History Of Java
We can decompose the history of Java into four periods: prehistory, the Classical period of great kingdoms Hindu - Buddhist , the beginning of the modern era with the rise of Muslim kingdoms and beginnings of the Dutch presence, and the period modern begins with the establishment of the Dutch East Indies.
Summary |
Prehistory
In 1891, the Dutch anatomist Eugene Dubois discovered in central Java remains of a hominid species Homo erectus, who was nicknamed the Pithecanthropus or Java Man. The Java man lived 500 000 years ago.
At the end of the Pleistocene , the last glaciation causes a lowering of sea level reaches 200 meters at its maximum there are about 18 000 years. Java can be found attached to the Southeast Asian mainland. The first Homo sapiens whose remains were found in East Java and has been called the Wajak man lived 40 000 years ago.
There are 5000 years old , residents of coastal southern China, cultivators of millet and rice, are beginning to cross the strait to settle in Taiwan. Around 2000 BC. AD , migration takes place from Taiwan to the Philippines. New migration from the Philippines to begin soon Sulawesi and Timor , and from there to other islands of Indonesia , including Java. The Austronesian are probably the first great navigators of the history of mankind.
Excavations have yielded many bronze objects whose technique and decoration show an influence of the Dong Son civilization of Vietnam (Xe-first centuries BC.).
Classical Period
Found in the Indian epic Ramayana , written between the third century BC. BC and third century AD, the name of Yavadvipa, "the island of millet, which was indeed grown Java.
The Jataka (Buddhist collection of tales composed between the third century BC and third century AD) and chronic Ceylon the Mahavamsa (written in the sixth century AD) speak of a country called Suvarnabhumi , which means "Land of Gold" and is perhaps Java or Sumatra.
A Chinese text of the fifth century AD. AD chronicles the journey of a Chinese Buddhist monk named Faxian who, returning from Ceylon to China, staying in 413 for "Ye-po-ti" (that is to say Yavadvipa).
The oldest documents written in Java are found inscriptions in Sanskrit and Pallava script found in the area of Jakarta. They date from the fifth century and testify to the existence of a king named Purnawarman , whose kingdom, Tarumanagara , extended east of Jakarta.
Registration Canggal called the north-west of Yogyakarta , dated 732 AD, said that Sanjaya , Raka (lord) of Mataram has erected a monument in honor of Shiva. The inscription said Kalasan east of Yogyakarta, dated 778 , mentions a king Sailendra who observes the rituals of Buddhism. The temples in Central Java built between the eighth and tenth centuries, are of ritual Buddhist or Shaivite but sometimes have elements of both rites, which coexisted.
Inscriptions on stone (prasasti) of the second half of the eighth century were discovered in the south of modern Vietnam , speaking of invaders from islands and conducting raids on the coast. One of them, dated 787 refers to an army from Java . An inscription found in Central Java and dated from 922 reports a ruling in favor of a certain Dhanadi who had complained of being called a "son of Khmer. The eighth to tenth centuries, links existed between the two countries so.
Javanese inscriptions and Arabic texts show that in the ninth and tenth centuries Java, and probably other parts of Indonesia today, maintained trade with the Indian Ocean and the east coast of Africa. Registering Kacana particular, found in East Java and dated 860 AD, mentions a list of dependents, the word jenggi is to say, " Zeng ". A captain Persian Ibn Shahriyar in his Book of the wonders of India , reported the testimony of an Arab merchant named Ibn Lakis which 945 , saw the arrival on the coast of Mozambique "a thousand boats" mounted by Waq Waq- coming islands "located in front of China" to search for products and slaves Zeng. In Arabic, Zeng or Zenj refers to the time the people of the east coast of Africa. An inscription speaks of black slaves later offered by a Javanese king to the imperial court of China.
An inscription dated in East Java in 1041 on the "stone of Calcutta" (so called because it is kept at the Indian Museum in Calcutta ) accepts the genealogy of King Airlangga , son of Prince Balinese Udayana. After the death of Airlangga, the center of power going to the kingdom of Kediri in the southwest of Surabaya , then Singasari south of Surabaya.
At that time, Java became the center of a brilliant culture. At Bali , the "old- Javanese "becomes the language of the entries in the eleventh century. More generally in the Indonesian archipelago, the trade is reflected in the distribution of Java's reputation as a land of scholars. The description of rituals tantric shrine on a megalithic Bongkisam discovered in the state of Malaysia in Sarawak , which date from the tenth century, gives an idea of the cultural influence of Java, which eventually resulted in political dominance .
The landing of an expeditionary Sino-Mongolian in East Java in 1292 coincides with the advent of a new kingdom, Majapahit , whose capital is built near the present Mojokerto southwest of Surabaya. This kingdom reached its zenith under Hayam Wuruk (reigned 1350-1389).
The great Chinese admiral Zheng He , who will lead seven expeditions to the India , the Middle East and East Africa between 1405 and 1433, made several stops in Java. A temple is also dedicated to Semarang , the provincial capital of Central Java. Muslim, Zheng He notes the presence of Chinese Muslim communities in the ports of the northern coast of the island.
At the end of the fifteenth century , the quarrels of succession led to the decline of Majapahit, which goes into 1478 under the control of the princes of Kediri. At the end of the fifteenth century , a Chinese Muslim named Cek Ko-po based on the north coast of Java, called Pasisi , the Principality of Demak. This new power began the conquest of Pasisi. When troops arrive in East Java Demak in 1527, Majapahit no longer exists. But the prestige of the kingdom is still such that the Sultan of Demak it proclaimed the heir. However Blambangan beyond the control of Demak. Its princes, remained Hindu, put themselves under the protection of kings Balinese.
The Urban Development Pasisi is linked to the expansion of maritime trade from the fifteenth to seventeenth centuries, the rise of Chinese communities and the spread of Islam. It results in the emergence of Muslim principalities port. Their rulers were not, however, the title of "Sultan".
Early modern period
In West Java, with inscriptions, we know that the current Bogor , 60 km south of Jakarta, was the site of Pakuan, the capital of the kingdom of Sundanese of Pajajaran (1333-1579), whose king as known is the legendary Siliwangi, which was identified as the King Sri Maharaja badugi (reigned 1482-1521). Market power of Pajajaran based on monitoring ports Pasisi as Banten and Kalapa (now a northern district of Jakarta).
Demak impose its hegemony in Banten and Cirebon. Fatahillah in 1527, a prince of Cirebon, conquered the port of Kalapa, depriving the Hindu Pajajaran maritime outlet, allied to the Portuguese Catholics settled in Malacca (they took in 1511) and the Moluccas. On the ruins of Kalapa Fatahillah Jayakarta built. Pajajaran finally conquered by Banten in 1579. The court took refuge in Pajajaran Sumedang, east of Bandung today. It will maintain a tradition which is still at the heart of the identity of Sundanese.
In 1576 a Javanese prince, Senopati, seized an area in central Java that still bears the old name of Mataram , the Kingdom of Sanjaya in the eighth century. Senopati and his son submit Pasisi Demak and Central Java. The Javanese tradition called the grand-son of Senopati Sultan Agung , the "great sultan" (reigned 1613-1646). It continues the work of conquest of its predecessors by addressing first in East Java and West Java. Agung crushed an uprising in Sumedang particular, the heir to the principality Sundanese Hindu kingdom Pajajaran. This prince of the principalities of internal forced Pasisi to destroy their fleet and maritime trade bans.
One aspect that can be seen in this " reconquista "of Pasisi by a power from within is a reaction to traditional political and cultural concepts specific to an agrarian society, facing the Muslim cosmopolitanism of port cities open to the world. The new Mataram was fully aware of the name he inherited. Its kings proclaimed themselves heirs of the ancient kingdom of Majapahit. The emergence of Mataram farm sort of a parenthesis and marked the return to power and agrarian society in the classical period.
In 1597 , Cornelis de Houtman , who led the first Dutch expedition to Asia, calling at Banten, a sultanate became prosperous through the cultivation of pepper, one of these spices so popular that earned the arrival of Europeans in the Indonesian archipelago. In 1619 , the VOC (Vereenigde Oostindische Company or " Dutch East India Company ", established in 1602 by Dutch merchants), which ousted the Portuguese from the Moluccas, conquered Jayakarta. On the ruins, they rebuild Batavia , where the VOC installs its new headquarters. Agung tries twice to Batavia, without success. Indeed, on one hand its allies from other Javanese principalities betray him, and secondly because it resists Batavia is resupplied by sea while qu'Agung has no fleet.
After the death of Agung Mataram begins to decline. The kingdom is plagued by wars of succession which the Dutch are taking advantage. To finance their campaigns against the rebellious princes, kings of Mataram into debt with the VOC by pledging Territories Pasisi. By a treaty signed in 1743, Mataram yields to the VOC and its territories Pasisi Blambangan. Another treaty in 1749 granted to the Dutch sovereignty over the whole kingdom.
In 1755 , the Dutch managed to force the king, the Sunan Paku Buwono III and his uncle Mangkubumi pretender to the throne, to sign the Treaty of Giyanti. Mataram, which controls more than half of Central Java and East Java half is divided in two. Mangkubumi receives a half, took the title of Sultan Hamengku Buwono I and established his capital in Yogyakarta , near the tomb of Senopati. His nephew and the other half retains its capital Surakarta. At the eastern end of Java, the last princes of Blambangan convert to Islam around 1770. Desiring to eliminate the threat of Balinese Java, the Dutch ended up removing the last Hindu state.
In the late eighteenth century, the VOC control Pasisi but delegates the administration to bupati (counts). Despite the treaty of 1749, relations between the Javanese kings and the VOC more like an alliance. After more than a century marked by wars and political violence, Java will experience a period of peace. The princely courts will compete in the cultural and artistic creation, notably marked by a return to sources, both native Indians.
In 1799 , the VOC was declared bankrupt. Its assets were acquired by the Government of the Netherlands.
In 1825, a prince from Yogyakarta, Diponegoro , challenging the designation by the Dutch from his nephew Sultan, took up arms. Follows the Java War , which ended only in 1830 with the capture of Diponegoro, the Dutch were invited to a negotiation. The war has killed 15,000 in the Dutch army and more than 200,000 in the Javanese population (a census conducted in 1815 estimated the total population of Java at just over 4 million inhabitants).
To punish Yogyakarta Sultanate territories other than its central region are confiscated by the Dutch. In fairness, the Dutch are the same treatment in Surakarta.
Java now pacified, the Dutch may start economic development on the island. Governor van den Bosch sets up a system of crops ( cultuurstelsel ) Enforced by which the farmers had to spend 20% and 33% of their land to cash crops. The abuse of this system will eventually be reported to the Netherlands itself, particularly in the novel Max Havelaar by Multatuli , pseudonym of Dutch writer Eduard Douwes Dekker. The system was gradually abandoned. The Land Act of 1870 opens to private enterprise Java.
Throughout the nineteenth century, the Dutch are campaigning in the other islands to submit the native states they have not yet submitted. The Dutch East Indies take their final form in 1908 , the official date of the pacification of the sultanate of Aceh in northern Sumatra and the conquering of the last remaining independent realms Balinese.
Birth of the nationalist movement
On May 20, 1908, young noble Javanese education based on European Boedi Oetomo, or Budi Utomo in its modern spelling ("supreme intelligence"). This date was declared "Day of National Awakening". This group is led by Wahidin Sudirohusodo (1852-1917), a physician who wishes to teach the Javanese combining modern Western science and traditional Javanese culture.
Budi Utomo the rapidly developing states at the end of 1909 to have 40 branches and 10,000 members, mostly students and government officials. They focus on Javanese culture while considering that progress requires the adoption of social and political institutions of the West. Management, conservative, seeks to curb the political activity of the group. It faces growing opposition from younger members, who advocate direct action against the colonial order. The appeal of radical and explicitly political organizations like Sarekat Islam, founded in 1911, led to a disaffection of members of Budi Utomo.
This organization will Javanese nevertheless played a crucial role as a model for the Indonesian nationalist movement. Budi Utomo with the history of the Dutch East Indies is now one of Indonesia.
See also
Notes
Internal Links
Bibliography
- Lombard, Denys , The Javanese crossroads
- Ricklefs, MC A History of Modern Indonesia Since c. 1300, Stanford, 1993
- Soemarsaid Moertono, State and Statecraft in Old Java, Cornell University Modern Indonesia Project
- Sukanda-Tessier, Viviane, Let Sundanese - Language and Culture sunda, L'Harmattan, 2007
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