History Of Libya
This page discusses the history of Libya.
Summary |
Foundation of Libya
Prehistory
Africa Nile, North Africa
- 1 million Homo erectus (Africa) - Toumai ( Chad )
Middle Paleolithic in Libya and Cyrenaica
The Aterian and Mousterian
Reliable absolute chronology for the Paleolithic through the North Africa is still in its infancy. With the exception of the Maghreb where Aterian may have survived until about 30,000 years, much of North Africa, the Middle Paleolithic sequence is beyond the ability of C14 dating. The age determinations from other techniques such as TL , ESR and OSL. available dates suggest that the Mousterian was present in the southeastern Sahara early in the late Pleistocene medium (250-240 000 years). These preliminary findings dated are identified as Middle Paleolithic Mousterian and show several formal affinities with the Mousterian of southwest Asia and Europe.
Two major sites offer Mousterian assemblages in Cyrenaica: Hajj Creiem (142:142 ff) and Haua Fteah (20). Aterian Haua is also present as well as Wadi Gan Fteah (142: 22ff), but is absent from the site Creiem of Hajj, which appears to have a relatively short period of occupation. Other sites are present in the Aterian Tadrart Acacus, southern and western Libya (143.144) -
Haua Fteah a cave is very wide and deep, with a very long sequence of Middle Paleolithic, which includes Aterian and Mousterian horizons. There are two carbon-14 dates: 43,400 1300 years BP (GrN -2564) and 47 000 3200 years BP (GrN -223) (20:48 ff)-C14 method shows the limits on the certainty of these dates. Rare coins Aterian also occur in horizons of the early Middle Paleolithic layer (XXXV), as McBurney (20:105, 106) dates from the end of the last interglacial, based on calculations of temperatures based on marine shells associated. These levels date back over 70,000 years. The type tools Aterian (scrapers, chisels, parts bifacial foliate, scrapers and pieces stalked) were found in significant amounts. are slightly more common in high sequence but disappear in the lower sequence (layers of sediment). Isotopic clues shells found in these sediments indicate a cold temperature. In this case, the Mousterian levels appeared to follow the Aterian.
A very different assemblage was found in Wadi Gan, in western Libya (142:225 ff). The site is a thin horizon of occupation. The assembly consists of a few very small cores, tools made of bits stalked, moustrennes peaks (some serrated and can be classified as Tayac points), scrapers, scrapers, other tools include denticles, a chisel and a leafy part. The frequencies of parts and stalked spikes are higher and those parts bifacial foliate lowest in Wadi Gan in levels of Aterian Haua Fteah. the large number of scrapers compared with shovels, and poverty in parts foliate bifacial at Wadi Gan recalls Aterian Tunisia. This could indicate a contact with groups from the Upper Palaeolithic in eastern Libya to 35,000 years in the Valley of the Nile before 32 000 years. The assembly is of Wadi Gan later, between 30 000 and 35 000 years.
Human Remains.
Two fragments of mandibles, one adult and one juvenile, were found in the layer by McBurney (XXXIII) Levallois-Mousterian, close to the interface layer XXXIV, and about 2.5 m below early Upper Paleolithic. The paleoclimate data indicate a cold event and a C14 date of 47,000 years BP, McBurney allow to place these hominids to modern times early Wislania. A review of the mandibles by Klein and Scott , it was demonstrated the absence of characters Neanderthal Neanderthal in these fragments. It was then proposed as Jebel Irhoud or Aterians Dar es Soltan, this non-Neanderthal population was not yet totally modern Neolithic - 10 000-8 000 years, the emergence of cereal crops in the fertile crescent encompassing the Nile. First primitive centers of civilization, Merimde, Maadi, Fayoum , Tasa, Badari , Negad. Houses at right angles, first in reeds covered with clay and adobe brick, and finally dried. As with the previous period, there is no significant difference between civilization and the settlement of Libya , the whole Maghreb and Egypt. These are the descendants of the Caspian. - 10 000 or 8000 years, appeared in Tunisia , Libya , Kenya , Palestine , Egypt, a culture known as Negroid Capsian characterized by small leaf-shaped halfpipe. Culture "bifaces" civilization and the "stone exploded" throughout the Maghreb. 7000 to 9 000 years, culture in North Africa called "Ibero-Maurusiens" who disappeared ten thousand years ago without issue. (According to some researchers there would be no connection between this magnode Cro- Cro-Magnon came from the Iberian Peninsula and the Guanches of the Canary Islands ). It would have disappeared without leaving offspring). - 6 000 to 4 000 years in the Sahara , is the period of the Hunters or hartebeest. - 4 000-1 500 years, the arrival of pastoralists Indo-Europeans came from Asia Minor. Continued civilization Capsians (small groups of hunters Negroid stone-polished, semi-nomadic, spears, maces, spears, arrows, spears, use as a dye of ocher, the use of grinder to crush the wild foods The art of skin sewing, working with bone scrapers, weaving, pottery and then make their appearance). Intensive trade of amber and tin between Europe , the Mediterranean , the Asia Minor , the Middle East , by land or by sea on a stylistic level, is the great period of pastors beef , History of Bos Taurus that will rock the Sahara is covered with cave paintings, rock paintings of the Sahara , Tassili-n-Ajjer, Adrar des Iforas Air, Ahnet Ahaggar same Ouenat ( Nubia ) - variety of human types; Negroid, Leucoderms and mixed. The pastor of the end of the Stone Age domestic cattle, goats, sheep, practical collection of wild grasses, and just beginning the cultivation of plots along the Nile. The habitat in the desert cave or in huts made of branches, while near the river to Egypt and the houses are made of brick and clay. On the spiritual level is the continuation of the pastoral mystique that is common to all pastoral peoples, initialized in Asia Minor and present in Africa in a manner similar in all groups Berber and a "Religion of the Ox" common to all Mediterranean. But it is there in the desert green again that will shape the ethnogenesis Berber . To the east of Libya's future, from 3000 BC. JC while Delta is still a backwater just emerging from the sea, begins a whole new civilization Civilization Egyptian New Kingdom. Gradually, Egypt and Libya will assert their respective identities. Egypt will turn to the East for which it is partly due, Libya will turn to its only possible expansion, the sea Mediterranean , where she regularly receives, by boat, visiting maritime nations in Especially Aegean and Phoenician civilizations. In fact, from the Neolithic, most people live in Libya waterfront, while the hinterland in the process of desertification from the second millennium is a fallback for scattered groups, meeting in chiefdoms and communities of herdsmen. - 1500 years period of the horse, extending to the first centuries of the Christian era. One observes the appearance of small local aristocracies enough power and influence to forge an alliance with the warlike peoples of the Mediterranean , the arrival of people coming from northern Europe , Colchis (ancient Georgia ) from Asia Minor , the Middle East and Iran. Of chariots make their appearance, bill identical to those of ancient Greece (the circle pit graves A Mycenae , stele of Peloponnese representative tanks identical sets based on circles, spirals and curves embracing popular long ago by the Aegean). Are also found armor and spears with metal frame, weapon of choice for cattle herders of the Sahara South. To the north, fighting against Egypt will continue until the Romanization of North Africa (~ Fifth Ave. JC). Gradually the tribes of southern Libya will be pushed to the Sahel for two simple reasons: The desertification of the Sahara started in the second millennium BC and the maintenance of a cavalry sensitive to temperature variations and disease outbreaks. Sheep and goats are kept on the coast (desert of Sirte , Cyrenaica ), the mountains of the Lybian chain. The Libyan Desert is crossed by the herdsmen. From the second millennium BC. BC, the Libous installed in Cyrenaica are a people feared the Egyptians. Around 1000 BC. J.-C the first Phoenician are based on the Libyan coast. In 631 BC. BC Greek navigators settled on the Libyan coast. The Greeks used the word "Libya" to designate the entire coastal area of North Africa between the Nile and the Atlantic, and the desert hinterland. In antiquity, the main parts of Libya were present: Cyrene quickly established himself as the greatest Greek city in Africa. Settlers built their fortunes on the trade or silphion silphium, plant pursued for its culinary and medicinal virtues. Reflecting the importance of the city, the monumental temple of Zeus, built in the fifth century BC. AD is comparable to Olympia. The kingdom of Cyrene became a republic in 458 BC. AD and then pass under the guardianship of the Ptolemies of Egypt. In the fifth century BC. BC's Mediterranean coast is dominated by the Carthaginians. In 321 BC. BC Ptolemy I annex the territories bordering the Mediterranean, which will be transferred to the Romans in 96 BC. During the first century AD BC. BC, the three regions that form what is now Libya (Tripolitania, Cyrenaica and Fezzan) pass under the dominion of the Roman Empire. Libya, so rich and fertile, became one of the granaries of the Roman Empire. The country began its decline after the coastal regions have been invaded by Vandals in 455 AD. AD They are recaptured by the Byzantines from 533. See articles Africa (Roman province) and Cyrenaica. Under the command of the Arab general 'Amr ibn al-'As , troops of the Caliph Umar ibn al-Khattab conquered easily Cyrene in 642-643. In 647, an army of 40,000 men, commanded by 'ibn Sa'ad Abdu'llah , went further west and seized Tripoli and then Sufetula (about 260 miles south of Carthage ). The Ottoman Empire from 1481 to 1683. North Africa and West in 1707 by Guillaume Delisle. Under the pretext of disorder in the country, especially of persecution against minorities in Italy, the Italy issued an ultimatum to Turkey of its intention to occupy the country militarily. On 29 September 1911, she declares war. During the Second World War , the Libyan was captured by the Allied armies fighting armies Italian and German in what is called the " War of the desert. " The Free French Forces and took control of the Fezzan and Ghadames in the south-west, which remained a military territory occupied in 1943 until 1951 , as evidenced by stamps Italian overloaded, then emissions military British and French. The reconstruction is made difficult by unexploded ordnance , mines and machinery and war scars left by the belligerents. Independent in 1951. In 1969 , King Idris I was deposed in a coup without bloodshed led by Colonel Muammar Gaddafi who intends to radically change the politics of his country: he advocated the merger with other Arab countries. It introduces state socialism by nationalizing his country's main industrial sectors (including oil). Next year, he shut down British and American military bases and nationalized companies owned by Italians. In 1973 , the mistrust vis-Kadhafi -vis the West is confirmed by its participation in the oil embargo and its numerous implications in the terrorism and support to numerous rebellions in the world. In 1977 , Gaddafi said the "people's revolution": it changes the name of the country's Libyan Arab Republic Libyan Arab Jamahiriya and sets up "revolutionary committees". Libya became a Libyan , is literally a state of the masses, officially governed by a system of direct democracy. The 1980s were marked by a confrontation between the regime and the international community, especially the United States and United Kingdom. In 1981 , two Libyan planes were shot down by the U.S. military about a dispute over territorial waters. In 1982 , the U.S. decree a boycott of Libya, accused of supporting terrorism International . In 1984 , the United Kingdom cuts ties with the country following the shooting death of a British police in front of the Libyan Embassy in London. In 1986 , claiming to act in retaliation for an attack on a Berlin discotheque frequented by U.S. servicemen, and the air following clashes in the Gulf of Sirte, the U.S. bombing of Libyan military complexes, residential areas of Tripoli and Benghazi , killing 101 civilians and narrowly missing Qadhafi himself , . In 1988 , when Gadhafi began a slight economic liberalization of his country, the Libyan secret service are accused of having caused the midair bombing of a U.S. airliner over the Scottish town of Lockerbie. In 1992 , the Security Council UN implements sanctions against Libya so that it delivers two secret agents suspected of bombing the Air 1988. It's finally done in 1999 causing the suspension of sanctions and resumption of diplomatic relations with the United Kingdom. The system even plays through the Gaddafi Foundation , an intermediary role in several hostage releases, as in Jolo in 2000 and the Western Sahara in 2003. In August 2003 , Libya formally endorse the responsibility for the Lockerbie bombing and sign a contract for compensation with the families of victims which earned him in September 2003 as the final lifting of sanctions by the Security Council of UN. Parallel to this, from 11 September 2001 , Gaddafi makes a change in policy is likely to avoid a violent end to Iraq for himself and his regime. From January 2002 , he began discussions with the U.S. on the issue of financing of terrorism. Subsequently, as a result of diplomatic negotiations held during the year 2003 between Libyan officials, British and American, Gaddafi announced in December that year he formally renounces his program of weapons of mass destruction. Finally, in March 2004 , he signed the Additional Protocol of the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT). With that and a policy of relaxing its rules on allowing the economic opening of the local market to international companies, the Gaddafi regime ensures its survival and is closer to Western powers and particularly some European countries like the United Kingdom, France , the Spain and Italy. Muammar Gaddafi said he now intends to play a major role in bringing peace to the world and the creation of a Middle East free of weapons of mass destruction. Particularly with respect to relations with the EU, this volte-face of Libya can be seen in particular in terms of the struggle of EU governments against illegal immigration. British stamp overloaded to serve in Tripoli. Since coming to power in 1969, Colonel Qaddafi has tried repeatedly to link Libya with other Arab or African. Here is the list (not exhaustive) of these marriages abortive: Period of the horse
Antiquity
Middle Ages
Libya Arab
Libya Turkish
Italian Libya
After WWII
Libya became a monarchy and benefit quickly from the discovery of oil on its territory (liability lawsuits, according to the polluter pays principle, for example). 
Attempts unions initiated by Gaddafi
References
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Portal to Libya
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