History Of Lebanon
The Lebanon is a country rich with more than 5000 years of history. It is located in the Middle East, or Levant. This page is for Lebanon's history since ancient times.
For information about contemporary Lebanon, see the following articles: Lebanon's political - Lebanon War - Chronological History of Lebanon.
Antiquity
- Period of 3000 BC. In the first century AD
The region is inhabited since the ancient times , it is described in the Bible as "the land of milk and honey." Culture of Cities mountains and culture combined to shape the Lebanese identity: sociability and tolerance, spirit enterprise and individualism, hedonism ... The Phoenician World In the third millennium BC. BC , thanks to frequent contacts with Mesopotamia , the Syria and North of Egypt , the coast was urbanized in turn. Byblos , where the trend was well documented, then the oldest city stone known to mankind. Later, around 1200 BC. BC, the Phoenicians , founded one of the first great civilizations of the Mediterranean, a civilization that dominated parts of the Mediterranean, through entrepreneurship and intellectual development from a range of cities -independent states. They ruled the sea because of the superiority of their ships and their sailing skills, proved exceptional artisans, merchants, gifted and invent the first true alphabet - a breakthrough that will pave the way for great literary works of Greece old. The Phoenicians, a people Semitic people from the Canaanite , the Greeks kept their name they gave this name (from Greek phoinix), designating them probably from the purple dye, whose Phoenician craftsmen were only secret. Time competing with the Greeks and their descendants Punic compete with the Romans, the information that reached us, were partly biased by competitors and fragmented, conveying mystery and sulphurous image. It is important to know that between praise and criticism, we must discern the jealousies, lusts and rivalries of the time. For the Greeks, who first used the name of Phoenicia , the territory extended over the coastal area between the Mount Casius north and Haifa to the south. Within this zone, the cities of Ugarit ( Ras Shamra- ), of Arwad of Byblos ( Jbeil ), of Beirut ( Beirut ), in Sidon (Saida), of Tyre ( Sour ) and Akka , were the famous city-states. The Phoenicia then occupied the coastal strip between the Lebanese mountains and the sea Mediterranean. Space varied between port sites, and a small lowland hinterland of mountains, where pine and cedar grow. Throughout their career progression, the Phoenicians also settled on the islands, large strategic places in their path of evolution: the first real stop was based in Cyprus (the island of copper). The excavations suggest a Phoenician presence at least since the ninth century. The main focus was Kition but there were other outlets in Paphos , Tamassos (en) and in other cities. After Cyprus , the Phoenician sailors ventured into the archipelago of the Aegean. Homer mentions trading posts, points of support founded by merchants. The Crete , the Evia and the islands of the Dodecanese seem to have retained some traces of this presence at the dawn of the first millennium. In these early exchanges, the Greeks learned to use the Phoenician alphabet they adapted by following their own language. We found the Phoenicians in Malta , ( Tas Silga ) in Sicily ( Motya ) in Sardinia ( Cagliari , Tharros , Nora ), Tunisia ( Carthage , Thapsus , Hadrumetum ) to arrive in Spain ( Cadiz , Ibiza ) the country of metals and wealth (gold and silver). The Phoenician vessels also crossed the Pillars of Hercules and went up to Brittany and Cornwall in search of mines tin. From the II and especially in the first millennium BC. BC, the Phoenician Lebanon was threatened by the expansion of the great continental empires that succeeded in the ancient Near East: Egypt , Assyria , Neo-Babylonian Empire and Achaemenid Persia. With the conquest by Alexander the Great in 333 BC. AD , Lebanon opens influences Hellenistic. The territory was initially dominated by Egypt of the Ptolemies and then by the dynasty of the Seleucids , intervened before the Roman conquest in the first century BC. AD. From the conquest of Alexander to the Roman colonization
Birth of Christianity in Lebanon medieval
- Period from the seventh to nineteenth century
Islam won and Lebanon (then Jabal Loubnan) in the eighth century. It was then mostly Shiites who dominate went after several religious wars at the time, while the Sunnis arrived with the Ottoman conquest in the sixteenth century, settling in some coastal cities of Lebanon and bringing with them the habits as the Ottoman Shisha, sweets and Turkish coffee. Note that there was never any change in the Christian religion in Lebanon, Christians keeping their independence until today. In the seventh century settled Mardaites likely to be the ancestors of the Lebanese Maronite Lebanon under Western influence Following the massacres of Maronites by the Druze from 1840 to 1860 , the great powers of the time ( France , the UK , the Austria-Hungary , the Russian , the Prussian ) sent an expeditionary force and forced the Empire Ottoman to create a province (mutasarrifiya) Autonomous Mount Lebanon in 1861. It should be headed by a governor, Christian Ottoman subject, under the supervision of the European consuls. A central advisory council, composed mostly of Christians, was also established community-based PR. It was during this period of autonomy that were created the first municipal councils elected in Lebanon in 1879 in Jounieh example. Between 1880 and 1914 population growth and the crisis of sericulture caused a very large emigration to the Americas, affecting at least a quarter of the population. Here the book online at this time: Engin Deniz Akarli, The Long Peace - Ottoman Lebanon, 1861-1920, University of California Press, Berkeley - Los Angeles - Oxford, 1993 Period: 1918-1943 Shortly after the First World War in 1920 , the France gets the League of Nations mandate over the areas of Syrian Levant. The kingdom of Syria was proclaimed, while reserving to the Mount Lebanon area autonomous status. But gradually, an Arab nationalist movement mobilizes intellectual Beirut and Mount Lebanon who aspire to the independence of Syria , under the leadership of a sovereign Arab, while others, including the Maronites are the majority, think an independent Lebanese state, protected by its privileged relations with France. In 1920 , under pressure from these, the French governor, Henri Gouraud defeated the Syrian nationalists, proclaimed the State of Greater Lebanon and its borders fixed. The divisions made it unlikely the birth of a unified political entity of Lebanon, especially as each community would remember his very special version of history, rarely in agreement with that of others. In 1925, the south-east of Lebanon is hit by the Druze uprising in Syria. In 1926 , Lebanon officially became a republic, adopting its first constitution and creating posts of President of the Republic and head of government. After the invasion of the country by the Allies during the Second World War , the French Vichy spilled passes and Lebanon, like Syria, under the control of Free France. Despite an agreement in principle for independence, the Gaullists are attempting to keep the country under control. On September 21, 1943 , Bechara El Khoury became President of the Republic, Riyad Solh es taking the side of its head of government. A conflict broke out between supporters of the independence and determined the French representative Jean Helleu , which trap the government on November 11. On November 22 , Free France must resolve to free the government to grant independence to the country. In 1952 , Camille Chamoun became president. His term was marked by a lack of respect to the President for National Convention. Chamoun enhances presidential powers, and despite the regional and national pro-Arab, he bends the foreign policy of Lebanon in a pro-Western direction, completely ignoring the feelings of the poor Lebanese. It even adheres to the doctrine Eisenhower coordinating anti-Soviet forces in the Middle East curtly rejected by all other Arab countries. The regional context of nations Arab that rise and the refusal of pro-Western president Camille Chamoun to sever diplomatic relations with the United Kingdom and France when they attacked Egypt during the Suez crisis , are pushing the community Muslim claim to the government a merger with the United Arab Republic , which rejects the Christian community. Pressure rises. Palestinian refugees are then already prepared to wage war and to take Lebanon to Palestine Square. They are supported by Egyptian President Gamal Abdel Nasser and the Syrian regime, Nasser had arranged the decision of the "Cairo" to arm the Palestinians only in Lebanese territory. This is a decision with more international and local partner as the first former Soviet (USSR) which had at the time of good relations with the State of Israel. Bombs and assassinations before large street demonstrations. From May 1958 broke a guerrilla in the mountains between loyalists and rebels. Faced with this turmoil, Chamoun gets landed 15,000 marines U.S. that provide the triumph of the revolution-cons led by the Phalange Christian majority. The mandate of Chamoun has seen a cultural renaissance and economic including Lebanon still keeps track despite the war of 17 years. It was also a rebirth of freedom of expression and freedom of the press (no Arab country had at that time). At the end of term in September Chamoun, General Fouad Chehab , universally respected by Arab dictators (including the president of Egypt Gamal Abdel Nasser), is elected. The opposition requires the appointment of the leader of the insurgency, Rashid Karami , as prime minister. It was a period of decline in freedom, and mandate military said. The new president inaugurates better relations with Nasser , Lebanon and play its full role as a mediator between Arabs, calm the internal coup claims Muslims and Druze. Chehab opens a period of stability during which the prosperity of Lebanon seemed to return. This restoration policy of the sovereign state is known so far: the Shehab. The economy is booming, but unfortunately the growth is marked by a major regional inequality and community. On the night of 30 to 31 December 1961 , the Syrian Social Nationalist Party led by Abdullah el Achkar Assaad Saadeh and attempts a coup. About twenty tanks Garrison Tyre joined the coup attempt and an unsuccessful assault on the Ministry of Defence. The Chief of Staff (Youssef Chemayet), the Director of General Security (Tawfic Jalbout), the commander of the gendarmerie and the military commander in Beirut were taken prisoner. Accused, Fouad Chehab sends troops and capture the coup. The hostages will be issued the same day. From the late 1960 , Lebanese political life is marred by cases of corruption widespread officials, forced to resign by the dozen, and by disagreements on issues of foreign policy and treatment of "resistance" Palestinian. The ruling class suffers from internal conflicts, the issue of sharing the excitement of being in positions of power. The movement became more radical, and the voltage rises. The Lebanese Christian conservatives fear for national cohesion, while the Muslim-Palestinian-progressives are secured to the resistance. The militias are beginning to arm themselves heavily, the pro-Arab clan being supported by the Palestinians, while the Lebanese are turning toward the West. Waves of clashes began, they oppose the phalanx to the Palestinians , and the phalanx to the national movement. Refugee camps are in fact military training bases, and hundreds of Fedayeen launch commando operations against the northern border of Israel , or even terrorist actions abroad. Before the resistance is organized, Israel expects the Lebanese that ensures its security by controlling the activity of the Palestinians on its territory, but Lebanon is too weak to solve the problem. After the Six Day War and the occupation of the West Bank and Gaza by Israel in 1967 , and especially the terrible repression against the Jordanian Fedayeen Palestinians in September 1970 - known as the Black September - the Palestinian cause bogging down. The Lebanese army tent in 1969 to regain control of the camps, but it is too low. A compromise was reached with the signing in Cairo under the auspices of Nasser in 1969 , an agreement between Yasser Arafat - commander of the PLO - and the commander of the army. The extraterritoriality of camps Fedayeen is recognized. This agreement is kept secret because it is contrary to the full exercise of Lebanese sovereignty. Unlike the neighboring Arab states, to power hard, do not hesitate to treat Palestinian problem in a radical way, the presence of Palestinian refugees in Lebanon and especially the struggle of the PLO against Israel become the main point of disagreement between the two major blocs. To defend themselves against the fedayeen , the Israeli army launched numerous retaliatory operations in the South and up to Beirut. The Lebanese population is facing the full brunt of this violence. In 1976 , Maronite leaders calling for help and endorse the Syrian intervention. Through military intervention and diplomatic Arab regional powers, the Lebanese president and the head of the PLO are summoned to Riyadh this year. They are invited by Saudi Arabia and Egypt to recognize the legitimacy of the presence of Syrian troops in Lebanon, and formalize the establishment of the Arab Deterrent Force (ADF). This military presence fanned the embers and encloses the Lebanese internal strife. In 1978 , in the South, leaders of the Israeli Likud apply the new "preventive strategy" against Palestinian attacks and increasing armed incursions. They cause an exodus of 200,000 Lebanese. In retiring in July, the Israeli army obstructed the deployment of the UN Interim Force in Lebanon (UNIFIL). It entrusts the control of a "safety belt" of about ten kilometers deep in the " Army of Free Lebanon , a fraction of the regular army isolated to prevent the advance of Palestinian forces in the extreme south. June 1982 : After an exchange of small attacks with the Palestinians , the Israeli army launched a ground offensive, besieging Beirut and West faces the Syrian forces in Bekaa. August election of Bashir Gemayel as president of the republic. On September 14 , he was killed by a bomb placed by a member of the Syrian National Socialist Party. 16 and September 17 : supporters of Bashir perpetrate a massacre in the camps of Sabra and Shatila in the eyes of the Israeli army and in particular that of Ariel Sharon. September 21 : Election of Amin Gemayel 's brother, Bashir , as president. He succeeded his brother as head of state in full Israeli invasion and recalls the multinational force in Beirut. The United States provides financial support for rebuilding the administration, infrastructure and the army. An agreement was signed stipulating the end of the state of war and an Israeli withdrawal conditioned by a simultaneous withdrawal of Syrian and Palestinian forces. Amine Gemayel dissolved command of the Arab Deterrent Force , which served as cover for Syrian troops on 31 March 1982. The government of President Gemayel opens peace negotiations with Israel that will lead to the agreement of May 17 which will never come into force. The head of the PLO , Yasser Arafat , returned to Lebanon with a small group of fighters, and engages in fighting against the Lebanese Syrian-backed, but he must leave Lebanon in December 1983. Inhabited by Druze and Christians , the region of Chouf relatively untouched by war is experiencing a resurgence of tension after the Israeli withdrawal. It is the subject of a conflict between the PSP Druze and the Lebanese Forces in late summer 1983. Walid Jumblatt wins and forcing people Christians to flee. International forces arrive in Beirut in 1982 Israeli invasion in the middle and face a hostile climate. In April 1983 , an attack against the U.S. Embassy killed 63 people and left 100 injured. On October 23 , 1983, suicide attacks claim the lives of 241 marines and 58 French soldiers. The attacks are claimed by a shadowy Shiite organization, the Islamic Jihad. The Hezbollah , which emerged in 1982 under the instigation of the Iranian Khomeini , accused by the United States of being responsible for the attacks (what Hezbollah denies). The organization is getting stronger and fought mainly against the Israeli army. Kidnappings of Westerners multiply Beirut. January 1986 : Elie Hobeika was deposed by Samir Geagea head of the Lebanese Forces to have signed a tripartite agreement considered favorable to Syria. 1985 - 1,988 : the party Amal by Nabih Berry , with support from Damascus, tries unsuccessfully to take over West Beirut and the other parties facing the Muslim camp (the PSP , the Hezbollah and the Palestinians ). June 1987 : Prime Minister Rashid Karami , pro- Syria , was assassinated. On 17 February 1988 , U.S. Colonel Higgins, commander of UNTSO ( United Nations to monitor the truce in Palestine), is kidnapped in Lebanon by Hezbollah. On 28 July 1989 , Israeli commandos removed in southern Lebanon on Sheikh Abdel Karim Obeid , a spiritual leader and member of Hezbollah. He knows the ins and outs of operations of Western hostages taken since 1982 , fifteen of which are still in the hands of the organization. On 31 July 1989 , the Hezbollah broadcasts a video film of the hanging of Colonel Higgins American, but according to sources U.S. colonel was reportedly tortured and executed as early as December 1988. President George Bush sends envoys to Damascus and Beirut to Shiite dignitaries, and ordered two naval forces, comprising 46 ships of war, to surround the axis Beirut-Damascus-Tehran by positioning itself Mediterranean Eastern and at the entrance of the Persian Gulf. In September 1988 , the mandate of Amine Gemayel reaches its end and the parliament fails to meet and elect a new president. Gemayel appointed his chief of staff, Michel Aoun to head an interim military government. Aoun began a war of liberation against Syria. Syria supports the government in place since 1986 appointed by President Gemayel, more favorable to his policy, directed by Salim El-Hoss. Syria sent by road convoys to its allies in Lebanon for many stocks of munitions of Soviet origin. The Christian militias and the Lebanese army under the control of General Aoun also receive government Iraqi ammunition shipments few who manage to break the blockade. In July 1989 and August 1989 , troops and Shiite Syrian occupation army are raining hundreds of thousands of shells and explosives in Christian areas that contain more than one million people, but protected in its shelters, the population suffered few casualties. From the cellars of the presidential palace in Baabda , General Aoun called for help the international community, and 15 August 1989 , Pope John Paul II denounced the genocide in Lebanon and announced his intention to travel to Beirut. For its part, the Arab League strongly condemns Syria but has no plans to intervene directly. On 19 August 1989 , General Aoun calls to France for military intervention and Paris dispatch the aircraft carrier Foch , two guided missile frigates, a transport landing craft. President Francois Mitterrand spoke of humanitarian force and backup. Finally the resistance of the Lebanese army is the strongest and the general offensive of the Syrians and their Shiite allies is stopped. See detailed article Taif Agreement The Taif Accord was introduced as an attempt to restore peace, due to the political efforts of a committee of King Hussein of Jordan , King Fahd of Saudi Arabia and President Chadli of Algeria. 62 members - Christians and Muslims - the former Lebanese National Assembly met in Taif , adopt a document enshrining the de facto takeover of Syria on Lebanon in which this agreement provides a legal basis. General Michel Aoun is trying to extend its control to areas controlled by the Christian Lebanese Forces, but the invasion of Kuwait by Iraq precipitated its end: the U.S. give the green light to Syria in exchange for his support the Gulf War. Period: 1990 to 2005 In 1992 , held the first legislative elections since 1972 , in an atmosphere of manipulation, frustration and boycott of Christian voters. Rafic Hariri was elected prime minister and began studying the country's reconstruction. It also attempts to restore the balance disturbed by the boycott of elections by Christians including more Christians in government. Syria discourages the then ally with the Christian opposition. The government of Rafiq Hariri established a plan for economic recovery and managed to stabilize the Lebanese pound. His plan is to restore the social and economic infrastructure and to erase the scars of war. The cornerstone of this vast operation, whose needs are estimated at 10 billion, is the reconstruction of downtown Beirut. The capital is a particularly inspiring symbol of the restoration of the state and its sovereignty and Hariri wants to restore its position as the hub of Arab business. The reconstruction plan of the 160-hectare center is entrusted to a private company called Solidere (Lebanese Company for Reconstruction). The government's plan was to finance reconstruction by private investors, Lebanese and Arabs. The project raises a significant challenge. Rafic Hariri is accused of using his privileged position to obtain a significant portion of the contract construction and building owners downtown are evicted and paid in shares of Solidere worth much less than their well. The war led to the collapse of the middle class and strong impoverishment of the population. Infrastructure (transportation networks, water distribution, electricity, telephone) have been heavily damaged. The fighting forced into exile a portion of the bourgeoisie, depriving the country of human and financial resources. Between 100 and 300 000 people died in a country of 3 and a half million inhabitants and about 900,000 people were displaced. Lebanon has lost its position as the economic hub of the Middle East before 1975 , principally for Dubai and Gulf countries. In 1990 , following in the Taif accord , the violence of war to an end. With the fall of General Michel Aoun after an attack on Syrian-Lebanese 13 October 1990 , the war officially ends. She has made 150 000 people dead and hundreds of thousands of injured, displaced and exiled. The Syrian regime, with the tacit approval of the international community, established a regime to its service by appointing presidents, ministers, MPs and civil servants according to their interests. The country's debt is growing largely because of looting by the occupant. Any opposition is repressed and freedoms are suppressed. A policeman and authoritarian regime developed under the mandate of President Emile Lahoud. In 2000 , the Israeli occupation army withdrew from southern Lebanon that Israel has occupied since 1978. The Hezbollah arises as the liberator of this region and appears as the first political force in Lebanon without the various conflicts within countries are resolved. Therefore, in 2004 , the Security Council of UN demands by resolution 1559 of Syria to withdraw its forces from Lebanon. It also calls for an end to military activities of the Hezbollah militia and called for the deployment of the Lebanese army throughout the international border with Israel. The resolution remains a dead letter, and in 2005 , former Prime Minister Rafik Hariri was killed in a truck bombing on February 14 while the MP and former minister Bassel Fuleihan , critically wounded in the attack, died on 18 April 2005. This attack causes a crisis both nationally and internationally since part of the Lebanese and most foreign diplomats denounced the involvement of Syria in the attack. However, neither France nor the United States as the two foreign powers most involved in the Lebanese crisis, not explicitly put into question Syria. In the streets of the capital Beirut , part of the Lebanese demonstrated against Syria's presence, and since the attack an annual festival held to pay tribute to him, however, the movement is variously followed in the country but the protesters, mostly Sunnis , Druze and Christians , backed by Western countries know that Syria can not use strong without fear of economic or military measures of the European Union or the United States. The crisis is tied at the February 28 , when the pro-Syrian Prime Minister Omar Karami submitted his resignation to the National Assembly pushing the parties pro-Syrian Shiites of Amal and Hezbollah to organize the March 8 event one-cons who gathers Hundreds of thousands of people. Omar Karami was reappointed Prime Minister and the crisis continues. Much of the crisis revolves around the role of Syria in Lebanese political life: while Syrian forces withdrew from Lebanon slowly, over 200,000 people gather March 13 in the town of Nabatiyah (75 km south of Beirut) in denouncing Western foreign interference and to protest against the resolution 1559. The situation prompted the Lebanese opposition to call for a new event, the March 14 , to reject the Syrian occupation and the pro-Syrian regime in place in Beirut, bringing a million demonstrators. The crowd calls on Martyrs' Square, the truth about the assassination of Rafik Hariri , the departure of the Syrian presence and the government Karami. Gen. Michel Aoun , who declared in 1989 a war of liberation against the Syrian invaders, announces his return after 15 years of forced exile in France, the effective return on May 7 Accordingly, the March 15 , after Syria told the UN of its intention to withdraw all its forces and intelligence personnel from Lebanon before Lebanese parliamentary elections to be held in May, begins to make folds noticed. In the days that followed two suicide car bomb maintain a high voltage. On March 24 , the UN mission led by Sean Fitzgerald accused the security services have Lebanese-Syrian disguised the crime scene and created a climate conducive to the murder of Hariri. However, the mission does not accuse the Lebanese and Syrian governments to be responsible for the attack. On April 14 , following the resignation of Prime Minister Omar Karami, who is leaving to move the pro-Syrian camp, Najib Mikati was appointed prime minister of a transitional government to organize new elections. Member of the pro-Syrian faction, however, it is accepted by the opposition and seems to be a viable compromise between the two factions. On April 26 , the Syrian armed forces appear to have withdrawn from Lebanon after an initial UN inspection. It provided its response to the Syrian intelligence services for which a further inspection is necessary. The United States and the UN does not believe in the evacuation of Syrian intelligence missions and announce additional inspections. They also denounced the existence of a blacklist against opponents of Syria in Lebanon. From May 29 to June 19 parliamentary elections are held. The anti-Syrian coalition led by Saad Hariri , son of assassinated Prime Minister, won 72 of 128 seats. A series of targeted attacks will then beheaded in the months after the anti-Syrian opposition: it is first on 2 June , a suicide car bomb kills journalist Samir Kassir. Columnist for the newspaper An Nahar in Beirut (Achrafieh), co-founder of the Democratic Left Party , he took a position on numerous occasions against the activities of Syria in Lebanon and denounced publicly the direct threats on the part of Syrian agents. It is then the June 21 , the former Secretary General of Lebanese Communist Party (PCL) Georges Hawi was in turn killed in a suicide car bomb in central Beirut (Wata Moussaytbeh). Upon the death of Hawi known, the general secretary of the PCL, Khaled Hadada , immediately points the finger at the officials associated with Syria in the Lebanese intelligence services. On July 12 , the Defense Minister Elias Murr is wounded in a suicide car bomb in north-eastern Beyrouth.C is then the 25 September , May Chidiac , a television journalist LBC and supporter of the Lebanese Forces , who was seriously injured in a suicide car bomb in Jounieh. It is amputated hand and left leg. Finally, on December 12 , the Christian MP Gebran Tueni , editor of An Nahar , was killed in a car bomb explosion in Beirut (Mkalls). The attack made 3 other deaths. His father Ghassan replaced as a member on 21 January 2006. Beginning in June, the United States asked the UN to conduct an international investigation and agents of the FBI and French intelligence services have been fielded. On August 30 , the Attorney General German Detlev Mehlis , mandated by the UN to investigate Hariri's murder, has arrested four pro-Syrian generals suspected of having prepared and facilitated the crime. Occupying key positions of the security services under Syrian occupation, these generals had methodically created not any opposition to the regime of Damascus. They had resigned following pressure from the street. Finally, on October 20 , Detlev Mehlis submits his report to UN Secretary General Kofi Annan. He finds a near-certain involvement of Syrian intelligence and Lebanese. Syria and Lebanese President Emile Lahoud blamed in the report, strongly deny any involvement in the assassination. The crisis experienced a relative lull after the end of 2005. On 6 February 2006 , after several months of negotiations, General Michel Aoun and Sayyed Hassan Nasrallah, respectively representing the Free Patriotic Movement and Hezbollah signed a national agreement document 10 points directly on the future of Lebanon Lebanon since 2008 On May 25, 2008, General Michel Sleiman, commander of the army, was elected president of the Lebanese Republic. Mr. Suleiman won 118 votes, six MPs voted blank ballots and three were considered nuls.le June 7, 2009 general elections take place in Lebanon. Two opposing camps: on one hand the coalition led by Saad Hariri and his Future Movement (considered pro-Western), the other the alliance of Hezbollah and the Free Patriotic Movement (FPM) of General Maronite Michel Aoun, close to Syria and Iran. 1861-1915: The Province (mutasarrifiya) Autonomous Mount Lebanon
List of Governors Ottoman Christians of Mount Lebanon
The French mandate
The beginning of independence
Development and Democracy
The crisis in Lebanon 1956-1958
The Chehabi
The coup of 1961
The rise of perils (1966-1975), the Palestinian issue
The Palestinian problem
The War of Lebanon (1975-1990)
The Syrian intervention
"Neither war nor peace" (1977-1981)
Invasion of Lebanon 1982 "(June 1982)
The mandate of Amine 1982-1988
"War of the Mountain" (1983-1984)
The rise of Shiite
The abduction of Colonel Higgins U.S.
The war of liberation against Syria (1988-1989)
The Taif Agreement (1989)
Reconstruction
Lebanon under Syrian supervision
The political scene
Starting the reconstruction
The social consequences of war
Lebanon since 1990
Modern History
References
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Bibliography
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