, there is the succession crisis dividing the Visigoth nobility: the governor of Ceuta request assistance from the Moors in opposition to Roderic. From 713, the entire peninsula is controlled with a Muslim presence of about 500,000 people mainly concentrated around Cordoba and Granada. The five centuries of occupation left a deep mark in the regions concerned, in the language , place names (such as city names beginning with al-), agriculture, trade and customs. Many Christians take over the Moorish customs while keeping their religion: Mozarabians. Others even conversion to Islam: Muladi. The Moors retain pre-existing administrative divisions. They called the country al-Andalus and its Western Gharb al-Andalus (the west of al-Andalus, or southern and central Portugal). In 759, Abd al-Rahman I , the last survivor of the Umayyads of Damascus , escapes the massacre of his family by the Abbasids and fled to Andalusia. It contributes to the maintenance of a branch of the Umayyads in founding the first Muslim state totally independent of the caliphate of Islam: the Emirate of Cordoba , it turns with Abd al-Rahman III in Cordoba Caliphate. Later formed several independent Muslim kingdoms politically (the Taifa ). These divisions facilitate the struggle of a handful of Visigoth nobles and clerics who have lost their land during the invasion north grouped under the banner of the Asturian kingdom (including the Asturias , the Leon , the Castile and Galicia ) They rebelled in 750 to regain the property they had taken themselves to the natives. From 718 , Pelagius the Conqueror wins against the Moors at the Battle of Covadonga. This first victory Announces inexorable advance towards the south which will be called Reconquista (Reconquest): it is five centuries and ended in 1249 for Portugal. She is founder of the country's national identity. The Portuguese Reconquista, accomplished much earlier than that of Spain ( 1492 ), is accelerated by the fall of the Caliphate of Cordoba in 1031. To counter the threat, so Christian, the Taifa of Badajoz and Seville appeal to Almoravids. They took the opportunity to occupy Cordoba and Seville , prompting the governor of Badajoz to seek the assistance of Leon Catholic Exchange cities like Lisbon , Santarm and Sintra. Generally this struggle between Christians and Muslims is less like a war than a result of looting, at least until the eleventh century and the call to crusade. Under the reign of Alfonso I (successor of Pelagius the Conqueror), the lords of Asturias captured territories until Douro. The Kingdom of Len account at the beginning of four divisions: Asturias, Len, Galicia and Castile. Each headed by an earl. As to conquest, the land is divided into counties or duchies. In 868, Porto and Braga are occasions . From the ninth century, the South of Galicia as a county dynamics around his religious metropolis, Braga , and its port Porto. It bears the name of Terra or Portucale Portucalense (Portucale countries), reminiscent of the Latin name of Porto (Portus Cale or Portucale). The nobility who settled based on Condado Portucalense led by Vimar Peres and his children until 1071. Many forays south of the Douro give rise to new occupations by new lords who themselves rebelled against the Earl soon and seek to free itself from royal authority. With the Battle of Pedroso , Galicia County Annex ending the rebellion. In 1095, Pope Urban II launched the First Crusade to liberate the holy places and especially respond to the threat posed by the Turks converted to Islam recently. Already, the Gregorian reforms call to unite to fight against all heretics and pagan beliefs. It is within this context that in 1095 Alfonso VI of Castile and Leon annex the Galicia and County of Portugal and unifies the kingdom. Alfonso VI, married to Constance of Burgundy , uses his wife's family in Burgundy to help reclaim the peninsula. Raymond and Henry of Burgundy , the royal family of France, are part of a nobility in search of land and prestige and respond positively to the call. In gratitude and to consolidate its links with other monarchies, Alfonso VI gave Raymond his daughter Urraca in marriage and therefore the future king of Len and Galicia. As Henry, he gave the hand of his illegitimate daughter, Teresa and the County of Portugal . Therefore, it installs its courtyard near Braga in Guimares / A> (as seen from "cradle" of Portugal). He continues to swear allegiance to Alfonso VI while enjoying a certain autonomy, and continues to recapture to the river Mondego. Special circumstances allow Henry to take its independence: the death of King Alfonso VI and his heir. I re Urraca of Castile then ascended the throne, causing disputes among his vassals. Henry refuses to pay homage and asserts its independence. At his death, his widow Teresa of Len, inherited the county and continues this policy of independence. Yet its rapprochement with the nobility of Galicia it claims an inheritance causes the dissatisfaction of the Portuguese nobility. Then his son, Afonso Henriques , was born in Guimares, supported by the Portuguese nobility opposed the alliance, who rebels against his mother - Battle of So Mamede in (1128) The Dynasty Burgundy Once recognized its independence, the kingdom of Portugal continues to successfully fight against the Moors. On 15 March 1147 has conquered the city of Santarem , a city with a strategic deemed impregnable castle. On 14 October 1147 , is taking the city of Lisbon , a major source of supply, with the help of Crusaders en route to the Holy Land. Then drop the cities of Alcacer do Sal ( 1158 ) and Beja ( 1162 ) and the Alentejo ( 1168 ) With these defeats, the Almoravids were replaced by the Almohad control in the peninsula ( 1151 ). The king of Castile and Leon Alfonso VII, about to be overtaken by Alfonso I in decision- Badajoz , allied to Almohads to prevent it. Lisbon became the new capital of the kingdom and replaces Coimbra as a place of residence of the king. This is officially recognized by Pope Alexander III in 1179. The lands taken by the enemy are assigned to different religious and military orders that contribute to the success of the recovery (the Order of Santiago in Alcacer do Sal, Almada , Palmela , the Order of the Temple in Santarm and in Beira Baixa , the Cistercian order in Alcobaa , the order of Benedictine monks in North ...) but also populations clustered into independent communities (concelhos). The idea is to occupy, to defend but also to energize, to showcase and attract a population remained suspicious. This distrust is reflected in the defensive character of Romanesque architecture. This period corresponds to a period of urban development and trade that accompanies the Crusades. This does not end with the reconquest successor of Alfonso I.. Sancho I. (1185-1211) takes Silves ( 3 September 1189 ). But the Moors advantage of divisions between the Christian kingdoms (1185-1189) to take over many areas including Alcacer do Sal on 10 June 1191. It was not until 1211 , to resume the offensive Christian, encouraged by Pope Innocent III. Portugal is also involved in the side of Alfonso VIII of Castile to defeat the Moors at the Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa ( 16 July 1212 ). Military orders and lords increasingly powerful have become a threat to royal power. Moreover, the king refuses to implement the Portuguese Order of the Pope over the confiscation of property of which he is unfaithful to him and to his successor, to be excommunicated. His successor, Alfonso II (1211-1223) addresses the abuse and verifies all titles of nobility (inquirioes). The royal power emerges legitimized. Alcacer do Sal is definitely back in 1217. Sancho II (1223-1248) is very active in the military and takes Elvas and Juromenha ( 1229 ), Moura and Serpa ( 1232 ), Aljustrel ( 1234 ) and Mertola ( 1240 ). It receives active support from Pope Gregory IX that binds to the reconquest Crusades : the 21 October 1234 , the papal bull Cupientes Christ-grants the indulgence to all those who help Portugal in its struggle. The Lords took the opportunity to escape the royal authority, the country enjoyed a period of anarchy. The Church considers itself abandoned in favor of military orders, which applies to Sancho II the hostility of the pope. Alfonso III (1248-1279) is appointed by the pope to replace him as 1246 : Sancho II was forced into exile. The new king is committed to restoring order to respect the authority of the Church and nobility. The royal power is not thereby weakened, and so far it must again face the displeasure of the Church in 1266. He resumed the Algarve in 1249 , making his kingdom the first state in Europe to have reached its final borders. In 1267 , after an initial conflict, the Treaty of Badajoz signed Alfonso III and Alfonso X of Castile , fixed the boundaries between the two kingdoms. The reigns of the monarchs of the following dynasty ( Denis I. , Alfonso IV , Peter I, the Avenger and Ferdinand I ) involve a significant economic, demographic, technical (agriculture and transport), artistic ( cathedrals of Braga , of Coimbra and Lisbon , Templar church of the Convent of Tomar ) and intellectual (historiography, illumination , Commentary on the Apocalypse). This development is made possible by the spoils of the conquest and the long period of stability following. Denis restored order and reconcile the Crown and the Church. He also wants to populate the new territory in order to strengthen (with privilege to the Lords, abolishing slavery, granting of charters ...). Many Muslims have emigrated to escape but most Christians can not do anything but stay put. This will bring together very different populations - Christians in the North and South, Mozarabic , Moors and Jews - that melt gradually. Kings give some protection to Jews and Moors, while keeping them outside the city walls: the Mouraria and judiarias (French, Jewish communities ). Cultures Galaico-Portuguese Luso-Mozarabic mix. Note also install French from the Crusades who leave their mark in the Portuguese culture and architecture. From this mix comes the particularism Portuguese. To the south, a population under the influence of a brilliant civilization and refinement, north, warriors and peasants in the harsh and austere life. A cut north-south which still persists today in the landscape and mentality. The court came to Lisbon. A new territorial and administrative organization is set up with a trend toward centralization of power. But differences remain between regions, with a feudal system and a powerful nobles in the north, large areas entrusted to religious orders under royal authority in the south. The long reign of Denis I. (1279-1325) allows to establish the institutions. It imposes the Portuguese nation and allows the public to become aware of its unity symbolized by the construction of the monastery of Alcobaa , unit thanks to the Portuguese language that formalizes I. Denis, thus clearly demarcating the land of Galicia (the sovereign himself involved in the birth of a Portuguese literature) unit with the religious orders, schools and universities (founded at Coimbra in 1290). Finally, it establishes a basis for future major maritime expeditions: the Knights Templar abolished by the pope in 1319 , is replaced by the Order of Christ under his control, so he seized his riches. This order is intended to play a significant role in major discoveries. Already, the South turns out to sea: Lisbon opens trade with the arrival of the Genoese , the first commercial treaty with England was signed, the coast of Estremadura , a source of wood supply for shipbuilding are reforested. The reign of Denis ends in a conflict with his own son. The reign of Alfonso IV (1325-1357) knows the beginning of an economic crisis and an epidemic of plague (1348) which decimated one-third of the population. The countryside is emptying and agricultural production suffers. Overpopulation causes poverty of cities, crime and social disorder. Unsafe prevailing there exacerbates the epidemic. These seizures bring the king to regain power in hand and to encourage maritime trade to fuel the country. The end of the reign of Alfonso IV is marked by the case of the dead queen , who brought his son and successor Pierre to rebel against him twice. Pierre's mistress, Ins de Castro , following his wife, Constance of Castile , was murdered on the orders of his father, January 7, 1355, to end the scandal caused by this relationship. In 1360 , in order to legitimize the children he had with Ins, Peter became king, says they were married secretly. The body was exhumed, Ins crowned queen and the nobles of the kingdom forced to kiss his hand. New funerals are celebrated and put the body in the grave that awaited him in the monastery of Alcobaa. Peter I seem to have gradually sunk into madness. It is still very popular and this reign is remembered as a period of peace and consolidation of royal power. He later another bastard son, John , it is Grand Master of the Order of Aviz. Ferdinand I ( 1367 - in 1383 ), from his marriage to Constance of Castile, succeeded him. As wallpaper grand-son of Sancho IV , he claims in 1369 the Castilian throne vacant and thus comes into conflict with other suitors, including Henri de Trastamara. The conflict is temporarily pacified by the intervention of Pope Gregory XI in 1371 but resumed in 1372. While allied with England against Henry, who became Henry II of Castile , the latter taking the lead and invades Portugal. The Portuguese defeat is total and only the intervention of Pope Ferdinand I saved. A peace agreement was signed in 1373 , which includes his marriage to the daughter of Henry II. He eventually married a lady companion of the latter: Eleonore Telles de Menezes , the family of the Counts of Barcelos. Eleanor is becoming increasingly influential with the king, acting on foreign policy, defending the interests of the nobility against the centralization of power. Besides the anger of the working classes, the king and queen cause those of the middle classes, the growing importance, who see the economic situation to deteriorate with successive conflicts. Frequent riots and famines accompany the development of cities. Many of the poor join the military and the navy. The conflict with Castile resumed in 1381. Portugal is again invaded with the support of Eleanor and part of the nobility. A new peace agreement is signed which provides for the marriage of the Infanta Beatrice with John I of Castile , with the consequent end of the reign of the House of Burgundy. On the death of Ferdinand I in 1383 , John I claim the union of two crowns and has the support of part of the Portuguese nobility, in fact signing the annexation of Portugal. Once again, the interests of the nobility and those of the Portuguese bourgeoisie diverge. A succession crisis began under the regency of Eleanor: the nobles who take advantage of Castile and bourgeoisise united around the Grand Master of the Order of Aviz ( Jean. It takes the whole world speed proclaiming it as the king John I on 6 December 1383 and murdering the favorite of the Regent, and she herself takes refuge in Castile which immediately raises an army and laid siege to Lisbon in 1384. The defense is organized, led by Nuno Alvares Pereira. The Portuguese won a first victory at the Battle of Atoleiros on 6 April 1384. Return and the Castilians are defeated, despite their numerical superiority at the battles of Trancoso ( June 1385 ) of Valverde ( October 1385 ) and finally to Aljubarrota ( 14 August 1385 ), this last battle signing the final victory of Portugal. After lengthy deliberations, the Cortes of Coimbra (1385) confirm John I to the throne. His supporters give legal legitimacy and thus avoid a new attack. One can speak of a bourgeois revolution (led largely by the University fully acquired John) where the population opts for a trading promoting business development. It is also the first time a king is elected by an assembly against the natural inheritance. Anyway, with this victory, the country marks its independence resolutely towards Castille, which might suggest that a patriotic spirit and the rejection of Ferdinand and Eleanor have led the people in this episode. The reign of John I (1385-1433) marks the beginning of the great maritime conquests and the height of the kingdom. The country owes much to the grown monarch who sends her children to her thirst for knowledge. It first seeks to strengthen the bonds of the ring with other monarchies in 1386 , is signed with Britain the treaty of Windsor , the oldest alliance between two nations: a military alliance against France and Castile, but also business alliance. This treaty is reinforced by the king's marriage with Philippa of Lancaster , sister of the future King Henry IV of England. He undertook to raise the prestige of the royal office and centralize power by placing her children in strategic positions in the country but also in Castile in Aragon , in France and England. He strives to undermine those who might become rivals, while the bourgeoisie sees its interests taken into account and profile the way out of economic crisis, the nobility fell into disgrace. Taxes are increased, investigations are conducted on its property (devassas). For some of them, the king, she argued, is considered an ungrateful and creates hatred. It unites around the clean bastard son of King Alfonso, Duke of Braganza and Count of Barcelos. In response, the king has an advantage: with the war, the country has forged a sense of independence and national unity to defend against foreign interests. In 1388 , in commemoration of the Battle of Aljubarrota founder, the king built a monastery where are buried the members of his dynasty: the Monastery of Batalha , a monument that also marks the arrival of the gothic in Portugal. These victories are calling others: the instigation of Prince Henry the Navigator , at the head of the Order of Christ , the Portuguese sailors discovered many lands of Africa and open up routes to lands until inaccessible. He leads the trips until 1460. Meanwhile, France and Britain are plunged into the Hundred Years War and Spain completes its recovery. These findings are initially a simple extension of the Christian reconquest: it is projected to continue in North Africa a religious war over who can harness the strengths and ambitions of the nobility in search of work and wealth. Faced with the distrust of Castile, one turns away from Granada , yet closest to aim Ceuta on the African continent. There is also a legend that evokes a certain Prester John , Christian ruler of an unknown country, located beyond the lands of Islam. Would join an alliance to take the Christian Muslim world to reverse and free the Holy Land. The idea of seizing land wheat in the region and the caravans transporting the gold from the interior of Africa is obviously no stranger to the case. It must be said that the country already has one million people who feel cramped in places poorly supplied. Finally, with the Muslim expansion in the Mediterranean, Portugal sees land Genoese merchants who seek another path to reach the Indies. The conquest of Ceuta in 1415 marked the beginning of this expansion. Ceuta is a strategic town at the entrance of the Strait of Gibraltar where lead slaves bound for Europe but also gold and spices. The city is also the home port of Moroccan pirates, taking thus a means of securing the maritime area . John I and three of her children's travel. They are also dubbed as a result of this expedition. But the conquered lands did not prove as interesting as expected and even end up being costly to protect. A debate arises soon between supporters of the continuation of the crusade Moroccan and proponents of Atlantic expansion. At that time, the first shall prevail, and needed to spread the idea around Ceuta, along the south coast to take back to the Moors and direct contact with the lands 'Where does the gold trade. To administer these lands, therefore installed Infante Sagres. This policy initiative gave rise to the rediscovery of the Atlantic islands known to sailors but never officially discovered. Now private initiatives in the field of discoveries give way to an impulse parastatal much more efficient and able to take risks on behalf of the king. The intelligence of Henry led to compile all the knowledge of the maritime era, surrounded by the best astronomers and cartographers, and benefit from the experience of many Genoese, Jews, Moors in the territory. We are rediscovering with them the knowledge of antiquity lost by Christianity. In 1419 , Joo Gonalves Zarco , Tristo Vaz Teixeira and Bartolomeu Perestrelo landed at Madeira. Colonization begins and intensifies as 1420 with the introduction of cereals, sugar cane and grapes. This archipelago gives birth to the first colonization of the New World by Europeans. Between 1420 and 1434 , Henry failed four times to take the Canary Islands to Castile. In 1427 , Diogo de Silves discovered the Azores , where the climate is more favorable to grain and livestock. These two islands are a strategic base between Europe, Africa and the Americas. Colonization planned launches of methods (the captaincy : Data hereditary lands to vassals in order to operate in exchange for a fee) later replicated on a larger scale in other Portuguese colonies. For the people, these new lands offer an opportunity to make a fortune by leaving a territory which has become too narrow. For the Portuguese economy, they become important sources of supply. But the ambition of the infant is not satisfied. In 1434 , the Cape Bojador , considered as the limit of the known world and deemed impassable, is exceeded by Gil Eanes. The circumnavigation of Africa is now possible. Therefore routinely ships back the rivers in search of a passage. The infant receives from the Pope the monopoly on all land south of Bojador. In 1435 , Afonso Gonalves de Antona Baldaya is sent twice beyond the Cape to collect information. He comes home claiming to have discovered a river with gold ( Rio de Ouro ). The Portuguese crossed the Tropic of Cancer and learn to master the system of winds. Edward I ( 1433 - 1 438 ), became king, the exploration of African land stalled the king intends making Tangier in 1437 to secure Ceuta. He failed and his brother, Ferdinand , was held hostage in Fez. This cools the heat of the king, but confirms the idea of circumnavigating Africa along the coast. Henry takes contol policy overseas. His brother gives him the same quint taken all Portuguese, which will allow it to fund future trips. On the death of Edward I in 1438 , his widow, Eleanor of Aragon has the regency during the minority of Alphonso V. It supports the Prince Henry and supporters of the war to liberate Ferdinand. But Cortes and the Duke of Coimbra , Portugal Stone , a son of John I. illegitimate, object. They are wary of the influence of Eleanor of brothers. We find the old division between the nobility and bourgeoisie, between the partisans of one side of the ideal of chivalry and expansion in North Africa, the other defenders of the bourgeoisie, trade and further Discovery Land. The regency is divided between Eleanor and Peter Cortes. But in fact, it is Peter who reign (1441-1448) until the majority of his nephew. The country has some economic development. Ferdinand died in captivity without anything being tried for release. This moves the whole of Europe because the crown has failed to chivalry. Family conflict resumed in 1448 Peter and his supporters were killed by the troops of Alfonso V and the Duke of Braganza in the Battle of Alfarrobeira ( 20 May 1449 ). In 1441 is discovered on the Cape Verde and Cape Blanc. Between 1441 and 1445 , Anto Gonalves and Nuno Tristo lead military expeditions south of Cape Bojador reach Senegal and Guinea , bringing back slaves, thus initiating the slave trade in their countries, for domestic and farm work. In 1454 , Pope Nicolas V authorizes slavery Saracens and pagans by Bull Romanus Pontifex. In the eighteenth century, the official end of the slave trade in Portugal, there are 10% of Africans in Lisbon. In 1443, Nuno Tristo discovers the island of Arguin off the coast of Mauritania. Therefore, Henry is attempting to attract the island, strategically located their road caravans crossing the Sahara, carrying gold, ivory and slaves exchanged against products purchased in Morocco. He built a fort with an administrator hereditary. This is the first counter regularly. These imports are proving very lucrative for the country. These sailors are not content to go along the African coast, they seem to have sailed further, drawing up a map of the Atlantic winds and currents, and perhaps even recognize the Caribbean and Brazil. Alfonso V (1448-1481) does not continue the centralizing policies of his grandfather. The nobility led by the Duke of Braganza who control the royal power and the crusading spirit takes over, reinforced by the fall of Constantinople ( 1453 ). Therefore, the Pope encouraged the war against the Turks. Three papal bulls to give Portugal the right to subject the unbelievers, to seize their land and convert (Dum diversas, Romanus Pontifex and Inter cetera). King seeks to strengthen the places acquired and to exploit the riches. This results in the intakes Alccer-Ceguer ( 1458 ), Arzila and Tangier ( 1471 ). The findings nevertheless continue, albeit at a slower pace: Diogo Gomes discovers Guinea in 1450 , then up the Gambia in 1456 , the Genoese Antoniotto Usodimare and the Venetian Ca 'da Mosto , a trader on behalf of the infant, discover new territories. In 1460 , ships of Pedro de Sintra reached the Sierra Leone. For the infant it is now to avoid combat with indigenous populations, with emphasis on alliances and the slave trade . In 1472, Joo de Santarem and Pedro Escobar reached the delta of the Niger and Sao Tome , near the equator. When the Infante Ferdinand succeeds Henry as head of shipments, the center of decision is in Lisbon, reflecting its desire to better control and grow this wealth. Trade is assigned to Ferno Gomes for a period of five years from 1469 : it is responsible for trade with the African coast with the obligation to explore 100 miles per year. These men discover and name the land Malagueta Coast (now Liberia ), the Ivory Coast , Gulf of Gold. They crossed the equator in 1471 and discovered the Gabon and Sao Tome. The Casa da Guin (Portuguese equivalent of the Casa de Contratacin Spanish) was created to control imports. The Portuguese managed to divert trade from gold to Arguin and Mina without increasing its quantity. Africa is their turf, the counters are turned into fortresses. The Genoese and Castilian trying in vain to compete in Africa. Each new step becomes a call of the circumnavigation of Africa. In Portugal, a period of stability, the taxes are approved. Some families benefit from this rule and acquire great power and great influence with the crown, the Braganza, minnows, and Coutinhos Melos. The law makes a breakthrough with the publication of Orders Alfonsine ( 1466 ), the first attempt to standardize and codify the laws in Portugal, these orders remain in force until the publication of Orders Manueline in 1521. The dream of unifying the peninsula to their advantage still drives the two crowns of Portugal and Castile. Alfonso V wife Joan of Castile (known as the Beltraneja), daughter of Henry IV of Castile. At the latter's death in 1474 , the king is of course rely on the rights of his wife. The basis of suspicions of illegitimacy of the contender, Isabella of Castile , the half-sister of Henry IV, combined with Ferdinand of Aragon , objects, triggering a war of succession. Alfonso V of Castile invaded with the help of the king of France Louis XI , but was defeated on 1 March 1476 at the Battle of Toro. Castile, who finally completed his reconquest attempts to challenge the monopoly of Portugal in promoting trade with Africa. On 25 January 1479 , the Treaty of Alcovas puts an end to conflicts between the two crowns and permanently assigns the Canary Islands to Castile and the archipelagos of Madeira , the Azores and Cape Verde , Portugal. Portugal receives the right to conquer as Fez and exclusive trade with Guinea. In 1474 , Joo Vaz Corte-Real and Alvaro Martins Homem discover the Greenland and Newfoundland. Become king, John II ( 1,481 - 1495 ) centralizes power and continues to plan major expeditions. John II, King of the Renaissance par excellence: it terminates certain privileges, forcing the nobility to swear, get rid of traitors (the Duke Ferdinand II of Braganza conspires with the Catholic Kings , he had him arrested and executed in 1483 ; in 1484 , the Duke of Beja and Viseu Diogo he kills himself for the same reasons). Power and are thereby enlarged the royal domain, the price of hatred of the nobility. This resentment is particularly keen that the king now favors continuing discoveries of new lands and especially the route to India. Africa is no longer the issue, it comes around. The mission is entrusted to Diogo Cao , who in 1481 won first Padro (stone marker with the symbols of Portugal planted in the lands discovered). He went up the river Zaire , arrived in Congo , in Gabon , in Angola and South Africa finally in 1486. These costly expeditions are financed by the exploitation of conquered lands and the establishment of So Jorge da Mina in the Gulf of Guinea , which saw gold converge in the region; built in 1482 , it also aims to prohibit vessels foreign access to Portuguese waters. The Treaty of Toledo ( 6 March 1480 ) introduces a division of the Atlantic with Castile, abandoning his discoveries to the west of the Canaries and Portugal performing at the monopoly in Africa. Madeira became a point of call. Wine, sugar cane and livestock developed there with the arrival of migrants and slaves. Wheat is the Azores to refuel the country. Cape Verde, the islands of Sao Tome and Principe supply of sugar and livestock. Portugal made an alliance with the Congo who left Christianity. Trade with the Africans also reports of ivory and tropical fruits. It then Bartolomeu Dias who was sent to 1487. It doubles the Cape of Good Hope (which he named "Cape of Storms" until the king gives him prophetic that name) on 6 January 1488 , by chance, swept by a storm. He reached the current Namibia but a mutiny to prevent him going further. In order to prepare the trip to India, John II sent in 1488 emissaries overland. It's a way to collect information on currents in the Indian Ocean , perhaps even find a trace of the Kingdom of Prester John. It is first of Montanoio Pedro and Pedro de Lisboa who leave. They are followed Pro da Covilh and Afonso de Paiva which provide valuable information for the journey of Vasco da Gama. They go to Jerusalem , access to the Arabian Gulf , in Aden at the mouth of the Red Sea. They then separate. Paiva hand toward the Abyssinia in search of Prester John. Covilh hand to India. It passes through Calicut and Sofala , Madagascar , returned to Cairo where he learned the death of his companion. It sends its information to the king and went to Hormuz. He arrives at the court of King Christian Negus , married there and there ended his days. Through him, we built special ships: the caravel is replaced by carrack possible to carry more crew, weapons and supplies. During that time, the Catholic Monarchs took Granada and put an end to the reconquest ( 1492 ). The win leaves them free hand to undertake expeditions. Christopher Columbus embarked on their behalf to reach the Indies by the west. John II, to whom it is addressed before, refuses to finance this trip, preferring the route discovered by Vasco da Gama and believing, rightly, that Columbus was wrong. Moreover, the Inquisition saying that God has taken up the cause of the kingdoms of Castile and Aragon since that victory requires the country to hunt all non-believers under the influence of the Grand Inquisitor Toms de Torquemada , the Jews were expelled and some trying to flee to Portugal. John II includes all the advantages it may derive their wealth and their knowledge (those of Abraham Zacuto astronomer and mathematician, joined the king helped to found): he accepts their temporary stay in the country while taxing their entry. The estimated number of new arrivals between 60 000 and 120 000. Their success and the protections raise many jealousies in the population. In 1493 , Christopher Columbus returned from America and it is to Lisbon he landed first. He announced that the king discovered lands owned by the Treaty of Alcaovas. John II's claims then to Pope Alexander IV. A papal bull then establishes a land division that goes to 100 leagues west of Cape Verde. John II requires another agreement: 7 June 1494 , Spain and Portugal sign the Treaty of Tordesillas , which sets the limit to 370 miles. This new agreement allows Brazilian who has not yet been discovered to be Portuguese while abandoning Spain to the new land of America. This is the new King Manuel I (1495-1520) that takes advantage of the intelligent policy of John II. This very unpopular with the nobility, died probably poisoned in 1495. Vasco da Gama arrived in India on 20 May 1498 , paving the way for the trade of spices very successful so far controlled by the Venetians. His trip has been carefully prepared. But when he arrived in Calicut, he is unpopular with the Samorim. In 1499 , a second expedition, led by Pedro Alvares Cabral is sent with the aim to impose, by force if necessary. On 22 April 1500 , Cabral addresses in Brazil and takes possession. He sent a messenger to Lisbon and moves on. Arrived at Calicut, he received warm welcome but soon the Portuguese face competition from the Venetians, Turks and Egyptians. It's the end of peaceful travel. The Portuguese take advantage of divisions between Hindus and Muslims in the region. A factory was established in Cochin and then to Cannanore , Sofala , Kilwa , and Malacca ( 1511 ). They are protected by fortresses and an armada. It eventually install a government and establish a post of Viceroy of India to maintain order in the Indian Ocean : Francisco de Almeida is the first, followed by Afonso de Albuquerque to install strong forts at strategic points (Malacca , Siam , Goa , which became the capital of this empire, Maluku , Timor , the archipelago of Socotra , Hormuz ) and consolidates this nascent empire. The Indian Ocean was soon under control. But conflicts are permanent: the Portuguese are engaged in numerous massacres and develop indigenous opposition Albuquerque before developing a more conciliatory policy. He tries to enlist the support of local people to avoid war too costly. Amerigo Vespucci is one of the first official trip to Brazil ( 1501 ). The discovery of Brazil enables merchants to capture the Portuguese pau-brasil , a dye-wood construction and high demand. But the country does not seem interesting at the start until the Spanish and French competition is felt. It sends settlers, it creates factories. The Indians of Brazil and many Africans were enslaved for the cultivation of sugar. In 1600 , Brazil is the world's largest producer of sugar and the main resource provider of Portugal. In the seventeenth century, the Bandeirantes discovered south of the colony of mines of gold and diamonds which are operated by the same slave labor. The findings also continues: in 1495 , Pero de Barcelos and Joo Fernandes Lavrador exploring the coasts of Canada and Greenland (which gives its name to Labrador ). In 1500 , Gaspar Corte Real come to Newfoundland. In 1513 , Jorge Alvares arrived in China and Tome Pires in Beijing. In 1519 , Magellan , on behalf of Spain, completed the first lap of the world. In truth, he seeks to reach the Moluccas, as Charles V claimed, without going through Portuguese waters. This causes a diplomatic crisis in 1522. The first European to recognize the coasts of Australia is the Portuguese explorer Cristvo de Mendona in 1522. Charts and portolans the sixteenth century of the Dieppe School Mapping for Australia under the name of La Grande Jave. Portuguese navigators working with cartographers from the famous School of Dieppe. Vallard Nicolas , Jean Rotz , Peter Desceliers , Nicolas Desliens and other cartographers and French are the exact contours of Australia from the mid-sixteenth century through the information provided by the Portuguese navigators The seeds of decadence The colonial riches are partly used for prestigious buildings and are not invested in the modernization of economic structures in Portugal. Minerals (gold, diamonds) found in Brazil in the seventeenth century do not enrich Portugal but instead slow the economy as was the case of Spain with the silver mines of Potosi. The two Iberian countries have stopped importing manufactured goods from England in exchange for minerals. After two hundred years, Portuguese and Spanish factories were almost ruined while the English have gold, silver, diamonds and an industry. Portugal increases its dependence on the colonies comfortable, easy to acquire wealth perverts attitudes. Moreover, the country is weakening with the gold rush that attracts so many immigrants to Brazil we must stop departures to the colony. In India, trade is so prosperous that soldiers and sailors abandoned the king's service. All this into perspective the power of the country is too weak to control a large empire. It can never really control the trade in the Red Sea. The disability population is temporarily offset by an incredible organization. All this has a cost and India are proving a financial drain. Soon, the Portuguese face stiff competition especially French and Dutch. From 1550 to 1575, the French occupied Rio de Janeiro. The Dutch go a step further by occupying the entire Northeast of Brazil and Angola (mining center of slaves), from 1630 to 1654. Thanks to the colony of Cape , Dutch ships also have a call to India, East Indies and precious spices. With competition stronger, the price of imported goods down while operating costs increase and trade than staples as incomes no longer follow. The gap is widening between the people and the bourgeoisie on one side and a privileged elite to another. The Dutch invasion being indirectly due to the union of the two Iberian monarchies in 1580, Portugal is involved in the Hispano-Dutch rivalry while all the important functions of the kingdom fall into Spanish hands. In addition, in 1496, when Manuel I consider to marry the daughter of Spanish monarchs, they condition the marriage to the expulsion of Portuguese Jews. The king can not bring himself to part with this population is very active in the social and economic life (both in tax administration, handicrafts, medicine, astrology, cartography ...), which contributes greatly to the prosperity of the country. It therefore appeal to the forced conversions: baptisms forced removal of children under 14 years to make them follow a Catholic education, closure of ports, confiscation of property. Officially we do not talk more Jews in Portugal but new Christians ( conversos ) who are gradually assimilated. The Inquisition still makes their life difficult. The threat brought an occult practice of Judaism, while some took refuge in France or Holland. The country loses many intellectuals. The Inquisition constantly exaggerates the threat posed by Jews and heretics, thus justifying its own existence. It will exacerbate the popular hatred against them. Created to fight against the Reformation heretics and currents, it is nowhere more virulent than in Spain, even though the country is untouched by Protestantism. In truth, she is introduced by King John III (1520-1557) in 1531 with the aim of strengthening its authority and seize the property of alleged heretics. Its action is yet catastrophic in cultural and scientific (censorship, book burnings ...). The country falls into religious fanaticism. It also criticized the king's growing influence of his wife, Catherine of Castile , sister of Charles V supposedly subservient to the house of Habsburg, which seeks to strengthen the ties between the two crowns by the marriage of her children. Facing the financial crisis, John III is brought to abandon the places of Morocco (1541). On the death of John III, the country is again faced with the endless succession problems motivated by the ambition of Spanish and Portuguese monarchs unite the two countries. John III and Charles V were each married a sister of the other. The daughter of John III married the future King of Spain Philip II. The only male heir and only bulwark against the Iberian Union is the Infante Sebastian , grand-son of John III, too young to ascend the throne. Catherine, the widow of John III, acted as regent from 1557 to 1562. Considered too close to Castile , it was replaced by Cardinal Henry , last surviving son of Manuel I.. For the first time a clergyman came to power in Portugal. His regency empowers the Inquisition and the Church. It entrusts the education of the Jesuit Sebastian Luis Goncalves de Camara, a man little tolerant, backward-looking and fanatical. The future king is high in the cult of chivalry and the Crusades against the Islam. It is surrounded by a popular fervor earned him the nickname of O Desejado (desire) as his birth was desired by the people to prevent the union of two crowns and overcome the crisis facing the country. He dreams of action and combat moral corruption of the Portuguese seduced by an easy life. It carries the control of regeneration and leads the crusade that country. He is very skillful in physical exercises and a passion for hunting and war. In 1568, he was 14 when he ascended the throne under the name Sebastian I of Portugal with the idea, supported by the Cortes , to reclaim the lands of Morocco. It should be seen as a response to the trade crisis with India. The country has been impoverished by its efforts to keep his possessions increasingly contested. In 1569, he promulgated a law allowing it to recruit all able-bodied men for his army. He says even concelhos (municipalities) the military organization of their territory, a privilege previously reserved for nobles. In 1574, a first reconnaissance expedition is organized in Africa. While the kingdom's coffers are empty, he organized a major expedition. The call for help from a Moroccan chef offers a contrast to the Turks a pretext to embark. The pressures around him to prevent him doing anything there. The flower of the Portuguese aristocracy, 16 000 men unorganized and inexperienced hand without leaving any successors to the country. On 4 August 1578 , was the Battle of Alcacer-Quibir (also known as Battle of the Three Kings ) who turns to carnage with thousands dead and many prisoners. One hundred survivors return to Lisbon. The king is dead but his body was not found. It is a military disaster, economic and political defeat marks the end of the dynasty of Aviz and a glorious era, sung in the Lusiades by poet Lus de Cames , also disappeared at that time. Four centuries of hard won independence is undermined. This episode also marks the end of the Crusades. Besides the political and economic crisis is a moral crisis facing the country: a Crown debt, thousands of dead and prisoners that must pay the ransom. It was in this atmosphere that will emerge and prosper for many prophecies referring to the return of the young king: the Sebastianism. No less than four imposters seeking to impersonate the king during this period. The old Cardinal Henry , youngest son of Manuel I, ascended the throne 28 August 1578. He is charged with finding a successor. Many suitors are including Philip II of Spain , appears to be the only one capable of ensuring the preservation of the Portuguese Empire. This solution is favored by the nobility and clergy. The people, he favors a Portuguese ( Anthony , Prior of Crato), but the Cortes can not decide. The big bourgeoisie leans on the Spanish side for economic reasons. She intends to take advantage of markets offered by Spain and its colonies. Henry I died without deciding. In fact, it leaves the field open to Philip II: it needed a show of force against the Prior of Crato at the Battle of Alcantara (August 25, 1580). This marks the end of the Aviz dynasty and the beginning of that of the Habsburgs. The Tomar agreements signed between Cortes and the new king of Portugal to help maintain some autonomy and reassure the population but the country now belongs to the Spanish Crown. He finds some economic stability but loses some of its seats in favor of Holland and France. The conflict between Spain and England ( 1588 ), which leads to the episode of the Invincible Armada , overcomes what remains of the Portuguese fleet. Early hitches arise at the end of the reign of Philip II and continue with his successor, Philip III , who is disinterested in Portugal and general administration. It delegates authority to the viceroy that seeks to centralize power and undermine the independence of Portugal. The monarch himself unpopular by raising taxes, by displaying a certain tolerance for new Christians and signing a truce with Holland who took the opportunity to consolidate its position in the Portuguese colonies. A new code of legislation is introduced: Philippines Orders ( 1603 ). Philip IV violates agreements on the country's autonomy and increases further the tax burden. Violence erupts. Faced with competition from English and Dutch, the Portuguese places falling one by one: Hormuz in 1622 , Bahia in 1624 , Arguin in 1633 , So Jorge da Mina in 1637. Therefore, Portugal turns essentially to Brazil already threatened by the Dutch and the French. Spain becomes the cause of all ills in the country. Revolts broke out. National unity will be enhanced. Opponents argue the Duke John of Braganza. Everything contributes to what Portugal revolts against Spanish control, and particularly France, which promotes opening a second front in its war against Spain. The Portuguese nobility abandoned by Madrid and wanting to avoid a popular revolution like that of 1383 plots from 1637. The Azores and Madeira serve as their stronghold. The conflict with the Netherlands and the Thirty Years War threaten trading places and Portuguese interests of the bourgeoisie. Even the clergy complained that the King's tolerance towards new Christians. The riches of Brazil provide the means to independence. The pretext for the restoration is given by a revolt in Catalonia against which the Portuguese troops are requested. The Count of Olivares summon the Duke of Braganza in Madrid to name the head of these troops. He hopes to appease the disgruntled and deprive the movement of his head. On 1 December 1640, a group of young nobles seized the government building. They will seek John of Braganza , who belonged to the family the most powerful kingdom, is the only one capable of bringing the people on his behalf. On 15 December he was proclaimed king, the first of the dynasty of Braganza. A long diplomatic battle begins to recognize this independence sometimes at the cost of trade concessions made to England. Diplomatic missions were sent throughout Europe. Spain is at first too busy with the Thirty Years War and Catalonia , to oppose it. In 1644, the first armed confrontation ended in a victory for the Portuguese in Montijo. This opens a period of respite for the country. Time is on his behalf and not fight back in 1657. During this period, there is a decline of the bourgeoisie in favor of the nobility. Portugal is trying to regain control of his empire. On the death of John IV in 1656, the regency was entrusted to his widow, Lusa de Gusmo , his son, Alphonse, is still a minor. The regency continued well after the majority of the young king who is unable to govern. It is still the nobility that takes advantage of this situation. Philip IV took the opportunity in 1657 to try a new offensive Olivenza is taken before the troops launched by the Portuguese regent managed to repel. In 1659, the Portuguese repel their enemies in Elvas. In 1661, the Portuguese army reorganized by Frederick Armand de Schomberg , sent Mazarin , resumes the fight against Spain. The opposition against the queen-mother increases. In 1662 a palace revolt, led by young aristocrats, including Luis de Vasconcelos e Sousa and Antonio de Sousa de Macedo , installed in power the young King Alfonso VI. The decisive battle began in 1663 with the taking of vora by a powerful Spanish army. The organization and motivation Portuguese inflict heavy casualties on the Spanish troops thereafter before finally taking the upper hand in the battle of Montes Claros June 17, 1665. In 1666, Luis de Vasconcelos e Sousa, Prime Minister of Alfonso VI, is organizing the wedding of the latter with Marie Franoise de Savoie-Nemours to ensure succession and especially to keep control of power. King proves impotent. Queen becomes the mistress of his brother Peter. A cabal of two lovers allows them to proclaim the overthrow of the king and to dismiss his prime minister in 1667. The marriage is annulled, Pierre married Marie Franoise de Savoie-Nemours and became regent until 1683, when the death of Alfonso VI. Portugal and Spain sign the Treaty of Lisbon in 1668, which are recognized borders Portuguese , with the exception of Ceuta. The conflict has mainly served the interests of the powers who coveted the Portuguese Empire. It disintegrates gradually: in 1663, the Portuguese lost Cochin , in 1665, the Portuguese India boils down to Goa , Daman , Macao and Timor. The rest is sacrificed in favor of Brazil, where the Dutch were expelled in 1654. The Treaty of Whitehall of 6 August 1661 between Portugal and England leads to disastrous consequences and lasting effects on the Portuguese economy: it provides for the marriage of Catherine of Braganza , daughter of John IV with Charles II of England in exchange for authorization for England to trade with the Portuguese possessions in Africa and America. Tangier and Bombay became British . In return, Britain will defend Portugal and its colonies. In reality, the country was subjected to British interests. Peter II becomes king officially in 1683. widowed the following year, he married Marie-Sophie of Neuburg. The Court is close to that of Austria without going to participate in the War of the League of Augsburg. This reign inaugurated a period of peace and political stability, which allows for deep reforms. The government is entrusted to the Duke of Cadaval Nuno Alvares Pereira de Melo , seconded by the Count of Ericeira Francisco Xavier de Meneses and the Marquis de Fronteira Fernando Mascarenhas. The nobility is strongly represented, but the regime is moving towards absolutism: the Cortes in 1697 to meet the last time before the revolution. The country seeks to restore its prosperity and prestige it balance its trade balance and fight successfully against smuggling. Between 1670 and 1680, with the help of France, the Crown is trying to build factories. But the discovery of gold in Brazil in 1692 derailed the project. The import of manufactured goods is again favored, thus increasing dependency, backwardness and the trade deficit. It is ultimately the England take the gold. In 1700, Peter II of Spain claimed the crown and enlisted in the war of succession on the French side before having to retreat from the English threat. A new Anglo-Portuguese, the Methuen Treaty , was signed Dec. 27, 1703. This treaty on military cooperation, diplomatic and economic privilege conceded to the English to found houses in Portugal wine merchant in exchange for lower import tariffs on wine from Porto and English textiles. If it allows the development of port wine / A> and the influx of wealth in this country, it actually increases the dependence Portuguese to England and enriches mainly traders who flock to Portugal. In 1704, under this treaty, Portugal is committed against France in the War of Spanish Succession. At the cultural level, the development of academies and literature facilitates the progression of ideas. This reign (1706-1750) is the period most sumptuous of the country's history through the arrival of gold (up to 1200 kg / year) and Brazilian diamonds, which give John V the means impose an absolutist regime justified by his belief in his divine mission. The nobility took advantage and the power of the ministers at the expense of increasing role of boards. Attempts to develop domestic manufactures and the economy fail. Aristocracy slows modernization. The country relies exclusively on the wealth of Brazil's major agricultural products and thus increasing its dependence and deficits. Everything is done to keep Brazil at the time when Asia escapes him. The colony then represents a loophole in a population rapidly increasing, but at that industry and agriculture do not provide national opportunities. In 1713, the Treaty of Utrecht ends the threat of French and Dutch Brazil. We live in a luxury beyond measure, the pomp and waste. Each event is commemorated by festivals. This is also reflected by an extravagant architecture, with the development of tiles and Talha Dourada (Golden wood sculpture): The Palace of Mafra , the church of Saint-Roch in Lisbon, the library Joanina of Coimbra , the tower Clerics of Porto, the Aqueduct of Free Waters of Lisbon, the Royal Palace of Queluz Sintra, the Church of Mercy, the sanctuary of Bom Jesus do Monte in Braga. Culture and science are developed with the Academies. The first major Portuguese newspaper appears (A Gazeta de Lisboa). Social life develops a life of depravity and debauchery that is concentrated around the monasteries. It is fashionable to have a mistress in the religious view that all families send their daughters. This gives rise to the famous Portuguese Letters. King also maintains a connection with mother Teresa da Silva Paula, whom he has three children (dubbed "the children Palhav ). John V seeks to subject the Inquisition, but without success. It continues to pursue new Christians which increases capital flight. Gradually, the gold is scarce. Absolutism is challenged, the regime is weakening. The reign of his successor, Joseph I (1750-1777) is dominated by the personality of the prime minister Sebastio Jos de Carvalho e Melo, better known by the title of Marquis of Pombal. King prefers this, too, indulge in the pleasures of hunting and drama and he delegates authority. Abandoning the all-powerful nobility, he chooses a philistine to revive the economy. Taking the opposite of his father, he defends the return of authority and discipline. But the particular importance of Pombal is linked to a major event in the country's history: the Lisbon earthquake of 1755. This disaster he overcomes the opposition of large families and Jesuits and to exercise absolute power. On 1 November 1755 , an earthquake of magnitude 8.75, followed by a tsunami tidal wave and fires ravaging Lisbon. There are 15 000 deaths on the 250 000 inhabitants of the capital, 85% of houses are uninhabitable, five churches and the palaces were destroyed, with its archives, library and art works. The royal family fled in panic Lisbon. Pombal therefore takes things in hand: the corpses are thrown into the sea, measures are taken against looters, he did supply the city and forced the church to worship in order to keep people on site. Soon, engineers are responsible for rebuilding the city. Pombal shaved the lower town and its winding streets (a Baixa), the most affected. Inspired by the spirit of the Enlightenment , the plans emphasize the simplicity, consistency and functionality (activities are grouped together by area) in a style neoclassical. The tile , preferred because it does not spread the fire and protect from moisture, has a great development. The Portuguese art is deeply influenced, especially as the planning is entrusted to Portuguese architects Manuel da Maia, Eugenio dos Santos Machado de Castro and Carlos Mardel. This disaster is also the source of the persecution of Jesuits who add to the popular excitement, through false prophets, referring to a divine punishment against the wickedness of men. They also become troublesome in Brazil where they are leading a movement increasingly challenging the authority of Lisbon. 7 September 1759, accused of plotting with a part of the nobility, a decree causes their expulsion from Portugal and Brazil. The nobility of the family gathered around Tavora hate this philistine who seeks to subjugate them. Indeed she tried to overthrow him and put on the throne the king's sister. The leaders were imprisoned, others exiled. Pombal not neglect the Church and the Inquisition, he seeks to submit to the Crown. It ends the old distinction between new and old Christians and pursues a policy of tolerance. The slavery is forbidden in 1761. This creates many enemies. Heavily criticized for his cruelty and rigidity, which is considered an enlightened despot, Pombal sought primarily to strengthen the power of the state. He introduced in Portugal the doctrine of "king of divine right." He fights against all that opposes the centralization of power by developing the role of officials and creating a modern police force. The bourgeoisie emerges strengthened. In the economic sphere, it encourages the development of manufacture and establish monopolies (including the company of Port wines ). He leads a protectionist policy that allows him to restore the trade balance. Yet the country sees the golden start to become scarce, sugar and wheat to a crisis. It tries to make the Angola Brazil a second. Pombal is also the initiator of reforms in many areas: it adapts instruction to the needs of modern life, trains professionals essential to the administration, replacing the teaching of modern education by Jesuits, adapt the programs, reform and develop the university. Censorship is still present (it is itself controlled by the state in 1768 and the creation of the Real mesa censoria) but the new ideas from France and England spread. In return, the break with Spain is increasing, exacerbated by the Seven Years War which saw the north-east of the country being invaded by Spanish troops (1762) before they were repulsed with the aid of English ( 1763). The country goes through its reforms of the feudal to a modern state. The power of Pombal did not survive the death of Joseph I: he falls in disgrace in 1777 after the coronation of the latter's daughter, Mary I (1777-1786). This reaction is named Viradeira : it frees political prisoners (from the church and the nobility) and we put an end to monopolies. The absolutist policy is nevertheless continued until 1820. Impression of great piety which sometimes turns to superstition, Mary I lose the reason after the death of her husband (1786) and two of his son. The French Revolution completed the plunge into insanity in 1791. Therefore, his son, the future John VI , who acted as regent until his enthronement in 1816. But the government is in the hands of the Viscount of Vila Nova de Cerveira and the rest until 1800 thus ensuring political stability. Taking advantage of the problems of its European neighbors (American and French Revolutions, the Napoleonic wars ...), while remaining neutral, the country enjoyed a period of prosperity through trade in sugar, tobacco and cotton. Seigneurial justice was abolished. The titles of nobility lose their importance. The administration is unified on the territory. It is the bourgeoisie that takes off. The ideas of the Enlightenment spread widely in Portugal with the creation of the Academy of Sciences and the development of the press. Yet censorship conducted by the superintendent of police Pina Manique violently stalking liberal ideas. In 1778, the final borders of Brazil are set by the Treaty of San Ildefonso. The country can not remain permanently neutral, and in 1793, he has no choice but to join the anti-French side in England and Spain. After the French victory against the Spanish (1795), Napoleon decides to pay his choice in Portugal. In 1801 he encourages Spain to invade the country: the War of the Oranges. Defeated, Portugal sign the Treaty of Badajoz (1801) being of Olivenza a Spanish city. After the defeat at Trafalgar , Portugal is also ordered to close its ports to British ships. Him two choices: to obey and to risk losing his best to see him take over her colonies, or be invaded by France, losing its colonies or lose its independence. John VI tries to save time, but an ultimatum was launched in 1807. A plan provides for the sharing of the same country (the Treaty of Fontainebleau ). On November 20, 1807, French troops under General Junot crossed the Portuguese border unopposed and arrive in Lisbon on November 30. This episode is crucial, since the day before the royal family left the country for Brazil paving the way for its future independence: indeed, Rio de Janeiro became the capital of the empire (between 1808 and 1822), Portugal is reduced to colonial status. Brazil takes this situation to modernize and adopt a political and administrative structure. In 1810, he even lost his status as a colony. It still allows him to Portugal to remain independent. Some organized resistance against the occupation. By July 1808, it allows the landing of British troops in Wellington followed by battles Rolia and Vimeiro which oblige the French to leave the country. The country is supervised by the British this time since General Beresford responsible for organizing the defense was entrusted with full powers. In 1809 a second French invasion led by Marshal Soult took the north but was immediately rejected by the Portuguese-British coalition. Finally, in 1810, a third led invasion Massena and Ney at the head of a powerful army is stopped at the Battle of Buaco before having to turn back pursued by troops of Wellington. In October, they leave Portugal before being expelled from Spain in 1814. Despite the victory, the war left the country devastated and ruined. It's the end of Portugal as a European power and marine. King John VI even considering staying in Brazil. In the early nineteenth century, Portugal is experiencing a deep crisis, a consequence of invasions Napoleonic battles and looting French have ruined the country and caused the departure of the royal family to Brazil, a prelude to independence. Thus, the opening of Brazilian ports to world trade (1808), involves the transfer of part of economic activity and cause the ruin of many Portuguese traders. Finally, the English domination over Portugal has increased. Living so far in the illusion of past greatness, many are considering a resumption of things in hand and changes in depth, hence the success of liberal ideology among the bourgeoisie. In popular circles, for cons, it is still associated with foreign invasions. However, all agreed to demand the return of the king and put an end to the British Trusteeship. Conspiracies are foiled including one led by Gomes Freire de Andrade , a member of Masonic Regenerao, who becomes a martyr for liberal causes. Another group, kle Sindrio founded in 1818, brings together the disgruntled army and traders in Porto The Vintisme and the Brazilian crisis The point on which we agree is the status of a colony of Brazil. For this, King John VI to return to Portugal, what is required immediately Cortes. It complies but called his son, Prince Pierre , regent of Brazil. This decision displeased the Cortes, who believe that the sovereign must be resident in mainland Portugal. They ordered the regent to leave Brazil and continue his education in Europe. All of these requirements create discontent of the 65 lawmakers who leave the country for Brazil. The military tries to influence a moment the choice of the constitution in a short-lived episode, known as the Martinhada November 11, 1821, feast of St. Martin. September 23, 1822, the Cortes approved a constitution particularly progressive. Inspired by the French Constitution of 1791 , she spent the tripartite division of powers (legislative, executive and judicial), and limits the role of the king to a mere symbolic function, giving power to a government and a parliament unicameral elected by direct suffrage, which put an end to the privileges and the Inquisition and establish freedom of the press. Shaped by the Liberals and the bourgeoisie, this constitution is too liberal and anticlerical for popular support . The Cortes fear a moment for John VI gathers around him do the Conservatives seeking to derail the revolution. This sign, however, the Constitution on October 1, 1822. In fact, it is the queen and their son Michael underpinning the anti-liberal reaction. On September 7, 1822, Prince Peter receives a new message to the Cortes summoned back to Portugal and to submit to them and the king. With the encouragement of Jose Bonifacio and his wife Maria Leopoldina of Austria , he tears the threatening letter in public, exclaiming: "Independence or death! . This act, known as the "cry of Ipiranga", marks the date of independence from Brazil. This blow to the country, in addition to reforms considered too innovative to make completing the unpopular Liberal government. In May 1823, anti-liberal opposition to take this situation deleterious to take up arms in Vila Franca and proclaim the restoration of absolutism. Prince Michael joined Vilafrancada. The king tries to find a compromise between liberal and absolutist Cortes. A new government is formed, Michel was appointed commander of the army. But dissent continues. In April 1824, supporters of Michel instigate another uprising, the Abrilada pretext of threats to assassinate the royal family. John VI, with the help of the British, forcing Michael to submit. This leaves the country. This time, the government is in the hands of supporters of a moderate absolutism. Liberals flee into exile. On the death of John VI in 1826, the rightful heir, Peter , became emperor of Brazil expected to Portugal, he abdicated the Portuguese crown in favor of her daughter, Mary , then aged 7 years, provided that 'she married Michael, her uncle, who would become regent. Meanwhile, the Infanta Isabel Maria de Bragana , daughter of John VI, would ensure the Regency (1826-1828). Just before Peter IV promulgated a new Constitution: the Constitutional Charter , copied from that of Brazil which is a compromise between absolutists and liberals. These measures are criticized very sudden but Mary eventually swear allegiance to the Charter and married Michael in 1828. The spirits do not subside. If the Liberals are claiming victory and for many returnees, the absolutists feel aggrieved. They recognize that Michael was very popular in the country. It is stirred by a virtual civil war when Michel oath to the constitution. Around him, you push him to proclaim himself king. What he finally did in July 1828. Mary II flees to England. Michel immediately rejected the constitution and dissolved the assembly. This act has the effect of forcing everyone to choose between two camps, between absolutism and liberalism. The Liberals are rising but the violent repression. One of them went into exile with the queen. It's a real civil war that started. Michael I very authoritarian government. His government still appears as incompetent as the previous. The economic situation is disastrous. By 1829, the Liberals Strike cons: they unite and landed in the Azores headed by the Duke of Palmela, Pedro de Sousa Holstein. From there, they prepare their offensive and won a first battle in Vila da Praia. In addition, Peter I, anxious about the situation in Portugal, forced to abdicate in favor of his son, Peter II (April 7, 1831), landed in the Azores, with the support of the French and English, to take Liberal leader and restore her daughter on the throne. He proclaimed himself regent and form a government. On 8 July 1832, they landed near Oporto ("Landing of Mindelo") with 7500 men and 60 ships led by the Marquis of Vila-Flor, Severim Antnio de Noronha. The absolutists-cons attack. The king and his men find themselves besieged in the city of Porto. The city resisted heroically for over a year. This war is uneven and deadly. It only adds to the crisis and foreign dependence. Most of the country remains committed to the monarchy, the Liberal Party gathering especially among intellectuals. The resistance of Porto plays a fundamental role yet in the public support to the Liberal cause. In June 1833, an expedition, led by Antnio de Noronha Severim, landed in the south to take the absolutist troops in the rear. Not meeting resistance, it takes Lisbon July 24, 1833 and form a new government. Michael took refuge in Santarm in order to besiege Lisbon. His attempts fail. The battles of Almoster and Asseiceira give victory to the Liberal troops in 1834. The general Michel seeing their lost cause end the civil war May 26, 1834 with the signing of agreements Evora-Monte who proclaim a general amnesty. Michael went into exile in Italy. The marriage is annulled and Mary II restored to the throne. Peter II died in September 1834. Mary II ascended the throne with the Duke of Palmela as prime minister. It inaugurates a Conservative government that this constitutional monarchy. Moreover, until 1850, the political scene is dominated by barons, viscounts and upstarts of the big bourgeoisie. If absolutists have lost the game, the Liberals remain committed to the monarchy. But they are divided: one side the Chartists in power, adherents of the Charter of 1826 and some authority (the rich landowners, merchants on the other ...), September, followers of the constitution 1822 and national sovereignty (the middle classes, artisans, military ...). The situation does not improve if: Portuguese agriculture into a crisis that lasted until 1850. Many farmers leave their land bought at low prices by urban dwellers without their exploiters. The expulsion of religious orders and the nationalization of their property in 1834 are not made to appease the spirits. On 8 September 1836, another revolution broke out in reaction conducted by the army and the middle classes: the revolution Septembrists. The government resigns. The new regime dominated by the figure of Manuel da Silva Passos proclaims the return of the constitution of 1822 and abolished the Charter. Queen convene a constituent assembly. Despite many reforms and a sharp decrease in the budget deficit, the government becomes unpopular and authoritarian political instability continues. Governments come. The queen even attempt a coup, saying government too liberal: the event, known as the Belenzada fails (November 3, 1836). It is followed by another similar revolt which also fails: the revolt of the Marshals (July 12, 1837). In 1838 a new constitution is a compromise imposed by the Cortes Sa da Bandeira under the pressure of September ( revolt of the Arsenal , March 9, 1838). It advocates the separation of powers, bicameralism and a right of veto for the king. But that Costa Cabral right thing gradually as the right man. January 27, 1842 after a bloodless coup, he shall announce the return of the Charter. There will be no government September. Cabral leads the government with an iron hand with the Duke of Terceira. This period was marked by violent repression against the opposition and many reforms accompanied by large public works. We are witnessing the return of order and economic progress. The opposition Progressive divided barely be heard until a law in 1846 triggered a new civil war. This law seeks to prohibit burials in churches as they did. In March 1846, the first popular uprising led by women Fontarcada in the north ( Pvoa de Lanhoso ) gives its name to this movement: Revolt of Maria da Fonte. It must be said that the campaigns are already badly the forced march to modernization of the countryside, coupled with recent tax reforms and military recruitment. The revolt spread rapidly north and then across the country, supported by the opposition. Cabral troops encounter guerrillas who force him to resign soon (May 17, 1846). The Duke of Palmela form a new coalition government. This choice does not please the Queen, who seeks to restore Costa Cabral by force is the Emboscada 6 October 1846. It immediately causes a new uprising of October 1846 to June 1847: the Patuleia brings both to the right (the absolutist supporters of Michel ...) to left, September and supporters of a republic. The monarchy threatened request the intervention of England, France and Spain. This time the rebels lay down their weapons during the convention Gramido in June 1847. Costa Cabral and leaving Saldanha strengthened. 1 May 1851, Costa Cabral was overthrown by a military revolt and replaced by Saldanha. This period of constitutional monarchy is called Regeneration and sees the return to the forefront of the bourgeoisie. This buzzword since 1817, means first and foremost a Masonic lodge whose members strongly influence the Reform movement since its inception. He has been in every speech liberals, especially those of scholars from the University of Coimbra. He expressed a desire to give back to the country as its prestige and power up for lost time. Forces finally balance thanks to an act supplementing the Charter (1852) that reconciles Chartists and September and especially around the endless parliamentary debates. The order comes. We can say that the monarchy into a quieter period and institutionalized. Economically, the country tries to adjust to the independence of Brazil, developing agriculture, industry and commerce. Political stability allows for progress at this level. The policy of major projects initiated by Fontes Pereira de Melo , emblematic of the long period (there is even talk of Fontismo) helps develop the country's infrastructure and open up some areas of the country: this means the development of railways, ports and the telegraph. The school and the administration are reformed. A new Civil Code replaces the Orders of the Philippines in 1867. The queen died in 1853, temporarily replaced by her husband Ferdinand II before Pierre V is old enough to reign. The latter died of typhus in 1861 and his brother Louis I succeeded him. These reforms are fundamentally changing the country. If the state develops the infrastructure, it refuses to intervene in the economy: the new civil code to end the communal ownership, land is sold and privatized. The area of cropland increased in parallel with productivity. In this system, medium and large owners are privileged to the detriment of small farmers who consume what they produce and so far benefited from free land for their cattle. If wages increase, new costs arise. Now is the marketing of production which is favored . The rise of the middle class is accompanied by the Lisbon and Porto. Public buildings give way to private investment. Tourism develops. But if consumption increases, it is to the benefit of foreign products: the trade, the basis of wealth, limits all the country's industrialization and national production, it can not find outlets in province and in the colonies, thereby increasing the country's dependence. New habits, new words appear . Moreover, the gap widens with the poorest at the same time as their resentment toward the wealthy. For ideas as the country opens abroad. In Coimbra, young students, we bring together under the term Generation of 70 , begin to talk about themselves by challenging the bourgeois order, institutions, political system and the weight of the Church. These young intellectuals seeking to open the country to the European currents of thought. Starting by taking positions on controversial national literature found retrograde (the Question Coimbr ), they organized in 1871 in Lisbon, a series of conferences that will be remembered as the conference's Casino : seeking to improve the political and intellectual pays, ils y dbattent des problmes du pays et des solutions inspires par les ides nouvelles (la rpublicanisme , le socialisme , le communisme ...). Ces changements et les crises qui en dcoulent provoquent une vague de migration, vers les villes d'abord, qui ne peuvent l'absorber entirement; elle se tourne alors vers le Brsil qui manque de main-d'uvre depuis l'abolition de l'esclavage en 1888 (le Portugal l'a interdit sur son territoire et dans ses colonies le 23 fvrier 1869, alors que son commerce l'tait depuis 1836). Jamais le Brsil ne rapporte autant d'argent au Portugal. Mais encore une fois cette richesse est trompeuse: . Les rformes fiscales et le nouveau dcoupage administratif provoquent des agitations Porto et Lisbonne qui finissent par renverser le gouvernement le 1 er janvier 1868: la . Le nouveau gouvernement de droite rformiste revient sur les rformes problmatiques. Cela amne la cration d'un nouveau parti: le Parti Rformiste. Ce nouvel chiquier politique inaugure une nouvelle priode, qui dure pratiquement jusqu' la proclamation de la Rpublique, qui se caractrise par l'alternance des deux grands partis politiques au pouvoir: le Parti Rgnrateur (plutt conservateur, men par Saldanha et Fontes Pereira de Melo et qui domine la vie politique) et le Parti Historique (de S da Bandeira). Cette alternance est appele le Rotativisme , terme d'inspiration britannique. L'essor des ides venues de France et d'Angleterre est l'origine de nouveaux partis: le Parti rpublicain en 1876, pour qui la renaissance nationale passe obligatoirement par la fin de la monarchie; le Parti socialiste, en 1873, qui dfend lui, une collaboration avec le rgime en change de mesures sociales. Pour les contestataires, chaque occasion est bonne pour glorifier les figures du pass. C'est le cas en 1880, avec la commmoration de la mort de Cames , organise par les rpublicains. Ces derniers se prsentent comme les seuls capables de rendre leur dignit aux Portugais. Cette fte populaire leur amne un grand prestige. En 1882, la commmoration de la mort du marquis de Pombal est prtexte l'exacerbation du sentiment anticlrical et se transforme en manifestation anti-royaliste. partir de 1876, l'alternance s'effectue entre le Parti rgnrateur et le Parti progressiste qui se disputent les voix des classes populaires avec le Parti rpublicain et le Parti socialiste. la mort de Louis I er , en 1889, son fils Charles I er monte sur le trne. La contestation contre la monarchie s'amplifie avec ce roi impopulaire et s'affiche au moindre prtexte. Depuis la perte du Brsil, le Portugal s'est tourn vers l'Afrique et lance des expditions travers le continent (notamment celles de Roberto Ivens et d' Hermenegildo Capelo ). Le pays doit faire face la vague expansionniste des autres pays europens sur ce continent. Le 11 janvier 1890, un ultimatum anglais exige sous un motif fallacieux que le Portugal retire ses troupes postes entre le Mozambique et l' Angola. Le Portugal ne cache en effet pas son objectif de runir les deux colonies en annexant les territoires situs entre les deux. Ce projet est rest connu par la dsignation de (carte rose) . Or, ce projet s'oppose aux plans anglais qui eux cherchent runir Le Cap et Le Caire. The government is obliged to yield, triggering a wave of indignation against England and against the monarchy. Rioting against this national humiliation. A first Republican revolt fails early 1891. On this occasion, what made the Portuguese national anthem The 1st Republic Liberal constitutions fail to win: the people depoliticized sees in this period agitation and parliamentary debates sterile debates which concern only part of the bourgeoisie by agreeing to share power. The country saw an economic and moral crisis. The Republicans, carrying the hope of regenerating the country to restore its lost pride and be done with these battles, engage in the preparation of an action force in 1909. On 3 October 1910, the garrisons of Lisbon are on alert. This is the killing of Miguel Bombarda , influential Republican who is the trigger. The military leaders attempted to seize the Republican Palace and garrisons. Things did not go as planned and the insurgents have thought for a moment lost the game so that different groups are isolated. Only the 5, before the popular support for the rebellion, the king's troops lay down their arms. The republic is proclaimed by Jos Relvas and Eusbio Leo , the balcony of the mayor of Lisbon. A provisional government was appointed to vote on a new constitution. The royal family fled. Teofilo Braga was named president of the Provisional Government. This event opens a precedent when it is legitimate for a minority to overthrow the rule of law. The people did not play any active role in these choices. The men's movement are all from the elite of large cities and are members of Freemasonry has played a major role in this victory. Even if the republic fails to restore calm and bring the country out of crisis it is causing profound reforms. The former are designed to restore order and to mark a break with the past by strong symbolic acts. In the first months is granted a general amnesty for crimes against state security. A new flag and new national anthem are created. The army was reorganized and National Republican Guard (GNR) is created. The republic is trying to reorganize the state, introducing a degree of decentralization and autonomy for the colonies. The Civil Registry is systematized. Tax reform can relieve the poor. Attempts to solve the budget deficit inherited from the monarchy are even beginning to bear fruit before the war put everything into question. In 1911, the country adopts a new currency (the escudo ) valid on all Portuguese territories, with the exception of India. The agricultural policy aims to increase the cultivable area but Portugal is still the famine during the war. Education is reformed: the training of teachers is improved, education is made compulsory 7 to 10 years. The spelling is simplified. Public assistance and child protection to develop. The universities of Lisbon and Porto are created. The workers, yet few, organize and demand better living conditions: the right to strike is recognized, a law on accidents is passed, the weekly day of rest is introduced. In 1912, the country experienced its first general strike yet. But the policy of secularism is that it leads him back to the church and a population remained predominantly Catholic. In 1910, educational religious congregations are again expelled, banned religious education, the church property nationalized for the benefit of public assistance, introduced civil marriage and legalized divorce. In 1911, the separation of church and state was proclaimed. Finally, August 21, 1911, the new constitution is adopted. Manuel de Arriaga becomes president and appoints Joo Chagas head of government. These changes are reflected in the particularly rich cultural life of the time ( Fernando Pessoa , the journal Orpheu, Almada Negreiros , Mrio de S Carneiro, ...). The film is very successful since its inception. Divisions emerge first among the victors themselves, united to overthrow the monarchy, they discover themselves divided on the policy. Since 1911, the Republican Party is split into three: the Democratic Party of Afonso Costa advocating radical measures rapid evolutionary Party of Antnio Jos de Almeida and Unionist Party Brito Camacho rather conciliatory and moderate. Arise when new debates sterile controversies overthrow the government and plunge the country into anarchy, condemning the regime. No fewer than eight presidents and fifty Governments come in 16 years. This contrasts with stirring the apathy of the masses. The hopes placed in the republic evaporate. Social conflict after another: while the most radical supporters of the regime accuse him of a lack of social and union, anti-clericalism of the plan is a flaw that made the success of conservative circles. It must be said that many Catholic movements have been born since the beginning of the century in response to anti-clerical policies (the Integralism Lusitano , the Academic Centre of Christian Democracy (CDAC) created by some Salazar , the Portuguese Catholic Centre ...). Their action is most effective when it gained the support of the masses. Many of these groups reject democracy, republic, parliamentarism and liberalism in favor of a strong regime. They profit from war and colonization of Africa which allows a return of congregations, the urgency is to cope with competition from foreign Protestant missions. Finally, the apparitions of Fatima in 1917 are put to the account of the battle against the secularization of the country. Some of these groups join the monarchist parties Party (legitimate) claim for return of the king on the throne. Supporters of Manuel II first, then the descendants of Michael I launch expeditions from Spain (in 1912, 1915). Given the difficulties, on 1 January 1915, President Manuel de Arriaga , Appoints Military, General Pimenta de Castro , head of government. Faced with agitation, it postponed the elections and interrupted the proceedings of the assembly. The opposition is first seduced but the Democrats and the Masons will object violently to end the dictatorship of fact, five months later. If the Republic went to war despite his pacifism is among others to protect the rest of its colonial empire. It is also to stand out from Spain German ally. It must be said that the monarchists and clericals are more attracted to these countries by a secular France or Great Britain Anglican who eye on the Portuguese colonies. It will however at the request of the latter country as Portugal takes over the 36 German ships anchored in its waters, bringing Berlin to declare war in March 1916. A sacred unity government is appointed, but the war effort and the economic crisis worsens the disorder to bring to power a dictator: December 5, 1917, a coup instead Sidnio Pais at the head of the country. It established a New Republic: The meeting is dissolved, the president's power increased (it should even be elected by universal suffrage), links with the Vatican re-established, opponents sued and censored the press. It is the triumph of Germano, Portuguese opposed the intervention, and right monarchist and Catholic followers of a strong regime. It was in this atmosphere that the Portuguese Expeditionary Corps (PRC) , composed of 45,000 men, prepared by Jos Norton de Matos was sent to France. Other troops were sent to Angola and Mozambique. The PRC ordered by Gomes da Costa , was severely defeated at the Battle of Lys April 9, 1918. Sidnio Pais refuses to send reinforcements in Flanders. Portugal has still earned its place alongside the Allies during the negotiation of peace treaties, which allows him to get compensation from Germany and a recognition of its African possessions. With the end of the war, the country finds itself on the brink of bankruptcy. The news of the deaths, the rationing, the epidemic of Spanish influenza , repression, exacerbate social unrest and strengthen the power of the monarchists and reactionaries. It was in this climate that Sidnio Pais was assassinated December 14, 1918. The working class has been strengthened with the creation of unions. In 1921, created the Portuguese Communist Party (PCP). Nihilists and anarchists groups pose a climate of terror on the country. Emigration to Brazil appears as an out and helps balance the trade balance. All this added to the political divisions that, until 1926, the history of the republic will be more than a series of failed coup, mutinies and government crises. Faced with unrest, military juntas were formed to restore calm. The appointment of the new government triggered a reaction from monarchists: military juntas were formed in North and South. They call for a strong regime against the return of "Old Republic" born of the constitution of 1911. January 19, 1919, under the influence of group Integralismo Lusitano , they proclaim the restoration of monarchy in Porto and Lisbon. The movement led by Paiva Couceiro , spreads in northern countries: " Monarchy North "does a moment as an independent territory. January 22, Lisbon juntas rise up but are surrounded by Republican troops from the 24th. These come in Porto on February 13 and restore the Republic in the country. The new government is trying to impose peace by strengthening the powers of the police (GNR). This only creates a new destabilizing the regime: the departments falling one after another. The head of the GNR was soon convicted of corruption. It threatens to disarm the police had become too powerful. While the Conservatives win the election, on the night of October 19, 1921, takes place noite sangrenta (the "bloody night): the revolt led by Colonel Manuel Maria Coelho , Camilo de Oliveira and Santos Cortes , officers GNR and Commander Procpio de Freitas. Several prominent Republicans are murdered with Antnio Granjo , head of government, Machado Santos and Jose Carlos da Maia. Gunfight or will exacerbate the confusion, the fact is that the government resign. The rebels have been discredited and the GNR disarmed. On 27 November 1921, the Democratic Party and the Liberal Party agreed on a program of fiscal consolidation and a return to public order. Although disagreements and coup attempts are continuing, the events have highlighted the need for a strong government based on the Italian model. The group Integralismo Lusitano theses inspired Charles Maurras saw its influence grow. Opposed to him, the group Seara Nova tries her hand to propose reforms for the country. Yet, while both agree on that. Even among the workers eventually get bored of strike calls. The army and its officers with the prestige of the war are brought more often to intervene in the political life and seem more likely to introduce such a system safe. In April 1925, soldiers are already trying to take power inspired by the military dictatorship of Primo de Rivera in Spain. 28 May 1926, a military coup led by General Gomes da Costa ended the Republic. This gesture is primarily a revolt against the corruption and degradation of political life, pain associated with parliamentarism. Yet it is no stranger to fascist ideologies from Italy, Spain and Catholic associations ( Integralism Lusitano , the CDAC to Salazar ...). Thus, the system hesitates long on the way forward: the monarchists hoping for a moment before the return of the king that he would die in 1932. The Republic survives in a form so authoritarian. But it will slowly evolve. The power initially remains in the hands of the military: it is entrusted to Mendes Cabeadas soon overthrown by Gomes da Costa (17 June), himself overthrown by General monarchist Jos Joo Sinel Strings (July 9). He appoints scar Carmona as president. Until 1928, the directors tried to restore the finances, but failed sparking discontent and new social movements, which in turn reinforce authoritarianism and repression. Portugal should even bring himself to ask for help from the League of Nations. This event is experienced as a humiliation. Revolts broke out, the failure of the one carried by Republicans in February 1927 to the exile. The weather calmed momentarily. On 27 April 1928, opening a new government is appointed by Carmona, with, for the first time, a certain Antonio de Oliveira Salazar as Minister of Finance. Regarded as the man of the situation since the publication of his plan to balance the budget, he accepted the position on the condition of having a say on all government spending. It controls well, in fact, all the orders. However, by 1929, budget balance is achieved and will continue until the war. Salazar gradually imposed his authority on the government to hold in his own hands the destiny of Portugal for the next four decades. Former professor of economics at the University of Coimbra , from conservative Catholic circles, his political thought is a compromise between the various streams on the right: rejection of communism , the liberal political and economic faith in a strong authoritarian state. It is deeply conservative , nationalist , nationalism that generates distrust any foreign influence and powers a nostalgia for the rural areas, considered ideal. He has the support of the financial community, major employers, church, army and monarchists. He founded his own party in 1930: the National Union. Then in 1932, in speeches that do more than just finance, it lays down the principles of the political system it wants to achieve: antiparliamentarianism, single-party system and regulator of the economy (the economic conditionalism). The same year he was appointed Chairman of the Council while retaining the finance portfolio. In 1933, the new Portuguese constitution, the Estado Novo , comes into force. Presidential content, it admits the existence of a National Assembly and a Corporative Chamber composed of items related to trades. In practice, the president is a figure inconsistent, the National Assembly was occupied by supporters of the regime and the power is concentrated in the hands of Salazar. The unions and the old political parties disappear, except the Portuguese Communist Party (founded 1921), which goes into hiding and whose leaders are harshly persecuted by the political police (first called the PVDE, then the PIDE ). Censorship, restored in 1926, is reinforced and strikes prohibited. In 1936, are created the "Portuguese Legion" and "Portuguese Youth", whose purpose is to oversee the population and to teach youth across the country the ideas of the plan. Salazar supports Franco with the intervention of Viriatos the side of Franco's troops. In 1940, a concordat signed with the Church surrenders his property and renew ties with the Vatican. Until 1937, various movements trying to overthrow the regime without success: Salazar escaped an attack July 4, 1937. Its power increases and he eventually govern alone, considering itself as the "guide of the nation." During the Second World War , Portugal remains neutral while moving closer to Germany and Spain (with the treaty of friendship and nonaggression or Iberian Pact of 1939) to better escape English tutelage, he sells raw materials used in the construction of war material and provide some prosperity to the country. In 1943, he sold to Allied military base in the Azores. The regime saw its heyday, 800 years of the country and 300 years of restoration lead to grand celebrations to glorify the past. The end of the war suggests that the country will follow the liberation movement that blows over Europe. But it is only under the pressure the regime softens slightly, during the 1945 elections, political groups are allowed if still faintly audible. Censorship is less strong. The country has a great political effervescence indicates a general dissatisfaction. The party must end his victory as the withdrawal of the opposition. These elections primarily enable the PIDE identify opponents. Consequently, the regime and the repression harden. The next election on the same model can also give the foreign exchange abroad. Those of 1949 saw the opposition to unite around Jos Norton de Matos. His vigorous campaign, during which he denounced the repression and censorship, shook the regime to its foundations. But again, the electoral law obliges Norton de Matos to withdraw. The opposition does not soon find such a union. Especially for the U.S., the regime soon appears as a bulwark against communism. In 1949, Portugal entered the NATO and in 1955 at the UN. His colonial policy raises some good reviews abroad which led him to change the constitution to create a statute of the natives. We now speak of "overseas provinces". On the death of Carmona, the candidate Salazar, Francisco Craveiro Lopes , was elected president in 1951 without difficulty. The scheme commits a large public works policy, with wage increases, in the same time, repression hardens as isolated Salazar: arbitrary arrests, torture ... In 1958, the regime saw a new crisis: this time the criticisms arise from the new generation coming from his camp. For elections, Craveiro Lopes is even rejected in favor of Amrico Toms and the opposition united around Humberto Delgado seems a moment in a position to win. The operation of the polling leaves him no chance. After the election, he is forced to flee to Brazil. The agitation did not cease. In the 1960s, Portugal experienced a strong wave of emigration. Emigration is changing in nature: they are more settlers leaving for Africa, adventurers from making a fortune in Brazil or political opponents. This time the main destinations of Portuguese in search of better living conditions, are France and West Germany. The regime is trying to stop this migration, which weakens an economy based largely on labor cheap. On the other hand, it represents a source of currency for the country requires the plan to adopt an ambiguous position. Disputes soon come close to power circles in January 1961, political exiles, led by Henrique Galvo and Humberto Delgado , capture the ship Santa Maria. On November 10, 1961, hijacking of a plane between Casablanca and Lisbon , the operation Vago, is used to distribute pamphlets anti-Salazar. This is the first action of its kind in the world. The same year, the defense minister, Botelho Moniz , attempted a coup. The opportunity is offered to him by the massacre of Portuguese settlers in Angola , 15 March 1961. This event will mark the beginning of the Portuguese colonial wars in Angola , in Guinea and Mozambique. While international pressures pushing the country to begin a process of decolonization, the advocates of a peaceful solution are being rejected by Salazar and the Portuguese public opinion to which this solution is simply unthinkable. Independence movements spreading in the Portuguese colonies: December 19, 1961, Indian troops invaded the Portuguese territories of Goa , Daman and Diu ( Operation Vijay ). The case is seen as a national tragedy: the Empire and across the country are threatened. The city reacts to two years for the duration of military service in the territories overseas. Salazar is trying to silence international criticism by allowing foreign investment in the country and the colonies and developing education in the colonies. At the same time, it encourages emigration to the colonies to increase the Portuguese presence. The settlements provide opportunities to the Portuguese industry but accentuate the dependence of the metropolis. In 1962, a student movement out of Lisbon strongly shaken the country. The rector of the University of Coimbra, Marcelo Caetano , gains popularity by denouncing the attack on university autonomy. The repression was strong but schools become centers of opposition. This end of reign marked by internal dissent and international issues coincide with senility Salazar. The division in the party prevails, the censorship and control all the PIDE. The repression is very strong. In 1965, Humberto Delgado was assassinated. The liability regime is no doubt . In 1968, Mrio Soares, who was deported to So Tom. In 1968, after a fall, Salazar suffered a cerebral hematoma and seems doomed. The president appoints Marcelo Caetano to head the government (September 23, 1968). It has the support of reformist currents of the plan. Expectations are high and Caetano is aware of the need for change. But, guarded by the conservatives, despite some concessions to the opposition, he dare not begin real reform: in terms of freedoms, it deletes the full powers of the PIDE, moderates censorship, allows the meetings of the opposition on the economic front, he turned to Europe and opened the country to foreign investment. It is also committed to the autonomy of the colonies. But these attempts to modernize the country do not mesh with the continuation of the colonial war. The scheme does not change, the government either and troops continue to be sent to Africa . This causes a new wave of emigration. Even if the opposition is present in the 1969 elections, how elections leaves him no chance to be represented. Abstention is very strong. Discord arise within the majority party. In this system, the successful challenge can only come as close to the regime: this is not a coincidence that the military introduced the scheme will also be the first to truly challenge. Directly involved in Africa, they are well aware that the obstinacy of this absurd system, against the tide of history, to save the remnants of an empire threatens human lives and national economy. For them, the solution to this conflict is necessarily political. The challenge also comes from the most educated: student strikes between 1968 and 1970 are of great magnitude. The country's situation worsens again in 1972 and 1973: the country is hit by the global crisis. The prestige of the army is being undermined by separatist guerrillas in Africa. Some even suspect officizers senior regime want to play the decay of the conflict for them to blame for the defeat. The malaise of the military increases. Catholic circles arise dissent. If political repression and censorship disproportionately affect intellectuals, the war eventually affects all families. Discontent is growing. In July 1973, two ordinances aimed at facilitating the promotion within the army to deal with the deficit of candidates angered some captains. This anger gives rise to a protest movement, but first corporatist politicized: the Armed Forces Movement (MFA) . En 1974, les choses se prcipitent avec la sortie d'un livre : le prestigieux gouverneur de Guine, Antnio de Spnola , grand militaire, jusque l proche du rgime et ne pouvant tre souponn de lchet, remet en question les choix stratgiques en Afrique sans pourtant appeler la fin du rgime. Il dmissionne de son poste en septembre 1973. La publication de son livre ( ) fait grand bruit. Ses prises de positions font tomber un tabou et ouvrent la voie d'autres. Il est bientt dmis de ses fonctions. Le MFA se runit plusieurs reprises ; les runions sont houleuses car les officiers se divisent sur la voie suivre: le coup d'tat ou la voie lgaliste? Cette dernire reste majoritaire. Costa Gomes et Spnola sont d'ailleurs choisis comme chefs du mouvement. Une commission est charge d'laborer un programme politique . Une premire tentative de coup d'tat Caldas da Rainha choue le 16 mars 1974. Il est difficile de savoir qui prend l'initiative de cette action. Ce qui est certain c'est que la voie lgale est oublie. Le vote du programme politique du MFA rassure ceux qui craignaient le retour d'une dictature militaire. Deux jours auparavant, Caetano reoit les officiers des forces armes afin de s'assurer de leur soutien : l'absence de Spnola et de Costa Gomes atteste de la condamnation du rgime. Le retrait des dcrets polmiques n'a pas ramen le calme dans les troupes . Le 25 avril 1974, au petit matin, le rgime salazariste est renvers par un coup d'tat militaire. Arriv bout, sans soutien, il ne rsiste pas longtemps. Tout le monde est surpris par le soutien populaire qui lgitime cette action. Marcelo Caetano se rend la condition de transmettre le pouvoir un officier. Il remet sa dmission 18 heures au gnral Antnio de Spnola. Le pouvoir est confi la Junte de salut national qui doit gouverner jusqu' la constitution d'un gouvernement provisoire. Les membres sont choisis parmi les diffrents corps de l'Arme. Ils sont choisis pour leur prestige et n'adhrent pas forcment au programme du MFA. Les premiers moments d'euphorie gnrale qui culmine lors de la clbration du 1 er mai, voient la libration des prisonniers politiques, le retour triomphal des opposants exils ( Mario Soares du Parti socialiste et Alvaro Cunhal du Parti communiste ) et la fin de la censure. Mais le ver est dans le fruit. L'objectif commun des protagonistes - en finir avec ce rgime et la guerre - ne suffit plus prserver leur unit. Les divisions sont profondes en ce qui concerne la voie suivre. D'un ct, on trouve le MFA ( Mouvement des forces armes ), regroupant les jeunes officiers l'origine du coup d'tat, dont Otelo Saraiva de Carvalho ou Salgueiro Maia. Leur programme prne un changement radical, trs gauche, que l'on peut rsumer par le triptyque "dmocratiser, dcoloniser, dvelopper". De l'autre, un vieux gnral qui assume la prsidence de la rpublique. Il reprsente la lgitimit du mouvement et rassure les milieux conservateurs qui craignent les dbordements populaires. Lui, dfend un retour la normale progressif bas sur les anciennes institutions. Il prconise aussi d'unir les colonies africaines dans une fdration portugaise l'image du Commonwealth . Le conflit est inluctable. Cette divergence sur la voie suivre est l'origine d'une priode de grande agitation politique de deux ans, communment appele PREC (Processus rvolutionnaire en cours) et marque par une vague d'attentats. Le 25 avril au soir, le gnral cherche remettre en cause l'ide d'autodtermination immdiate pour les colonies et le programme conomique du MFA. Celui-ci le prend de vitesse en divulguant son programme dans la presse afin d'obtenir le soutien populaire et d'empcher toute remise en cause de ce plan : celui-ci propose d'instaurer une dmocratie dans laquelle les militaires doivent cder la place aux partis politiques . Cela rassure le pays et assure ds lors un soutien populaire au MFA. Ds lors, on craint une raction de la droite militaire. L'indiscipline rgne dans l'Arme et toute la hirarchie militaire en est bouleverse. Une course s'engage entre le MFA et le gnral pour imposer ses vues auprs de la population. Le pays connat une vritable explosion sociale : manifestations, grves, occupation d'usines. Le 16 mai 1974, un premier gouvernement provisoire est nomm dirig par Adelino da Palma Carlos. Il comprend des figures des principaux partis politiques comme Mario Soares (Parti socialiste), Alvaro Cunhal ( Parti communiste ) et Francisco S Carneiro (Parti social-dmocrate). Les dissensions sont trop fortes pour mettre en place une politique et, considrant n'avoir aucune marge de manuvre, Palma Carlos dmissionne. Le MFA dcide de reprendre les choses en main en nommant un proche au poste de premier ministre : le gnral Vasco dos Santos Gonalves. Il met galement en place le COPCON (Commandement Oprationnel du Continent), dirig par Otelo Saraiva de Carvalho et charg de maintenir l'ordre et de s'assurer de l'application du programme du MFA. Le but est clairement de limiter l'action du Prsident de la Rpublique . Lors d'un discours rest clbre, le 10 septembre 1974, Spnola en appelle la pour faire face aux extrmistes qui veulent imposer leur voie au pays. Son appel provoque une raction inverse celle attendue: la gauche se mobilise contre ce qu'elle considre comme une menace ractionnaire. Spnola dmissionne en prdisant le pire pour le pays. Rien ne peut plus arrter l'mancipation des colonies : le 10 juillet 1974, le vote de la loi constitutionnelle reconnat le droit l'autodtermination et l'annulation de l'article I de la constitution dclarant que ces terres sont partie intgrante du Portugal. Le 10 dcembre, la Guine-Bissau dclare son indpendance, suivie du Mozambique (25 juin 1975), du Cap-Vert (5 juillet 1975), de So Tom et Principe (12 juillet 1975) et de l' Angola et de Cabinda / A> (November 11, 1975). Even if these countries fall within the sphere of influence of the Soviet Union, Portugal managed to maintain its relations with them : the MFA imposes a nationalization of banks and insurance companies, and steel, electricity and transport. It now has one side supported by the MFA on the far left and the other moderates (the PS and the PSD left to right). The MFA requires all parties its domination of political life during a transitional period of five years. Revolutionary ideas are disseminated in the population by the armed forces (COPCON) and the extreme left (LUAR): it goes through a literacy campaign, the Assemblies of neighborhoods, businesses and occupations of farms ... With strong participation, elections are yet the victory of the Socialist Party and the rejection of the extreme left. Nevertheless, the government remains in place: the nationalization and land reform continues, the wages are increased ... The failure of elections requires Socialist ministers to resign, followed shortly ministers Social Democrats. The country is on the brink of civil war . On July 26, 1975, pending the formation of a new government is established a triumvirate with all the powers and consisting of general Francisco da Costa Gomes , Vasco Gonalves and Otelo de Carvalho. The division between moderates and radicals is now reflected within the MFA. The Communist Party, isolated, distanced himself from the government. Without support, the prime minister resigns 29 August 1975. He was replaced by Admiral Jos Baptista Pinheiro de Azevedo , which brings together moderates around him. But unrest continued strikes, demonstrations, sacked ... The Army is completely disorganized. October is marked by attacks on 7 November, a group of paratroopers blew up the transmitter of Radio Renascena; 13, striking workers are 250 MPs and the Prime Minister hostage. Resigns November 20 . On 21 November 1975, a decision set fire to the powder: Otelo de Carvalho, labeled as too far left, was replaced as commander of the Lisbon region. On November 25, 1975, units of paratroopers attempted a revolt that fails. Otelo de Carvalho and the rest of the Army refused to take part. The state of emergency is declared, causing a shock in the country. The uprising of November 25, 1975 announcing the end of the revolutionary process and the role of MFA in politics. It is the victory of moderates. The country is entering a phase of normalization with the adoption of the Constitution , April 2, 1976 (proposing to establish a socialist democracy ), the election of Ramalho Eanes at the head of state and appointment of the socialist government of Mrio Soares . The Army was reorganized and subordinate to civil power . This new government is facing a terrible economic crisis, exacerbated by the arrival of 700 000 returnees in Africa. Soares began a policy of austerity while appealing for international aid. This assistance is accompanied by stringent conditions with the objective of restoring the balance of public accounts. It also initiates a policy to integrate as quickly as the European Union. Despite all these efforts the global crisis does not restore the finances and improve the economic situation. The proposed land reform which continues to divide the left and stirred the countryside end up causing a real political crisis: the Communist Party, strongly opposed the project, adding its voice to the right to dismiss the government . In 1978, the political crisis dragged on, the president eventually found a compromise by including three prominent right-wing government Soares. The coalition does not take long. In July, the President dismisses the Prime Minister. Three successive governments in the initiative. This instability reflects the fragility of institutions and uncertainty about the way forward. The concern is prsidentialisattion regime . The economic situation, however, tends to stabilize. The elections of 1979 and 1980 saw the victory of a right-wing coalition led by Francisco S Carneiro and clearly state the rejection of a presidential system: a revision of the constitution is committed to this direction . The latter, adopted August 12, 1982, limits the role of the military and the President of the Republic in political life. It establishes a parliamentary system and removes all references to socialism . The government in question some nice gains of the revolution, he won some successes in its fight against unemployment and inflation. Yet the conflict with the left and the president is inevitable. Strikes shook the country. For president in December 1980, Ramalho Eanes was reelected to his image as a man of integrity. Political instability continues: at S Carneiro, mysteriously disappeared, succeeds Francisco Pinto Balsemo before resigning the first time August 11, 1981. This time the challenge comes from his own coalition. The economic situation is again difficult. Eanes asked to form another government. The government proposes a new austerity plan. Pinto resigns Balsemo again December 20, 1982 after a relative failure in municipal elections. The early parliamentary sign the 1983 return of Mrio Soares: refusing an alliance with the Communists, he became the leader of a right coalition (Social Democratic Party)-left (Socialist Party) . The economic and social situation is still worrying. Mrio Soares resumed the policy of austerity in order to gain the confidence of the financial community. Large sectors of the economy are open to private capital. The success is mixed: the budget deficit is reduced but unemployment remains high. The commemorations of the tenth anniversary of the revolution takes place in a climate of bitterness and a certain nostalgia for Salazar. During these years, the country is affected by the attacks organized by the group exteme left FP-25 (Popular Forces of April 25). In 1984, several members were arrested, including Otelo Saraiva de Carvalho, a leading figure of the revolution. This highly controversial arrest causes the emotion of the population . The bursting of the PS-PSD coalition in 1985 is primarily the result of the right being reorganized: the main opponent Balsemo Pinto, Anibal Cavaco Silva , takes his place as head of the rightist party. He immediately denounced the alliance with the PS, causing the departure of Social Democratic ministers and the resignation of Mrio Soares. After the legislative elections of October 1985, right, led by Anbal Cavaco Silva , returned to power with a limited flexibility in the absence of an absolute majority. The party of former president (PRD) took the head of the opposition to his policies. In April 1987, he succeeded in overthrowing the government through a vote of censure. Early elections are held so that not only confirm earlier results but strengthen the party in power. On June 12, 1985, Portugal signed his formal accession to the European Community. This membership requires profound adjustments in the country to catch up economically. This new period is marked by the election for the first time in 60 years, a civilian head of state: Mrio Soares was elected February 16, 1986. The absolute majority obtained by the PSD in 1987 also permits a lasting stabilization of political life. The country is experiencing strong growth. It benefits from EU structural funds that allow it to catch up . But the entry into the European Community also imposed a policy of austerity. The government of Anibal Cavaco Silva has a policy of economic liberalization and many companies are privatized. It must pass a new constitutional amendment passed in July 1989. With the end of the agrarian reform is still an achievement of the revolution disappears. The 1991 elections confirmed the dominance of the PSD. But tensions with President Mrio Soares, was also reelected, multiply from that date. Until 1995, they accompany the social tensions of the political consequences of rigor. After 10 years in power, the challenge within the PSD precipitated the fall of Cavaco Silva. The Socialist Party narrowly missed an absolute majority in the legislative elections of 1995: Antnio Guterres becomes prime minister and Jorge Sampaio is elected president. The entry into the euro nevertheless imposes further economic austerity. The disappointment of socialism do not prevent Guterres to be renewed in 1999. Recent years have changed the country dramatically. The success of the Universal Exhibition of 1998 in Lisbon ( Expo '98 ) is an important moment of national communion. Despite the disappearance of the last vestiges of the Empire, with the handover of Macao to China in 1999, the country has rediscovered its pride. In 2000, Portugal was able to be part of the country adopting the single currency (the euro ). Finally, in 2004, the country managed to organize the European Championship football. If Jorge Sampaio is elected president (January 14, 2001), the early legislative victory of 2002 saw the DSP which forms a coalition government with the CDS-PP (right). The year 2005 saw the victory in parliamentary elections by absolute majority, then the Portuguese Socialist Party qu'Anibal Cavaco Silva became President of the Republic in 2006 opened a new period of cohabitation. 
Barbarian Invasions
Muslim Invasion
Birth of the Kingdom of Portugal
End of the Reconquest
Development of the country
Crisis of the fourteenth century
Dynasty of Aviz
Early expansion
Capacity gained seats
War of succession to the throne of Castile
New development
p> After this relative slowdown, the findings are a boost under the leadership of the new master of shipments, the infant John , who plans the findings with the aim of reaching the Indies. Lisbon has now become the starting point of European trade. 
Pinnacle
The disaster-Alccer Kibir
The union of Spain and Portugal
The dynasty of Braganza
The Restoration
The regencies
John V and the riches of Brazil
Portugal Pombal
Mary I and Viradeira
The Napoleonic invasions
The liberal revolution of 1820
Return of absolutism
Chartism cons septembrie
Regeneration
The Rotating
L'ultimatum anglais et ses consquences
The coup
Reforms
Divisions
The war and its consequences
Dictatorship
Military Dictatorship
The Estado Novo of Salazar
Opening Marcelis
La rvolution des illets
The installation of democracy
Entry into the European Union
Subjects of the history of Portugal
References
See also
Bibliography
Related articles
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