History Of Morocco
Morocco is a country in North-West of Africa, whose very name, derived from Marrakech (imperial city and capital of 1062 to 1269 and from 1524 to 1659 ), began in the sixteenth century. Inhabited since prehistoric times by people Berbers , the country had stands Phoenicians , Carthaginians , Romans , Vandals , Byzantines before being Islamized by Arabs. It was in 788 , during his exile that Idris I. , fleeing the persecution of the Caliphate of the Abbasids , gave birth to a State in the Maghreb al-Aqsa (Maghreb extreme or extreme west) .
According to historian Bernard Lugan , attractiveness, among others, wealth from trade in the South (the Sahara ) to the north (the West) will attract the desires of various tribes with the crossroads city Marrakech (the door of the desert ) that will naturally become the capital of various dynasties, especially those from the South ( Almoravids , Almohad , Saadi ) and is the reason why the history of Morocco (the Idrissids to Alawites ) was marked by trade wealth from South to North. The history and origin of Morocco were, are and will be marked by the link with the Sahara .
The earliest traces of settlement
Everyone has left many traces in the entire prehistoric period, mark a very ancient people, probably facilitated by a more favorable climate than today , .
At the Acheulean ( Lower Paleolithic ), indices that are at least 700 000 years reflect a first human activity. These men lived mainly by hunting and gathering. The tools in this period are the pebbles , the biface , the cleavers found particularly in areas of Casablanca and Sal.
The Mousterian ( Middle Paleolithic ) between 120 000 and 40 000 years before the Christian era, is characterized by the development of tools. This period has yielded squeegees and scrapers , particularly in the stone industry of Jbel Irhoud.
The period of Aterian (from Bir el-Ater in Algeria ) is known only in North Africa. This period is characterized by controlling the production of tools featuring stalks to facilitate the fitting. This period has also seen a change, since the fauna and flora are scarce, leaving the desert today cut the Africa in two.
The Upper Paleolithic is marked by the arrival of Homo sapiens , carrier industry Iberomaurusian. At Taforalt ( Oujda ), the tools found date back 30 to 20 000 BC funeral rites are identified: the dead body in supine and lateral bone painted.
These populations are maintained until about 9000 BC then it will be eliminated or absorbed by the arrival of the first ancestors of the Berber people present: the Capsian (name derived from the ancient city of Capsa now Gafsa ) arrive from the east (as shown in linguistic studies, which fall into the same family of Egyptian and Berber).
Sites Neolithic , showing the emergence of a sedentary lifestyle and the birth of agriculture are found near Skhirat (Necropolis ROUAZE-Skhirat) and Tetuan (Kaf Caves That el Ghar Ghar and Kahal)
Antiquity
The Phoenicians , enterprising merchants from the land of Canaan , established their first settlements on the coast of Morocco from the eleventh century BC. AD and founded the counters as Tingi ( Tangier ) or Lixus (near Larache ). It is from the founding of Carthage (in Tunisia , North Africa Eastern) as the region begins to be truly enhanced. The influence of Punic civilization will be felt almost a thousand years in Morocco: in effect from the sixth century , the Carthaginians in search of precious metals (mined from the Atlas and the Draa Valley) of purple (from a shell, the murex, found in Mogador example, the source of the dye of the same name), will trade with local people and introduce cultural elements in society Phoenician.
It is from the fourth century BC. BC , in northern Morocco, is the first political organization in the country: the kingdom of Mauretania, a result of the federation of different tribes Berber impregnated values Phoenician-Punic state unitary . Mauretania went through a centrally organized around the king, who holds all power. The cities are administered by magistrates called suffetes inspired Carthaginian model. The heads of the tribes retain some autonomy, but are required to contribute troops variables warriors. Punic is the official language used for official documents, diplomatic relations and the cults of Baal and Tanit.
When the Romans arrived around the second century BC. AD after the destruction of Carthage , they are allied with King Bocchus of Mauretania. This strategy allows them to outflank their enemy, the chief Numidian Jugurtha , son of Bocchus. This one wins the title of Friend of the People Award from the Roman Republic and esteem of Gaius Marius. Mauretania became a vassal kingdom, a "client state", which, if it depends heavily on Rome and take part in all the infighting of the Empire, remains de facto independent. King Juba II (25 av. AD) is distinguished by its openness to all cultures of the Mediterranean basin. Fed to the classic Greek culture, and he married Cleopatra Selene , daughter of Mark Antony and Cleopatra VII. A civilization is thus constitutes maurtanienne, mostly urban, with originality synthesizing Punic heritage and Hellenic and Egyptian influences.
In 40 , the Kingdom of the Moors lost their last monarch, Ptolemy of Mauretania. Caligula , who was assassinated, faces the war Aedemon: It took four years to quell the revolt and 46, the emperor Claude annex the kingdom, which became the province of Mauretania Tingitana with the chief town of the city Tingi. Roman rule is limited to the northern plains (to the region of Volubilis near Meknes ) and the Empire does not seek to control the region bluntly: it appears that autonomous tribes and peaceful as that of Baquates are nested within the territory of the province. As far Rome has to fight constantly against the Berbers of the Atlas Mountains and those of the Atlantic plains, like the famous people from the general Autololes Gaetulia. Mauretania Tingitana is a military province directly under the imperial government, administered by a procurator from the equestrian order in Rome (Knight). The procurator is assisted by auxiliary cohorts recruited in Spain , in Gaul , in Britain , in Illyria and Syria. These units are mainly distributed in the triangle-Sala-Tingi Volubilis device supported by significant military camps as Oppidum Novum ( Ksar el Kebir ) Thamusida (near Kenitra ) and structures of the region of Sidi Kacem. Similarly, the Moorish troops are recruited by the Romans but to defend the borders of the Empire on the Rhine , the Danube and the Euphrates.
The cities of Tingitane adopt the scheme Roman urban classic, with its straight avenues, a forum, triumphal arch, the basilica and its capitol, the temple dedicated to the worship of the Capitoline Triad ( Jupiter , Juno , Minerva ). Residential areas for affluent social classes are also built near the official monuments. The city of Volubilis , the most famous of Mauretania Tingitana, having at its peak up to 10,000 people, including a high proportion of Moors Romanized the Romans but also originating in Italy and Spain , the Greeks , the Judeans and Arabs of Arabia Petrea. Some families of the local aristocracy achieve successful careers, to the point of sending their members sit on the Roman Senate. Rural relatives are enhanced by large landowners also from the patrician province. Main agricultural wealth Tingitane is olive oil, widely exported to the rest of the Empire. The plains also produce wheat and fruit, and forests are exploited for cedar and cedar. All these substances are transported to ports as Tingi and Sala experiencing very strong commercial activity .
Just like the rest of North Africa, Mauretania Tingitana will know the Christianization. Dozens of dioceses cover the region, turning first to the Roman and the Romanized populations. It was in 298, Tangier, under Diocletian that St. Marcellus , the Roman centurion, was beheaded . Two bishoprics were identified Tingitana (Tangier and Lixus), but it is possible that there have been four. The spread of Christianity , however, remains very low compared to other African provinces. The small Christian community seems Tingitana loyal to Catholicism and Roman remains outside the quarrel Donatism waving neighboring provinces.
In the third century , the empire declined. It is also the case in North Africa and especially in Morocco: Mauretania Tingitana finds himself reduced to the only city Tingi and the north coast. It is also administratively attached to Spain. The southern cities are all abandoned, including Volubilis. Only port south of Sala is kept by the empire. The reasons for this decline are unclear: Pressure mountain Berbers and South? Severe economic crisis in this region? Attenuation due to internal conflicts of the Empire with the episode of Gordians ?
Taking advantage of the weakening of the Western Roman Empire, a coalition of mostly barbaric Germanic , formed Swabians , the Vandals and Alans crossed the Rhine in 406. Vandals in Spain and then down pass in Africa 429. They reach Hippo (Algeria) 430. The government of Constantinople calls in vain for a naval expedition against the invasion. The Vandals settled in North Africa West for over a century. It was not until 533-534, agrees that the African campaign decided by Justinian I and led by the Thracian general Belisarius. The Byzantine expeditionary force destroyed the Vandal kingdom and deported its elites in Asia Minor. The pacification of the conquered territory is more laborious and collides with the pugnacity of the Moors, especially in western North Africa .
Mauretania Tingitana is not initially affected by the conquest and domination vandals. The Germans never will control only a few points of the Mediterranean coast of Rif. The region came under Byzantine control in 534. But the Moors, accustomed to real independence for over a century, fiercely resisted the prince Garmel around and harass the legions of Belisarius . The Byzantines erected the extreme north of Morocco, around Tangier , Ceuta and Lixus in the province of Mauretania II, administered by an Exarch and an edible ( count ), with extension to the south of Spain took the Visigoths. Mauretania II is having some economic renewal and demographic change. But the Byzantine presence fragile, threatened by both the Goths and the Berbers, until its Arab-Muslim conquest.
Arab-Muslim conquest
In 638 the Arabs took Alexandria. In 649, they reached the Maghreb. But it was not until the fifth round (681) they enter Morocco. They then face a fierce Berber resistance, as a result of diplomatic mistakes. The Berbers, whether mountain or plains today Moroccan or Algerian, will allow the Byzantine Empire to remain until 698. Byzantine presence is then defeated and there remains only the Berber resistance. This resistance takes another fifteen years. In 708, the ancient Mauretania massively converted to Islam. This conversion, which affected people who had never been Christianized, was at no time challenged by the Berbers. The region subsequently experienced anti-Arab revolts, but they were never anti-Muslim . Soon, Muslims use the capabilities of the new converts warriors: Visigothic Spain was conquered in three years, Arab and Berber troops arrive in Navarre in 715. They will be defeated at Poitiers in 732.
The entire coastal Morocco is under Umayyad rule. In the Rif Berber established a small independent emirate: the Emirate of Nekor or Nokour .
In 740 came the first Berber revolt against the Arab power: any way a challenge to Islam, Kharijism serves as a pretext for questioning the Caliphate of the East. It is, for his followers, the desire to choose "the best" to govern, and not necessarily a descendant of the Prophet (which means Shiism), or a candidate chosen by the wise (what does the Sunni). The thesis is kharijites most appreciated by the Berber people, who have feelings relatively democratic: the leader must be chosen by all, and not imposed . The Umayyad Caliphate can not accept it, and a conflict erupts. In 750, Damascus , the Umayyads were overthrown by the Abbasids. The Maghreb al Aqsa is in a quasi-anarchy.
Foundation of Morocco
The foundation of Morocco, a country considering itself the Arab-Berber, African and Muslim, is with the Idrissids allirent that their cause various tribes controlling small kingdoms or territories are independent of central authority . As and when alliances, Idrissids will extend their territorial influence with indigenous peoples and laying the groundwork for the organization of a state formed ( Makhzen ) times by the following dynasties. If Idrissids will start drawing the foundations of the state and the borders of Morocco today, it is the Almoravids who set up their capital, Marrakech will give the country its name (the name of Morocco is due to deformation of French language Marrakech ) and they will consolidate and expand the work of fledgling and fragile Idrissids; later dynasties inherit the previous state experience.
Although other civilizations of the Mediterranean ( Rome , Carthage ...) have enriched the country's history and even if the current population of Morocco will participate in the growth of these civilizations, historians consider that Morocco impact of these civilizations has been limited in the extreme north of Morocco and some trading posts.
About Morocco, the term Empire is sometimes used because by definition, an empire is a set of states or kingdoms (see the different maps of Morocco). This explains the term "imperial cities" still used today to describe the cities of Fez , Marrakech , Meknes and Rabat .
When Morocco is formed, the rest of the Maghreb is fragmented kingdoms as independent territories, sometimes competing or war, no central authority that is to say as unorganized state run by indigenous peoples. The organizational structure allowed the State Saadi and Alawites to oppose the Ottoman expansion that stopped in the river of Moulouya and extending over much of the other Arab countries today.
Disagreements emerged in the early twentieth century in the family and the Alawite Makhzen more generally due to management problems of the country, creating a period of instability which will benefit several colonial powers ( Germany , Great Britain , Spain , France ) to try to seize the country because among other interesting geostrategic position. After many stormy negotiations which failed to trigger and secret, since 1911 , the First World War ( coup d'Agadir ), Morocco is shared between France and Spain.
The Moroccan dynasties
Role of the tribes in the history of Morocco
During their conquest of power and to expand their geographic influence and sit for periods longer or shorter, the Moroccan dynasties will have to form alliances (interested, religious, marital, forced peaceful and negotiated) with the different tribes, Muslim and Jewish countries. Sunni Islam will be the main glue between the various tribes that make up the kingdom. Nevertheless, the fact that some dynasties are clearly displayed as Shereefian does not guarantee the permanence of their power over the country. During the twentieth century , the tribal aspect of Morocco loses in importance, particularly after the exodus of rural populations to cities. However, this aspect is still present and of great importance in the countryside. The Morocco remains a country heavily tribal, but this does not mean the absence of a central organizing authority: Even today, representatives of different tribes of the country continue to renew their allegiance (bay'a) to the king during Throne Day.
Idrisside Dynasty (789-985), founder of Morocco
The story begins Idrissid, when a prince Arab Shiite family of `Ali (the fourth Caliph of Islam ) and his freedman Ben Rachid El Morched Koreichi, took refuge in the Middle Atlas. Fleeing the threat of the Abbasids (who massacred Shiites Alides and their supporters at the Battle of Fakh near Mecca), they stay in Egypt before moving to Walilah ( Volubilis ), under the protection of the Berber tribe of Awarbas. Managing to rally the tribes to his cause, Imam Idriss is invested and founded the city of Fez in 789 by the name of Idris I. This is the beginning of the dynasty of Idrissids.
Idris I is assassinated by an emissary of the caliph Harun al-Rashid in Baghdad , a Zindhi Sulayman al. Does not doubting that the wife of Idris I ( Kenza ) is pregnant, Haroun al-Rashid think the threat is defeated. But a few months later, Idris II was born. His education was entrusted to the freedman of his father Rashid. Eleven years later, he was proclaimed imam. Over the years, his wisdom and sense to the political fore, he managed to unite most tribes, the number of its loyal and growing power of his army (in which Arabs agree kaisites) is develops. The kingdom Idrisid and includes any portion of territory extending from east to Tlemcen Souss south. It seems that the Idrisid dynasty, at least in its infancy, has professed Shiism and more specifically the Zaidism , reputed to be the more moderate Shiite rites .
Feeling cramped in Walilah Idriss II left the ancient Roman city to Fez , where he founded the district Kairouanais on the left bank (Idris I. had settled on the right bank, the Andalusian quarter). Kairouan is the powerful families from Arab and Arab-Persian (the Khorassan ) established Ifriqya since the Abbasid era. They are evicted from Kairouan because of political persecution inflicted by the Aghlabids. The Andalusians who settled in Fez are for their opponents to the Umayyad , from the outskirts of Cordoba (including the suburb of Rabad, hence the name Rabadi assigned to the elements of this first wave of immigration from Al -Andalus) . The kingdom Idrisid generally known an important phase of urbanization, illustrated by the creation of new cities like Salt, Wazzequr and Basra, inspired Basra Iraq. These cities were centers of dissemination of Arab culture and Islam vectors. At the same time, the Vikings head of Hastings are distinguished by their devastating raids on the northern coast of Morocco (including the regions of Asilah and Nador ).
In 985 , the Idrisids lose political power in Morocco and exiles are massively in Al-Andalus. Installed in Malaga , they gradually recover their strength at the point of creating a dynasty during the a href = "% C3% 89poque_des_taifas" title = "Time of Taifa" class = "mw-redirect"> Taifa era, the Hammudites. The latter argue even to the caliphate in Cordoba in lieu of the Umayyads in 1016 United Sijilmassa (758-1055) An emirate founded by Zenetes emerges in the region Tafilalet from 758. Conducted by Midrarides dynasty (whose founder was Ibn Semgou Ouassoul) it takes for the capital city of Sijilmassa. This kingdom officially professes kharidjisme rite sufrite but eventually recognized from 883 religious supremacy of the caliphate Sunni Abbasid. The Midrarides devoted however to maintain an alliance with other states kharidjites, like the kingdom of Rostemides of Tahert , and establish a successful caravan trade in gold with the kingdom of Ghana at that time master of the largest gold deposits of West Africa. The emirate of Sijilmassa and reached its peak in the ninth century through its role as a hub of trafficking of precious metals, and his fame extends well to the Mediterranean and the Middle East. It is precisely this position resulted in African gold excites the lusts of the Umayyads and the Fatimids who battle for domination. It is ultimately the Almoravids who seized the kingdom midraride in 1055. Thereafter, the foundation of Marrakesh definitely eclipse the prestige of Sijilmassa. The Barghawata (or Barghwata or Berghouata) are a Berber emirate, belonging to an ethnic group Masmouda. After the Kharijites failed in their rebellion against the caliphs of Morocco Damascus , they set ( seven hundred forty-four - in 1058 ) a kingdom in the region Tamesna on the Atlantic coast between Safi and Sale Price under the auspices of al- Matghara. The peculiarity of this state is to create a religion purely Berber, based on a holy book inspired by the Koran , and led by a theocratic government fixing the rituals of a new cult taking both to Islam , in Judaism and to ancient beliefs. The Barghwata maintain their supremacy in the Atlantic plains region for four centuries, and maintain diplomatic and trade relations with the Umayyad Caliphate of Cordoba, which probably sees them as potential allies against the Fatimids and their allies Zenata. It seems that the 29 tribes that made up this kingdom, twelve have actually adopted the religion barghwata the seventeen others are loyal to Kharijism . From 985, date of the destruction of the last kernel of the State Idrisid, Morocco is controlled by Meknassa and Maghraoua , vassals of the Umayyads of Cordoba and performing, alternatively, the command to Fez in the year 313 of the AH (925-926) to the year 462 (1069-1070) . The region of Tlemcen be, during the same period, under the control of Ifrenides , which will compete with Maghraoua and Meknassa to control the rest of Fez and Morocco . These three dynasties share power until the middle of XI century and will be destroyed by the Almoravids. Power relies on its meknassien ribat Taza. He owes his power almost legendary Ben Moussa Ben Abi Abi Elafia Bassil that manages to conquer Fes, Taza, Tangier and Larache in 924, before taking control thereafter, a significant proportion of Moroccan regions following the allegiances of various tribes. He hunts Idrissids their positions. The latter take refuge in the fortress of Hisn Hajar Annasr , . In 932, they captured Tlemcen then Tekkour (High Moulouya) and its region. They combine the Umayyad Caliph of Cordoba Abd al-Rahman III , but were defeated by the Fatimids. As a result they retreated to Guercif, Tekkour and Taza. Attributed to the construction of fortresses Meknassa of Taza and Meknes , and the city of Tsouli (later destroyed by the Almoravids). Around 954 , Ibn Khaldun, the Zenetes seized several towns in the Maghreb el Aqsa, as Fez , Oujda , Salt , Sijilmassa enjoying the political eclipse of Idrissids. During the conquest, the Maghraoua , the Banu Ifren and Meknassa have differing views, which causes instability in the region. The Fatimids now settled in Cairo advantage of these divisions among the three tribes and send Zenata Zirids of Ifriqiya to conquer Maghreb al Aqsa. The Zirid Ziri ibn Menad succeeded in conquering a part of modern Morocco. In 971 , his son Bologhine ibn Ziri asserts its sovereignty over most major cities. During this period, Berghouata (confederation of tribes and Masmouda Sanhadja practicing a particular religion, became distinct from Islam) are attacked by Zirids. The Maghraoua therefore request the assistance of the Umayyads. Bologhine ibn Ziri was forced to retreat before the Umayyad army coming to Andalusia by sea and landed at Ceuta . Subsequently, Ziri Ibn Attia conflicts with the leaders of Banu Ifren and Meknassa. A bitter power struggle erupts between the fractions Zenata. The Banu Ifren attack Berghouata and take several times Fez to Maghraoui. These restore balance to the Maghreb el Aqsa . These periods of instability do any of these three tribes to establish a lasting dynasty. Reigning over the region of Tlemcen from the tenth century , the Ifrenides or Ifren Banu, occupy almost the whole of Morocco today alongside Maghraoua , vassals of the Umayyads of Cordoba, until the arrival of the Banu Hilal and Almoravids. At the eleventh century , the Banu Ifren conquered the territory of Berghwata . They are masters of areas they have conquered and cities they founded and regularly exercise the power to Fez . Defeated by the Almoravids from 1057, they lose power during the reign of the latter. Not until the fall of the Almoravids as Ifrenides regain control of the region of Tlemcen , but they will once again defeated by the Almohad and territory conquered by them. Around 1437 , the Banu Ifren cast out Merinids central Maghreb and establish again their power to Tlemcen . The Almoravids came from the Berber tribes Sanhadjas of Lamtounas Guzzalas and that the nomadic Saharan desert between the Adrar region of Mauritania and Sijilmassa south of Morocco . These warrior tribes are structured in a powerful religious movement, led by the preacher Ibn Abdullah Yassin. Their goal is to introduce Islam Sunni rite Maliki throughout the whole of the Muslim West ( Al-Andalus and North Africa ). So their just their name from al-Murabitoun, ie fighters ribat , a fortress erected in the holy war against their enemies animists. The Almoravids were victorious in their war against the kingdoms of black Tekrur and Ghana. They seize and Ghana, and its capital Aoudaghost , with all the gold produced by this country and come back to the caravan routes to the north to Tafilalet in the years 1050 , where they cease to exist the kingdom of Sijilmassa. Their heads are successively Abu Bakr Ibn Umar al Lamtouni then Youssef Ibn Tasufin. The war broke out between the Almoravids and Zenetes. The two dynasties of Zenata Banu Ifren and Maghraoua disappear after the final victory of the Almoravids. It Youssef Ibn Tasufin who founded Marrakesh in 1062 , initially for simple nomad camp to become the capital of an empire. The Almoravids are disappearing in areas they control all the doctrines they suspect of heresy. Thus they put an end to the presence of Shiism in the Souss and they destroy the kingdom Berghouata that thrived in the central plains of Tamesna. Everywhere the Almoravids impose the strictest Sunni Maliki, as taught by the theological schools of Medina and Kairouan. This unification is coupled with a religious political unification. The Almoravids and extend their conquests to the central Maghrib, bordering the kingdom Hammadid. In 1086 , Youssef Ibn Tasufin , called by the kings of the Taifa al-Andalus, crossed the Strait of Gibraltar at the head of his forces managed to break Saharan and the offensive of the King of Castile Alfonso VI to Zallaqa ( Battle Sagrajas ). The Almoravids put an end to the reign of kings, exiled Emirs of Seville ( Al Abbad Ibn Mutamid ) and Granada to Aghmat and unify Al-Andalus, which is incorporated into their empire from 1090. However, they fail to recover Toledo fell to the Castilians in 1085. Tasufin Ibn Youssef , who took the title of Emir of Muslims (but not that of caliph, considering that privilege vested in one Abbasid ), reigns over a geopolitical stretching from Senegal to the edge of the Pyrenees and the Atlantic coast to Algiers. This domination is manifested by Almoravid symbiosis identities Andalusian-North African and Saharan west, paving the way for the emergence of a Hispano-Moorish civilization. Buildings remaining in Marrakesh, Tlemcen and Algiers and show a strong influence of Andalusian art school (Legacy of the Umayyads and Taifa) Berber adapted to the taste. In the economic sphere, the State Almoravid is distinguished by its mastery of flows of gold, which controls the production areas and supply routes, from Ghana to the Mediterranean basin. The dinar gold Almoravid marabotins called, runs on all major commercial markets as currency. After the death of Yusuf Ibn Tasufin in 1106 , his son Ali succeeded him, but already the dynasty is contested both in Spain than in Africa. The ruling family is indeed taste the pleasures and delights of life at court. At the same time, people undergo rigorous dictatorship cadis Maliki and abuses of local warlords Sanhadja Saharan origin who exercise their command over the Moroccan and Andalusian towns. Such a situation encourages a widespread discontent across the great kingdom Almoravid. The Almohad (al Muwahiddines) is originally a religious movement founded by the mystic Ibn Tumart (who proclaimed himself Imam Mahdi and impeccable). Ibn Tumart was a Berber who had long lived in the Middle East, including Mecca and Baghdad. He had met personally during this journey the famous Persian theologian Ghazali whose texts had been condemned by the Almoravids. Back in his home region (the High Atlas ) in 1125, Ibn Tumart imposes uncompromising doctrine which aims to "purify morals." It targets the Almoravid dynasty, judged him a heretic. The Almohad movement is growing and Ibn Tumart soon control the entire mountain from its nest of eagle Tinmel. The best disciple of Ibn Toumert is Zenetes Nedroma of which is named Abd al-Mumin. Masmouda accepted by the High Atlas, he led the movement to the death of his master and became the first Almohad sovereign true. Almoravids and Almohads are engaged in endless battles, the Almoravids using a militia of Christian mercenaries led by the knight Catalan Reverter. Almohades have at their disposal an army organized by a tribal solid iron discipline. But the emirate Almoravid through a period of crisis, and the Maghreb easily fall into the hands of Almohads. Marrakech will be taken in 1147 and almost all monuments will be razed Almoravids, for the sake of "purification." Abd al-Mumin took the title of caliph , thus breaking with the Abbasids and imposing the idea of a caliphate Berber independent. Abd al-Mumin inaugurated a system of government and pyramidal hierarchy, headed by the caliph named as the best disciple of the Imam. The caliph command to a Council of Ten other disciples, and this Council of Ten finally sends his orders to the Assembly Fifty most influential sheikhs Almohad. This collegiate structure will then be sophisticated and spread on a large scale through the provision of the administrative system of Arab-Andalusian. The first Almohad caliph and his successors, the fruit of her union with Masmouda , Abu Yusuf Yaqub and Yusuf Abu Yaqub al-Mansur enlarge the empire by the conquest of the eastern Maghreb (until Tripoli) and Al-Andalus. Given its size, the empire was divided into viceroyalties including that of Al Andalus and the East steps ( Ifriqya with the family Hafsids who later independence). The Almohad state becomes a major power in the Mediterranean world, based on a considerable military capability (some estimates would be approximately 500 000 men, divided into units Berber Almohad properly and tribes rallied in quotas Arab Bedouin origin Hilalian , warned Sudan black body and even Christian mercenaries and archers Turkmen ) . Paradoxically, the Almohad taking advantage of a bigoted faith agree to hire Christian mercenaries, something they were specifically charged with the Almoravids. It seems that the dynasty is thus turned its back on intransigent dogmas enacted by Imam impeccable founder of the Almohad, and is close to its power over the tolerant ideas of humanism and Andalusian principles more rational and pragmatic Sunni Maliki. This trend will continue in the early thirteenth century, the official abandonment of the doctrine by the last Almohad caliphs of Marrakech and a return to Sunni Islam , but just when the Empire broke up everywhere. The three capitals Almohad: Marrakech , Rabat and Seville , know the cultural and artistic climax of Moorish civilization, and plans for major urban redevelopment bold for its time. Trade, agricultural production and handicrafts are flourishing, and ports build relationships with the commercial cities of Italy, Provence and Catalonia that produce counters at Sousse , Tunis , Bizerte , Bejaia , Oran , Ceuta , Sal and Azemmour. The summit of glory was followed by a slow but irreversible decline. In 1212, the caliph Muhammad an-Nasir was defeated by the huge cross-coalition Las Navas de Tolosa. The call of Pope Innocent III to the crusade against the Spanish Almohads in 1209 involves not only Castilian , the Aragon and Portugal , but also France , the UK and the Holy Roman Empire. The Almohad Caliphate disintegrate, eventually leaving room for four new political entities of the Muslim West: the kingdoms of Fez (Merinids), Tlemcen (Abdalwadides), Grenada ( Nazari ) and Tunis ( Hafsids ). The Almohad caliphate during the reign of Abu Yusuf Yaqub al-Mansur , establishes a strategic partnership with Egypt 's Sultan Saladin. The culmination of this relationship is the embassy in Abu Abderrahman ibn al Harith Moukid sent by Saladin to the Court of Marrakech. This mission is realized through the participation of the Moroccan fleet maritime operations against the Crusaders (the coasts of Middle East and Red Sea ) . Following the capture of Jerusalem by Saladin in 1187 , many families came from Morocco to participate in repopulating the holy city. They established and in 1193 a district that is until today the name of "Areas of Moroccans" , and many Palestinians are descendants of Moroccans living in the Holy Land. Mrinides or Marinids ( Wattassides (1465-1555) The Wattassides or Wattasids or Banu Watase are a tribe of Berbers Zenata as Mrinides. This tribe, which would initially be native to present Libya , was established in the Rif, on the edge of the Mediterranean. Tazouta their fortress, between Melilla and Moulouya Beni Wattas have gradually expanded their power at the expense of the ruling family Merinid (see the detailed article on Wattassides). These two families were related, Mrinides have recruited many viziers in Wattassides. The viziers Wattassides necessary gradually to power. The last sultan Merinid was dethroned in 1465. It follows a period of confusion that lasted until 1472. Morocco is cut in two with the south, an emerging Arab dynasty, the Saadi , a sultanate and north Wattassides decline. In 1472, the sultans of Fez have lost all their strategic territories and have more control of the Gibraltar Strait. The Portuguese took possession of Tangier in 1471 then yield the city to England in 1661 as a dowry given by Catherine de Braganza to her husband Charles II of England. During Portuguese rule (1471-1661, with a Spanish interlude between 1580 and 1640), Tangier is the capital of the Algarve in Africa, because there exist two Algarve, that of Europe and that of Africa, both considered personally territories under the dynasty of Aviz and the dynasty of Braganza (King of Portugal is also the title of King of the Algarve). Under the successive reigns of Alfonso V , John II and Manuel I (period marking the climax of Portuguese expansion) Algarve encompasses almost all the African Atlantic coast of Morocco, with the exception of Rabat and Sal. The Portuguese controlled the coastal portion extending from Ceuta to Agadir and Boujdour , with points milestone strongholds of Tangier , Asilah , Larache , Azemmour , Mazagan , Safi and Castelo Real de Mogador. These holdings form fronteiras, Portuguese equivalent "presidios" Spanish, and are used as stops on the route of Brazil and the Portuguese India. Nevertheless most of Morocco Portugal was reconquered by Saadi in 1541. The last is fronteira Mazagan, recovered by the Moroccans in 1769. The Spaniards for their part claim for themselves the Mediterranean coast with presidios of Melilla and the rock of Vlez de la Gomera, and the region of Tarfaya facing the Canary Islands. They also take control of Ceuta after the debacle Portuguese at the Battle of Three Kings, which results in the Iberian Union ( 1580 ). Kingdom of Berghouata (between the eighth and eleventh centuries)
suzerainty of the Umayyads of Cordoba
The Meknassa and Maghraoua
The Ifrenides
The Almoravids (1059-1147)
Almohad (1147-1248)
Morocco during the Crusades
Merinids (1248-1465)
The arrival of the Andalusians and Moriscos (Moors)
From the early success of the Reconquista, Muslims Andalusian began to retreat to Morocco, and from the twelfth century Andalusian decided to leave some Moorish Spain but most of them were forced to leave the Spain mainly in two stages: the fall of Granada in 1492, and in 1609 with the expulsion of the Moors followed the decline to the Maghreb.
It is necessary to recall that before 1492, the geographical proximity of Morocco with Spain Andalusian naturally induces constant exchanges between these two and other countries.
The proximity of Morocco and the desire to return to Spain will result in the presence of a large concentration of Andalusians on the northern shores of Morocco. The Catholic kings of Spain saw a danger in this concentration, located just 14 km from their bank, attacked the northern shores of Morocco and the Maghreb and captured the cities of Melilla and Penon de Velez to prevent any comeback attempt.
The influx of these Andalusians that Morocco will be integrated into the social fabric and economic, will mark a new turning point in the culture, philosophy, arts and politics. Note that many intellectuals and artists will join the Andalusian royal courts, this movement will be initiated by the famous Averroes of Cordoba (d. in Marrakech ) and the last classical poet of Arab and Muslim Spain, Ibn al-Khatib of Granada, who finished his Life in Fes.
The Moriscos settled in Rabat (called New Sale) and Salt (Salt Ancient) form a government privateer from 1627 , the Republic of Bouregreg also called Republic of Two Banks. This political entity, comparable to other Regencies Barbary of North Africa, race remains successful business leaders who bring their bosses to negotiate with the major European powers. The boldness of the captains saltins is indeed known, and some of them carry out daring raids until Iceland and even up North America ( Newfoundland , Baltimore ). After a period of independence in the early seventeenth century, the Alawite sultan Moulay Rachid concludes the existence of the republic saltine and the annex to the Empire of Morocco. In Morocco, the war of race declines in the late eighteenth century, with final adoption in 1829 , following the reprisal attacks fleet Austrian against the city of Asilah (which followed the capture of a vessel of this nation by Moroccan pirates ). The majority of captains saltins is Moorish in origin but are also present renegade (the most famous being the Netherlands in January Janszoon became Mourad Rais), Moroccans and native sailors "Turks" from Algiers and Tripoli.
Saadi (1555-1659)
Saadiens, sometimes called Zaydanides . This murder, however, has no impact on the military front and even strengthens the foundation of the dynasty Saadian.
Designated by the mystical brotherhoods including the Chadilya and Jazoulya, Saadiens have the difficult task of reunifying the Morocco and fight the young King Sebastian I of Portugal who want to carry his personal crusade in Africa. In 1578 in Ksar el-Kebir ( Battle of the Three Kings / A>), the Portuguese army composed of mercenaries from all over Western Europe (Portuguese knights, militia Spanish, German and lansquenets halberdiers Papal) is completely annihilated by the forces Saadian is explained by the banishment of princes Abu Marwan Abd al-Malik and Ahmed (the future Ahmed al-Mansur Saadi ) in Algiers and Istanbul during the reign of their half-brother Moulay Abdallah al-Ghalib , who wanted to eliminate them from being the sole representative of the dynasty. The support of the Ottoman Sultan Murad III to the claims of the two princes Saadian may seem paradoxical given the confrontational nature of Moroccan-Turkish, but Abd al-Malik and his brother know how to use this funding wisely to get the throne and eliminate their nephew Mohammed el Mottouakil (son of al-Ghalib) which in turn was allied with Portugal. The death of Murad III in 1595 also puts an end to hegemonic appetites of the Sublime Porte and strengthens Moroccan independence .
If the Turks are mostly found in the headquarters and artillery, most of the army is composed of renegades Saadian European military and tribal Arab Cheraga well as contingents from Souss (the el-Ehl Souss constitutes the backbone of the military dynasty). This considerable force, estimated at 40,000 men by the historian Henry Terrace, is the Sultan Ahmed al-Mansur's most powerful political and military leader of this part of Africa. He proves it by launching one of its most brilliant officers, General Yuder Pasha , the conquest of the Songhai Empire of Mali becomes after the battle of Tondibi pashalic the Moroccan Timbuctoo and Sudan Western. The Askia of Mali overturned the Golden Valley River Niger is the path followed by Moroccan oasis Marrakesh by the circuit of caravans under heavy escort. With this gold Mali, Sultan embarks on a policy of prestige, completes his immense Badi Palace and we see even the Queen of France Catherine de Medici try to use a loan of 20,000 ducats to the wealthy al -Mansur . For its part the Queen Elizabeth I of England wants to forge a strategic alliance with the Spanish anti-powerful caliphate saadien to counter the ambitions of Philip II. This policy is embodied by the Anglo-Moroccan joint attack against Cadiz ( 1596 ) and the exchange of ambassadors between the courts of London and Marrakech in 1600. But this brilliant page ends with the death of Ahmed in Fez in 1603. From 1612 the pasha of Timbuktu conduct themselves independent princes and gold in Mali continues to arrive to Marrakech. The dynasty died in 1659 at the death of Sultan Ahmed el-Abbas, who ended a long dynastic war between the various heirs of the family Saadian .
On the eve of the demise of the dynasty Saadian, Morocco breaks up into several local authorities, some of whom aspire to go beyond their regional and win nationally. Among these powers, the most notable are the zaouia of Dila , based in the Middle Atlas, whose strength lies in the Berber tribes of the mountains, including Sanhadjas and the zaouia of Illigh who founded the kingdom of Tazeroualt in the Souss and control of important caravan routes from the Sahara. Besides these theocratic states Sufis , the warlord el-Ayash, a champion of jihad in the Atlantic provinces, is carving an important fief in Gharb. Coastal towns dominated Andalusian also set themselves up as independent political entities, such as the Republic of Sal and the principality of Naqsides to Tetouan. Finally, in Marrakech and in the Haouz emerges the lordship of the old palace saadien bullies. But of all these players involved, it is the Alawites , emirs Tafilalet necessary through a methodical and gradual conquest of Morocco, taking advantage of internal weaknesses and divisions of their opponents. The Alawite dynasty comes to power on and throughout the mid- seventeenth century.
The Sultan Alawi (from 1636 to present)
One of the most famous is the Alawite Sultan Moulay Ismail , the second ruler of the dynasty, whom the chroniclers and contemporary witnesses agree to give 26 years at his accession (1672). He is the half-brother Moulay Rachid Moulay M'hammed and born of a black slave that he will keep a matte pronounced. His reign is between 1672 and 1727. Moulay Ismail succeeded his half-brother Rachid, who died accidentally in Marrakech. Sultan imposes its authority throughout the Empire Shereefian with its militia army composed of slave-black soldiers from Senegal, Mali and Guinea (the Abid al-Bokhari, true dedicated to African Janissaries person exclusive of the Sultan) and tribes guich (Oudayas, Cherrardas, Cheraga). In the system guich, tribes enjoy tax exemptions and sales of agricultural land in exchange for their service, but this leads to the formation of an all-powerful military caste in which the Makhzen also recruits many of its staff. The Ismaili State is a formidable administrative machine which controls the country since Meknes , new imperial capital in lieu of Fez and Marrakech. During the reign of Ismail Meknes gets a real forbidden city to the Moroccan, with its complex of palaces, ponds, mosques, gardens and fortresses.
It has long been compared to Ismail Louis XIV , also the Sultan of Morocco maintains a regular correspondence with the King of France, which they desire the hand of his daughter, Mary Anne Princesse de Conti also called miss Blois. Demand remained without result with the Sun King. The Moroccan ambassador to France in 1699 , Admiral "seas Moroccan" Abdallah Ben Aicha, is the author of the first test in Arabic describing Versailles and the splendor of his court. He followed a few years (1693) Baron de Saint-Olon, Ambassador of France in Meknes, author of "relation" on the "kingdom of Fez and Morocco." The relationship between the two countries are experiencing a phase of decline due to the failure of Christian redemption of captives by religious missions, and also because of the plight of Muslim convicts detained in France. The Franco-Moroccan had been motivated by the opposition in both countries to Spain of Charles II , but the throne of Spain Philip V , grand-son of Louis XIV, terminates the agreement. Therefore formal diplomatic ties are severed between Meknes one hand and Paris and Madrid on the other hand in 1718. They will be reinstated in 1767. Ismail believes the monarchy because of the Hispano-French Bourbons now fully as hostile to the interests of Morocco. France is thus supplanted by the Empire Shereefian England, as illustrated by the brilliant British Embassy Commodore John Stewart and Windus in Meknes in 1721 .
Ismail led a continual war against the rebellious tribes of the Atlas (which he eventually submit) but also against external enemies: the Spanish , the English (at least before their evacuation of Tangier in 1684 ) and the Ottomans who covet incessantly the region of Oujda. Sultan extends the authority Sharifian on Mauritania to Senegal River with the help of the emirs Moors of Adrar of Trarza and Brakna. To the east, the oases of Tuat are submitted. In 1700, Ismail also supplies military campaigns against some of his own son eager to carve out principalities in the Souss, Marrakech and the Oriental.
From 1727 to 1757 Morocco has a dynastic crisis in which the al-Abid Bokhari made and unmade sultans, while the tribes guich razzient rise and the imperial cities. Other tribes are taking advantage of the anarchy to enter division ( Siba ). In these troubled times emerged the figure of Moulay Abdallah II of Morocco , overturned and reinstated several times between 1729 and 1745. He must suffer the secession of his half-brothers who founded real kingdoms in each province, with the support of one faction or guich Abids. Similarly, the inhabitants of Sal and Rabat reconnect with self-pushers, and the North pashas family Rifi establish a dynasty that controls Tangier and Tetouan. The powerful confederations such as Ait Idrassen and Guerrouane, fall into division and captured the caravan trade linking the commercial centers of the Empire Shereefian Saharan oases and in western Sudan.
Order was restored by Mohammed III of Morocco (1757-1790) who restored unity and authority of the sultanate's official Makhzen. The policy of Mohammed III is characterized by the opening diplomatic and trade of Morocco. Treaties are concluded with major European powers that maintain consulates and business houses in the new Moroccan Atlantic port founded by Mohammed III. The best known example of these new commercial centers is the city of Mogador ( Essaouira ), designed by French engineer Theodore Cornut working for the Sultan. Mohammed III was also the first leader to recognize the independence of the young American republic of the United States in 1777. The Moroccan king establishes an epistolary friendship with George Washington . Domestically, the reign was marked by riots provoked by the body of Abids (Meknes in 1778 ) and by a severe drought in six years (1776-1782) that generates economic and demographic consequences disastrous. This negative situation is even more apparent during the reign of Al-Yazid of Morocco (1790-1792) famous for his cruelty and his unfinished war against Spain. His disappearance led to the return of dynastic troubles of war and tribal anarchy. The Empire is split into two Shereefian Makhzen rivals, one in Fez (with Moulay Sulayman), the other in Marrakech (Moulay Hassan). Sulayman is who wins and reunify the sultanate in 1797.
Moulay Sulayman (1792-1822) leads an isolationist policy. Sultan closes the country to foreign trade, especially in Europe, and removes border posts created by his father. Internally its Dahirs openly inspired Salafist cause tribal rebellions and urban areas, linked to its decision to ban moussems and maraboutism. The Berbers of the Middle Atlas , At Oumalou particular, are grouped under the leadership of warlord Boubker Amhaouch and form a large tribal coalition, which was joined even Rif. During the 1810s, the army Makhzen towels and heavy losses resulting in the fall of Fez and the decline of the Sultan on the coastal cities remained under his authority. The rebels and the tribes Fez going to try to impose the son of Sulayman, Moulay Said, head of the state, but fail in their attempt. Externally, the Sultan managed to avoid attempts to influence diplomatic and military exercised by the Emperor Napoleon , Morocco's closest neighbor since the occupation of Spain by French troops in 1808. Moulay Sulayman turned towards However Saud bin Abdul Aziz, Emir of Nejd and the first Saudi state , showing a strong interest in the Salafi Wahabi surging. (borrowed from British banks), Mohammed IV of Morocco (1859-1873) successor Moulay Abd al-Rahman began a policy of modernization of the Empire of Morocco. The army is the first field of structural reforms. The tribal system guich is abolished and replaced by recruitment to all the tribes "nouabs" (subject to regular tax) which shall provide Tabors (units) Regular askars (soldiers). The training of these troops is entrusted to European military advisers and weapons purchased from foreign firms such as firm German Krupp . Along with this modernization of the military, industries are created (munitions factories, sugar, paper), technological advances are recorded as the installation of the first printed Arabic of Morocco in Fez in 1865. But this policy entails considerable expenses that require substantial funding. The Makhzen is therefore obliged to levy additional taxes do not comply with Islamic law , quickly unpopular and disapproved by the ulema. Tensions related to this decision broke after the death of Muhammad IV and the accession of his successor, Hassan I in 1873. They take shape in the cities of social riots violently repressed, the revolt of the tanners of Fez is an illustrative example .
The reign of Hassan I. corresponds to the will of the Sultan of reconciling the demands of a modernizing state to social and political complexities of Morocco. This rule fits more in the perspective of European imperialist rivalries that become even more pressing following the international conference in Madrid in 1880 , which foreshadows the future division of the Empire of Morocco. Like the Turkey , from Persia or China at that time, Morocco became a "sick man" as the saying goes in circles colonialists. Through economic concessions and the system of bank loans, each of the interested European powers, notably France , of Spain , the United Kingdom and the Germany , hopes to prepare the way for total conquest of the country. The skill is knowing the Makhzen hold off the combined greed of European imperialism and play rivalry between the powers. But the death of Hassan I, occurred during an expedition in the Tadla in 1894 , leaving power in very young Abd al-Aziz of Morocco (then aged only 14 years old), son of a favorite of Circassian harem Imperial, some Reqiya Lalla .
Regency is a real then held until 1900 by the Grand Vizier Ahmed ben Moussa, from the old guild Abid al-Bokhari Palace. The Grand Vizier continue intelligently knows the pragmatic politics of Hassan I, but his death causes a worsening of anarchy and foreign pressures, and a rivalry between Moulay Abd al-Aziz and his brother Moulay Abd al-Hafid , which eventually burst into a war of competition for power. After the victory of Abd al-Hafid, young intellectuals and progressive reformers influenced by the revolution of the Young Turks in Istanbul trying to submit a draft constitution Sharifian on 11 October 1908. The colonial pressure During the nineteenth century, European colonial powers seeking to establish their influence in North Africa. During the conquest of Algeria , France from Morocco gets a promise of neutrality (1832). But in 1839, Sultan Abd al-Rahman Sultan supports the work of Algerian Abd el-Kader , the Algerian conflict lies in the Moroccan provinces. The Moroccan army is defeated by French troops of Marshal Bugeaud to Isly August 17, 1844. The Treaty of Tangier, of 10 September 1844, outlaws the Sultan Abd el-Kader and defines the border between the two countries. The United Kingdom seeks to increase its economic power and signs, in 1856 a commercial treaty, much to his advantage. The Spain pushes his desire to recapture. Responding to the success of colonization carried by France , it takes possession of Jaafarines islands , islets Mediterranean in May 1848. It starts and wins the war of Tetouan in 1859-1860 . This defeat in Morocco imposes heavy casualties and a large war indemnity, aggravating an already bad economic situation-in-point. The France for its part, wishes to establish in North Africa sign a homogeneous territory in 1863, a French-Moroccan. The advantages granted to France and the United Kingdom are extended to all European countries at the Madrid Conference (1880). Sultan Moulay Hassan as head of the country during this period (1873 - 1894) tries to modernize it and plays on the European rivalries to maintain its independence. But at his death, and even more the death of the Regent Grand Vizier Ba Ahmed Ben Moussa Ahmed said in 1900, the colonial maneuvers started again on Morocco. France in particular and includes land occupied Eastern Moroccan its departments of Algeria between 1902 and 1904. Since it occupied and colonized Algeria, France is concerned about the security of the borders between Algeria and Morocco eye on the neighboring sultanate, one of the last independent African countries. Its merchants and entrepreneurs show themselves very active, especially in Casablanca, a port of recent creation. Thus Lalla Maghnia and central Sahara touching the border of Mali , the Tuat , Tidikelt , the Saura, Bechar , Jorf Torba, Abbadia Mtarfa, Hassi Regel, N'khaila El Hamira, Kenadsa and Timimoun , pass under French control. The policy of 'Abd al-Aziz led the country into an economic and financial crisis. In 1904, an agreement between the partners of the Entente Cordiale , France and the United Kingdom, France leaves Morocco as the zone of influence, the United Kingdom focusing on Egypt, northern Morocco is granted to Spain. With this agreement, France has full freedom to act in Morocco in exchange, she concedes to Britain the right to establish its control over Egypt, where France retained strong economic and financial positions, including President of the Suez Canal Company. A similar agreement was concluded with Italy in 1902 , which granted complete freedom of action to the Italians in Libya in exchange for their selflessness in Morocco. Emperor Wilhelm II and Chancellor Blow protested against the ambitions of France in Morocco. According to his new doctrine Weltpolitik, Germany wants to have its share of colonial conquests. March 31, 1905, to prevent the takeover of France in Morocco, Wilhelm II arrives theatrically in Tangiers, crosses the city on horseback at the head of an imposing procession, goes to meet the Sultan Abd al-Aziz to assure him of his support and inform him of his disagreement with the rights granted to France over Morocco. He is ready to go to war if France did not abandon its ambitions in Morocco. Sultan Abd al-Aziz impressed by this speech decides to reject all the reforms advocated by Ambassador Eugene Regnault. France is reluctant, but does not feel ready for war, accepts the request for reconciliation of Germany. This "coup de Tanger" causes a surge Germanophobia in France and the resignation of French Foreign Minister, Theophile Delcasse. From 7 January to 6 April 1906 , following the case of Tangier, being held in Algeciras , southern Spain, an international conference on Morocco in order to ease tensions between the various powers vying for countries. It brings together twelve European countries and the United States. This conference confirms the independence of the Empire Shereefian, but recalls the right of access to all Western companies to the Moroccan market, and recognizes a right to Germany to inspect the Moroccan affairs. However, to the chagrin of William II, France and Spain are given security of ports and a French Moroccan is responsible for chairing the State Bank of Morocco. Franco-Spanish police ports, headed by a High Commissioner Commissioner Swiss , is formally established to maintain order throughout the Moroccan ports open to foreign trade. In 1909, Spain extended its sphere of influence throughout the Rif to control the iron mines. The troops of General Ordonez-Diaz still face strong resistance from tribes. In July 1911 , Germany leads a military and diplomatic incident with France, the coup d'Agadir (Agadir crisis or) by sending a gunboat (ship armed with light guns) its Kaiserliche Navy in the Bay Agadir. Under tough negotiations, Germany renounces be present in Morocco in exchange for territory in equatorial Africa. A Franco-German treaty was signed November 4, 1911, leaving a free hand to France in Morocco. Everything is now in place so that France can install its protectorate over Morocco. Since 1902 , the European military and economic penetration has increased to the point that the Sultan Moulay Abd al-Hafiz 's brother, Moulay Abd al-Aziz , was forced to sign the 1912 treaty of protectorate what the Convention Fez. The Treaty establishes, as of March 30, 1912 the regime of the French protectorate. In October of that year, the under-Spanish protectorate was established over northern Morocco. French Zone executive power is represented by the Resident General, the representative of France, which has a fairly broad freedom to maneuver. The sultan and his Makhzen are kept as symbolic elements of the Empire Shereefian real authority being exercised by the resident and his officials and officers (civil and military controllers). Following the departure of Lyautey in 1925 , the residence is still sensitive to pressure from powerful lobbies Colonial represented by the bosses of big industry and chambers of agriculture. Morocco has indeed a significant economic expansion, illustrated by the rapid development of Casablanca and several infrastructure (roads, railways, dams, factories, urbanization) in general. Therefore, forms a powerful medium that has European capitalist pressure groups organized perfectly, both Rabat to Paris. Such economic growth obviously increases the inequality gap, and with the exception of a handful of local dignitaries associated with the residence, the Moroccan people suffered the plight of oppression and exploitation shared by all other colonized peoples. A political settlement activity inspired by the example of French Algeria is also taking place, encouraged by successive residents. On the eve of independence in 1956 , the European population of the protectorate thus amounts to 400 000 people . It is this period that the large key enterprises of the Moroccan economy, such as the ONA and the Office Moroccan Phosphates and more comprehensive data important social and political contemporary Morocco. The Spanish Zone has an organization quite similar to the French zone, with a resident general appointed by Madrid. The sultan is represented by the Khalifa, who lives in Tetouan , the capital of the protectorate Hispanic. This land has no economic development comparable to the French zone, but plays a decisive role in the future of Spain. It is in effect from Tetouan and Melilla outbreak of the coup ( pronunciamento ) of General Franco , commander of colonial troops from Morocco ( Spanish Legion and units of tercios regulares ) against the Spanish Republic on 17 July 1936. This event marks the beginning of the Spanish Civil War. The city of Tangier for its international zone is a special status defined in 1923. This entity is governed by a board of eight foreign powers including the United States. The Mendoub officer of Makhzen is the delegate of the Sultan, but the real power belongs to the members of the international commission. In 1915 , Hubert Lyautey was ordered to Paris to withdraw troops from the inside to send to France. The evacuation seems premature since the peace still faces rebel movements backed by the Germans. The amghar Mouha or Hammou Zayani at the head of Zayani succeeds in destroying an entire column of the French army in the pocket of Khenifra in November 1914 ( Battle of Elhri ). Further south, Sheikh Ahmed al-Hiba son of Ma El Ainin galvanize resistance and tribes managed to hold the entire area of Souss and the Anti-Atlas , despite the offensive colonial forces. Germany provides the material through the zone of Spain (Spain was neutral during the conflict). The campaign of "pacification" definitely does not end in 1934 , with the submission of the tribes Ait Atta of Jbel Saghro the confines of the High and Anti Atlas mountains, and valleys of the Draa and Dades. In 1921 , the tribe Berber of Beni Ouriaghel the region of Al Hoceima , under the leadership of al-Abdelkrim Khattabi , rebelled against the Spaniards. General Manuel Fernndez Silvestre then has a powerful army of 18 000 Spanish soldiers to quell the revolt. In June almost all of this army was annihilated at the Battle of Anoual. The defeat pushes the general to commit suicide. In February 1922, Abdelkrim al-Khattabi proclaims the Republic of Confederate Tribes of the Rif. Rifians then hoped to rally the tribes in the French zone. The government of Ajdir enjoys international support symbolic of the Comintern and the benevolent neutrality of the United Kingdom. The prestige of Abdelkrim Maghreb is celebrated in the Middle East and into Turkey, where public opinion is compared to Mustafa Kemal Ataturk . It will also serve as reference to revolutionary leaders and protesters of the century, as Mao Zedong and Che Guevara . Abdelkrim troops, equipped with the equipment abandoned by the Spaniards, therefore directly threaten Fez , the spiritual heart of Morocco under French domination. Face leur avance, la puissance coloniale franaise envoie le marchal Philippe Ptain , rendu clbre par la bataille de Verdun , mener l'offensive militaire sur le Rif la tte de 250 000 soldats et auxiliaires et d'une quarantaine d'escadrilles d'aviation. Le rsident gnral Lyautey, jug trop attentiste, est contraint de dmissionner puis est rappel Paris en 1925. S'ensuit une rpression sur les Rifains, o bombardements terrestres et ariens, usage d'armes chimiques et supriorit numrique obligent les troupes d'Abdelkrim se rendre en mai 1926. Abd el-Krim est exil dans un premier temps La Runion jusqu'en 1948 et puis en gypte , o il prend la tte du Comit de Libration du Maghreb, et o se retrouvent galement Allal El Fassi , Messali Hadj et Habib Bourguiba , et ce jusqu' son dcs en 1963. Cette reddition marque la fin de l'exprience rifaine. Cependant la rsistance politique ne des jeunes Marocains duqus de l'lite citadine ne fait que prendre son ampleur ds ce moment avec la cration du Comit d'action marocain, anctre de l'Istiqlal. Cette rsistance politique ne s'arrtera qu' la proclamation de l'indpendance du Maroc le 2 mars 1956. La promulgation en mai 1930 du " dahir berbre " va, partir le la cit de Sal, provoquer la raction pacifique de la jeunesse nationaliste sur tout le royaume, avec la rcitation du "latif" dans les mosques et la signature de tlgrammes de protestation contre ledit dahir le 28 aot 1930, avant de passer une coordination nationale de la protestation par la cration d'un Comit d'Action Marocain ds 1934. Interdit en 1937, tous ses initiateurs sont pourchasss, emprisonns ou exils. Parmi eux il faut citer Allal El-Fassi (exil au Gabon ), El-Ouazzani (plac sous rsidence surveille), Balafrej, qui sont les fondateurs historiques du mouvement pour l'indpendance. L'affaire du dahir berbre aura tout de mme dclench une vaste mobilisation mdiatique dans le monde musulman, grce notamment l'action de l'mir druze libanais Chekib Arslan , fervent militant de la cause arabe et ami personnel de leaders nationalistes marocains . La Seconde Guerre mondi ale fires in Europe, while the nationalist opposition in Morocco is decimated by repression. It should be noted that its leaders have never called for a pact with the Axis forces against the occupying French. Better they waited and enjoyed the American landing in 1942 to resume their public advocacy movement. The defeat of France and the French colonial administration under the orders of the Vichy regime and pro-Nazi collaborationist forces the Sultan Mohammed Ben Youssef (Mohamed V), Moroccan king since 1927 , to refuse to apply anti-Semitic measures Moroccans confession Jewish. This attitude earned him recognition from Charles de Gaulle to liberate France in 1945, recognition symbolized by the dignity of fellow liberation afforded to the Sultan of Morocco. In November 1942 the American landing place on the Moroccan coast, Port Lyautey ( Kenitra ), Fedala ( Mohammedia ), Casablanca and Safi. This is the Operation Torch , supervised by Generals Eisenhower and Patton. Forces loyal to the French government are quickly routed, and the Protectorate of Morocco left the camp of the Axis to the Allies. It follows in January 1943 Casablanca Conference , bringing together U.S. President Franklin Roosevelt and British Prime Minister Winston Churchill , as leader of Free France, General de Gaulle and his rival in AFN (African French- north) General Henri Giraud. This conference, despite the notable absence of Stalin , a milestone in the progress of the war. Allied leaders indeed announce the continuation of the conflict until unconditional surrender of Nazi Germany , the fascist Italy and imperial Japan , and a major Western material help to the USSR and the opening of a front in Europe with the projected landing in Sicily ( Operation Husky ). Locally, the conference also has a decisive impact. Sultan Mohammed Ben Youssef is indeed invited to Anfa by Roosevelt and Churchill, and received with full honors due a head of state in its own right. The scope of such an event is certainly no stranger to the declaration of independence on January 11 1944 made by the party of the Istiqlal. The Moroccan king, following the Allied victory in Africa, is supporting the "Free France", and supports the organization and recruitment of French forces in Africa. Morocco is paying a heavy price for the war in Europe: 25 000 men died to liberate France, which only recognize belatedly the magnitude of their sacrifice. As a result of a strong tradition of nationalist protest is growing in the country. The invasion of France by the Germans in 1940 then in 1942 , the Anglo-American landing on the coast of Morocco, had attained the authority of the mother and discredited the resident Charles Nogues , who had authorized the installation of a delegation of the German Armistice Commission in Casablanca. In 1943, the party of the Istiqlal (independence) is founded by Moroccan nationalists. Mohamed Bel Hassan El Ouazzani, while in internal exile in southern Morocco, Allal El Fassi rival since 1934, founded his own party, the small PDI (Democratic Party for Independence). The Istiqlal and the extent of its means the PDI, will be organized across many regions until independence. In the Spanish zone activates the National Reform Party of Abdelkhalek Torres , in association with movements pan-Arabists of Mashreq. Frequent events where one notices the presence of large numbers of women with cries of "yahya el malik Mohammed Khamis al! . France, embroiled in the war in Algeria , decided to address the Moroccan question. Edgar Faure, President of the Council negotiates with Mohammed Ben Arafa: pre-negotiation talks are conducted in Aix-les-Bains ( Savoie ) between 22 and 26 August between Moroccan side: If El-Hadj El-Mokri, Grand Vizier If Kolt, delegate of the Grand Vizier to the PTT, Si Thami el-Mosbi, delegate of the Grand Vizier for Finance, If Berrada, Grand Vizier Vizier deputy for economic affairs, Si El Abderrahaman Hajoui, Deputy Director of Protocol and HE Hajj Fatemi Ben Slimane, former Pasha of Fez, the French side and Edgar Faure, President of the Council, Antoine Pinay, Minister of Foreign Affairs, Robert Schuman, Minister of Justice, Peter July, Minister of Moroccan and Tunisian General Koenig Minister of National Defence. Sultan Moulay Ben Arafa resigned on October 1, 1955. The Spanish in turn recognizes the independence of the country on 7 April 1956 before returning to Tetouan protectorate. Finally the international status of Tangier was abolished on 21 October of that year and the port officially reinstated Morocco. During the first years after independence until 1960, the Moroccan policy is to reconstruct the " Greater Morocco "which includes Mauritania, a part of Algeria, the north-western Mali and even the Canary Islands archipelago, project in which the king would not be overwhelmed by the party of the Istiqlal. After the withdrawal by Allal El Fassi, the abandonment of this ideology is confirmed by the official recognition of Mauritania by the government in Rabat. The 1960s were marked by political tension, with the disappearance of the head of the Left Opposition and Leader of the Third World Mehdi Ben Barka in 1965. That same year Casablanca is shaken by serious social unrest. The plan establishes a state of emergency until 1970. This opens the decade period lead years in Morocco. The latent political tension, following the state of emergency, manifested by attempted coups d'etat of General Medbouh and Colonel M'hamed Ababou cons Palace Skhirat ( 1971 ) and the General Oufkir cons The Boeing royal flying ( coup airmen of 1972 ). In 1973 , in order to mitigate these tensions, Hassan II proceeds to "Moroccanisation" the last agricultural estates belonging to the French settlers. It also sends an expeditionary Moroccan fight alongside other Arab armies during the Yom Kippur war against Israel. But it is above the territories of Western Sahara under Spanish rule (which claim to be Moroccan southern provinces ) that is doing the attention of the monarch, from 1975. In 1969 , Spain surrenders the enclave of Ifni , eleven years after the territory of Tarfaya , but the decolonization of the Sahara is incomplete, since the Rio de Oro and Seguia el-Hamra are still occupying the Franco regime. Precisely following the disappearance of the old caudillo that Morocco began a planned recovery of these territories, known as the Green March. The war of the sands is a war between the Morocco and Algeria , which began in the latter's independence. Morocco has partially recovered Western Sahara after the Green March in 1975 , then fully in 1979. The kingdom faces the disagreement of Mauritania who also claims the territory, Algeria and especially of the Sahrawi population ( Polisario Front ), but final resolution on the status of the territory remains suspended in a referendum organized by the United Nations United , which has been repeatedly postponed because of a disagreement between the parties on the census of the electorate. In recent decades postcolonial, Morocco looks for a national agricultural policy so that his neighbors are turning to the industry but this decision is not enough to stem the social inequalities that trigger the anger of the population through the riots of 1981 Casablanca and 1984 in Marrakech and in the North. The crop suffered from a long period of drought, while the fall in phosphate and fiscal restraint imposed by the IMF economic cloud. In October 1987 King Hassan II reported a Moroccan candidacy for accession to the European Community , but the request fails. However, Morocco will get advanced partner status within the European institutions. However, the year 1988 is the official reconciliation between Morocco and Algeria, implemented through the establishment of diplomatic relations and the reopening of borders, a move that will end in 1994. In 1989 in Marrakech a meeting of the five North African Heads of State marks the birth of the Arab Maghreb Union , comprising Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Libya and Mauritania, and providing long term the emergence of a single market and free movement of goods and people. The latent crisis between Rabat and Algiers over the Sahara conflict, however, prevents the achievement of these goals. In 1984 had already been an attempted merger between Morocco and Libya following the Treaty of Oujda . Morocco stands out as one of the Arab countries have sent a contingent in Kuwait alongside West during the Gulf War (1990-1991) , despite strong popular protests in the streets of Morocco on behalf of Iraq. Domestically, the 1990s saw a boot on liberalization by King Hassan II , a policy which culminated with the holding of democratic elections of 1997 and the formation of a government says alternation, chaired by Abderrahman El Youssoufi the USFP (Socialist). The royal prerogatives are nevertheless confirmed by the constitutional referenda of 1992 and 1996. In 1999 , Mohammed VI and Hassan II succeeded to maintain El Youssoufi as prime minister until 2002. The current head of government is Abbas El Fassi , since the elections in 2007 which saw the victory of the Istiqlal. In the early twenty-first century , Morocco is faced with a number of crises and challenges: conflict of Parsley island with Spain in 2002 , terrorism with the attacks of 16 May 2003 Casablanca riots and social Sidi Ifni in 2008 , which highlight all the problems of its national and international issues. Powers in the presence
Tangier Crisis
Conference of Algeciras
Incident Agadir (1911)
The protectorates French and Spanish (1912 - 1956)
The First World War
War of the Rif
The Second World War
From the idea of independence with real independence
The modern Morocco (since 1956)
1963: War of the Sands
The Western Sahara issue
1976: Second war between Algeria and Morocco
1980-90: social instability
1991 to today
References
Sources Moorish
See also
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