History Of Indonesia
| This article is part of the series History of Indonesia |
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| See also: |
| Prehistory |
| Early kingdoms |
| Tarumanagara kingdom (358-723) |
| Sriwijaya (seventh century to the thirteenth century) |
| Sailendra (eighth century to the ninth century) |
| Kingdom of Sunda (669-1579) |
| Kingdom of Mataram (752-1045) |
| Kingdom of Kediri (1045-1221) |
| Singasari kingdom (1222-1292) |
| Majapahit (1293-1500) |
| Rise of Muslim states |
| Expansion of Islam (XIII century in the seventeenth century) |
| Malacca Sultanate (1400-1511) |
| Sultanate of Demak (1475-1518) |
| Aceh Sultanate (1496-1903) |
| Sultanate of Banten (1526-1813) |
| Sultanate of Mataram (XVI century to the eighteenth century) |
| European colonization |
| Portuguese colonization (1512-1850) |
| Dutch East India Co. (1602-1800) |
| Netherlands East Indies (1800-1942) |
| Emergence of Indonesia |
| Indonesian nationalism (1899-1942) |
| Japanese occupation (1942-45) |
| Indonesian independence (1945) |
| Indonesian Revolution (1945-1950) |
| Independent Indonesia |
| Liberal Democracy in Indonesia (1950-1957) |
| "Managed democracy" (1957-1965) |
| Movement of 30 September 1965 (1965-1966) |
| Soeharto dictatorship (1966-1998) |
| Democratic transition (1998-present) |
| Edit this template |
The Republic of Indonesia (Republik Indonesia) was born August 17, 1945 with the proclamation of the independence of the Dutch East Indies by Sukarno and Hatta.
The story begins its territory beyond.
Settlement
There are about 21 000 years, New Guinea was connected to Australia , forming the landmass known as Sahul. Australia had been settled there are at least 40,000 years by the current migration from Asia. Was found in the Great Cave of Niah in Sarawak, a human skull that was dated to 40,000 years. These migrations were possible because at that time the sea levels were lower than today. Migration had also may have occurred directly from Asia to New Guinea and the Solomon Islands.
There are 5 000-6 000 years, sea levels rose again to reach the current situation, cutting the population of Asia and preventing further migration for some time.
5000 years ago ( 3000 BC. ), inhabitants of the coast of China , South cultivators of millet and rice, are beginning to cross the strait to settle in Taiwan. Around 2000 BC , migration takes place from Taiwan to the Philippines. New migration from the Philippines to begin soon Sulawesi and Timor , and from there to other islands in the archipelago of Indonesia. Around 1500 BC. AD, another movement conducts Philippines in New Guinea and beyond, the islands of the Pacific. The Austronesian are probably the first great navigators of the history of mankind.
Excavations have yielded many bronze objects whose technique and decoration show an influence of the civilization of Dong Son of Vietnam (X e - I st century BC.).
First mentions
The Indian epic Ramayana , written between the third century BC. BC and third century AD, mentions the names of Suvarnadvipa, "Island of Gold", which means probably Sumatra , and Yavadvipa, "the island of millet" is to say, Java.
In the first century AD, the western Indonesian archipelago is part of a network centered on the kingdom of Funan in the south of modern Vietnam , the city states that traded with the port India and China. An interpretation of the Natural History of Pliny the Elder (23-79 AD) suggested that outrigger boats "Indonesian" came to trade on the east coast of Africa Hindu-Buddhist Period The earliest written documents found to date in Indonesia are inscriptions from the area in Kutai province of East Kalimantan. Written in writing Pallava southern India, they are on four poles sacrificial stone (called Yupa in Sanskrit , the language of the sacred texts of Hinduism ), which is estimated to date from around 400 AD. In the region of Karawang east of Jakarta , was also found inscriptions written in Sanskrit and writing Pallava. They date from the fifth century after Christ and testify to the existence of a king named Purnawarman, whose kingdom, Tarumanagara , stretched in this region. An inscription dated 683 AD, discovered on the island of Bangka near Sumatra, proclaims that the ruler of Sriwijaya , head of 20,000 soldiers boarded ships in 1300. Texts of Arab and Chinese Sriwijaya was confirmed that a powerful state that controlled the Strait of Malacca at that time already an important waterway. The city-state of Sriwijaya was at the site of the present Palembang. An inscription found at Canggal in central Java, and dated to 732 AD, said that Sanjaya, lord of Mataram, has erected a monument in honor of Shiva. The inscription said "Kalasan", also discovered in central Java, dated 778, mentions a king Sailendra who observes the rituals of Buddhism. The temples in central Java, built between the eighth and tenth centuries , Buddhist rites are as Borobudur or Shivaite as Prambanan , but sometimes have elements of both rites, which coexisted. Javanese inscriptions and Arabic texts show that in the ninth and tenth centuries Java, and probably other parts of Indonesia today, maintained trade with the east coast of Africa. Registering Kacana particular, found in East Java and dated from 860 AD, mentions a list of dependents, the word jenggi, "Zeng". A book in Arabic, Wonders of India, reported the testimony of a merchant named Ibn Lakis that in 945, saw the arrival on the coast of Mozambique "a thousand boat" manned by Waq Waq- coming islands "located in front of China" to search for products and slaves Zeng. In Arabic, Zeng or Zenj refers to the time the people of the east coast of Africa. For reasons still unclear, there is no longer listing in Central Java from the late tenth century. An inscription in eastern Java, dated 1041 says that the king Airlangga installed Janggala his palace in the area of present Surabaya. After his death, remains the center of power in East Java, passing Kediri at Singasari and finally the kingdom of Majapahit , which reached its zenith under Hayam Wuruk (reigned from 1350 to 1389), assisted by his prime minister Gajah Mada. The Nagarakertagama epic poem written in 1365 during his reign, a list of "countries dependent" of Majapahit, who also Madura , Sunda and Bali , is from Pahang in the Malay Peninsula to "Gurun" in the Moluccas , to Malayu in Sumatra and "Bakulapura" in Borneo. In reality, the territory actually controlled by Majapahit was limited to the western half of East Java, the other half being the principality of Blambangan. After the death of Hayam Wuruk, succession disputes led to the decline of Majapahit, who disappeared in 1478. Around 1400, a Buddhist prince Palembang (South Sumatra) founded the port of Malacca on the Malay Peninsula. The rulers of Malacca will soon convert to Islam. The great Chinese admiral Zheng He (or Cheng Ho), which will lead seven expeditions to the India , the Middle East and East Africa between 1405 and 1433, made several stops in Java. Muslim, Zheng He notes the presence of Muslim communities in the Chinese ports of the north coast of Java, called Pasisi. At the end of the fifteenth century , a Chinese Muslim named Cek Ko-po Pasisi based on a principality which will become the kingdom of Demak. This new power began the conquest of the north coast of Java and East Java in 1527. The expansion of maritime trade of the fifteenth toseventeenth century, the rise of Chinese communities and the diffusion of Islam are reflected in urban development and the emergence of Pasisi States port of the archipelago. Calling in 1292 to Perlak , a port city in the territory of today's province of Aceh , Marco Polo noted that the sovereign is a Muslim. The Sultanate of Aceh was founded in the early sixteenth century. After the capture of Malacca by the Portuguese in 1511, Aceh manages to capture a significant share of the business that had made the prosperity of Malacca. The sultanate began the conquest of the east coast of Sumatra producer of pepper and gold, which according to Tome Pires , a Portuguese apothecary who lived in Malacca from 1512 to 1515, not yet Islamized. In the 1560s, Aceh establish trade and diplomatic relations with the Ottoman Empire. In 1602 a first expedition of the British East India Company established recently stopped in Aceh. The sultanate will reach its peak with Iskandar Muda (ruled 1607-1636). Iskandar defeated a Portuguese fleet in Bintan (Indonesian island close to the current Singapore) and conquers Kedah and Pahang on the peninsula. In 1629, Iskandar launches a fleet of Malacca, which is totally destroyed with 19,000 men lost. After the death of Iskandar Muda, Aceh is entering a period of decline. According to oral tradition of Makassar in southern Sulawesi , the kingdom of Gowa was born in the fifteenth century of sharing in their kingdom between two of Gowa and Tallo '. The first card that the Portuguese have made Sulawesi, in 1533 or 1534, does not mention the name of Goa but only to "Toloc", that is to say Tallo '. In 1544, a Portuguese trader of Malacca, Antonio de Paiva mentions the name "Goa". According to chronicles, around 1530, King Matanr (reigned 1510-1547) began the conquest of neighboring principalities. Gowa control the trade of gold produced in northern Sulawesi, he sells the Sultanate of Ternate. The king of Gowa converted to Islam in 1605. Gowa campaigns between 1608 and 1611 eventually impose Islam across the country Bugis and Makassar. The VOC established a post in Gowa in 1609. Sultan Alauddin, unwilling to accept a monopoly on Dutch trade with Asian and European merchants. A struggle ensued between the two powers, interrupted by treaties in 1637, 1655 and 1660. Sultan Hasanuddin sends embassies in Mataram in Java, without result. In 1660, Prince Arung Palakka of Bone , Gowa become vassal, rebelled. The revolt was suppressed, but the rebels found refuge with the VOC in Batavia. In 1666, the VOC is launching a fleet against Gowa, with onboard Bugis and Moluccan troops. In 1667, the Dutch destroy the fleet of Gowa. Sultan Hasanuddin finally go in 1669. Bone and other principalities Bugis are freed from the suzerainty of Gowa. The VOC expelled the Europeans of Gowa. The Dutch have become the dominant European power in the region before the British and the Portuguese, who control but still Timor. An initial state seems to have been founded in Banten Banten in 932 AD was one of the outlets Marine Hindu kingdom Pajajaran. According to tradition, the sultanate of Banten was Sunan Gunung Jati was founded by, one of nine "saints" or Wali Sanga , who according to legend, would spread the Muslim faith in Java. He was born in Pasai , a former sultanate in northern Sumatra, where Marco Polo had visited in 1292. Gunung Jati Trenggana married a sister of the ruler of Demak. In 1526, at the head of an army attack and conquer Gunung Jati Banten, who was freed from Pajajaran. Maulana Yusuf, the third ruler of Banten, submit Pajajaran in 1579, ending the last Sundanese kingdom. In the seventeenth century, Banten is a prosperous, thanks to the cultivation of pepper, one of these spices so popular that earned the Europeans arrived in the Indonesian archipelago. The English established a permanent trading post in 1603. Two ambassadors of Banten are received at the English court in 1682. Also part of West Java, the sultanate controlled what is now the province of Lampung in southern Sumatra. The Dutch eventually impose their overlordship in the sultanate. In 1813, Banten is integrated into the territory of the Netherlands Indies. Its last sultan was exiled by the Dutch in Surabaya in 1832. The assassination of the Sultan of Demak in 1568 marked the end of the rule Cities of Pasisi, which lasted barely half a century. In 1577, Ki Gede Pamanahan, lord of Mataram , whose name seems to have remained since the days of the dynasty Sanjaya (eighth century) established his residence in Kota Gede (now a district of the city of Yogyakarta ). His son Senopati (reigned 1584-1601) began a series of military campaigns against the principalities of Central Java and Pasisi, affirming the authority of this "second Mataram". The little son of Senopati (ruled 1613-1646) continued the work of conquest of its predecessors by addressing first in East Java and West Java. Mataram fails to take Batavia , founded in 1619 by the VOC (Vereenigde Oostindische Company or " Dutch East India Company "), after two attempts to sit in 1628-29. Kingdom of the Interior, the principalities of Mataram forced to destroy their fleet Pasisi and prohibits the shipping trade. His king took the title of Sultan Agung, "the great sultan" in 1641. After the death of Sultan Agung Mataram begins to decline. The kingdom is plagued by wars of succession which the Dutch are taking advantage. To finance their campaigns against the rebellious princes, kings of Mataram into debt with the VOC by pledging their territories Pasisi. In 1755, the Treaty of Giyanti imposed by the Dutch to the Javanese princes, terminated Javanese wars of succession. The last princes of Blambangan convert to Islam in 1770 and pledge allegiance to the VOC. Java is now fully under Dutch control. On 11 September 1508 , the Portuguese Diogo Lopes de Sequeira (es) arrives in Malacca . There he meets the Chinese. The Sultan Mahmud Syah first concludes a treaty of alliance and authorizes the installation of a factory, then under the influence of Moorish merchants, he ordered the massacre of the Portuguese. Most have survived, perhaps after having been informed by the Chinese. Some were taken prisoner . Malacca is a city so cosmopolitan cross Chinese, Siamese, Arabs, Persians, Gujarati, Bengali, Malay, Armenians, came to exchange gold and silver from Luzon, mace Banda, Timor wood, fabrics from India, Malabar pepper, camphor Borneo, Chinese porcelains, Japanese silver, rubies from Ceylon or Pegu in Burma, spices, perfumes, pearls, diamonds ... In August 1511 , a Portuguese fleet, part of Goa in India under the command of the viceroy Afonso de Albuquerque , seized Malacca , which had become the largest port in Southeast Asia, a sort of precursor the current Singapore . The royal family of Malacca took refuge in the south of the peninsula and founded Johor. It retains its hold on the Malay States and the coast of Sumatra. The prosperity of Malacca is based on a commercial network in which the Portuguese can not integrate. The city quickly collapses. In 1512 , Albuquerque sent Antonio de Abreu to the Banda Islands . Francisco Serro accompanies it. He should avoid all demonstrations and military appear only as a trader. His ship was wrecked in Ambon , but replaces it with a junk and reached Ternate and have nine years in the Moluccas. He became advisor to the sultan of Ternate . The Spanish expedition of Magellan , after crossing the Pacific, in turn reach the Moluccas 8 November 1521 . They are welcomed by the Sultan of Tidore , happy to establish business relationships and make room for the Portuguese. The Spaniards load their holds with cloves and nutmeg. A Portuguese trading post is based in Ternate on 24 June 1522. On 21 August, a treaty is signed between the Portuguese of Malacca and the Kingdom of Pajajaran in the west of the island of Java . With the Treaty of Zaragoza , signed on 22 April 1529 , the Philippines back to Spain , who abandons the Moluccas to Portugal. The Portuguese destroyed the naval power of the Indonesian state, but can not control their territorial bases and production of spices. In Sumatra , they have agreements with the sultan of Aceh , which provides them with pepper. In Java , they manage to occupy other states between those of Gresik , of Panarukan and Cirebon. Stealing Timor , but must deal in East Java with the kingdom of Demak , which must give its ports but remains independent. The West Java is required by the sultanate of Banten , which is the largest warehouse pepper of Indonesia. Both are attempts to seize the Portuguese fail and must be content again to enter into commercial agreements. In Borneo , the Portuguese came less and the Sultan of Brunei expands in the north-east of the island possessions and the extended area of Islam. In the Moluccas , the Portuguese have agreements with the ruler of Ternate and missionaries get many conversions to Ambon , Halmahera and Ternate. The clove tree grows in the Moluccas ( Ternate , Tidore , Halmahera ) and nutmeg in Ambon and the Banda islands. Speculation on the spices , old, brings substantial benefits. Maluku in Malacca , the price of nails cloves tenfold. This trade is primarily practiced in the Indian Ocean and Indonesian Seas, by merchants of Java and Gujarat. The Portuguese will try to establish direct relationships and gain a monopoly on transactions. Indonesian princes are obliged to book their spices to the Portuguese. Surpluses are destroyed to keep prices. The spices are paid in gold bullion from Africa , which is procured through the exchange of cotton and handicrafts of India. Arab traders keep an important role in the Indian Ocean and Red Sea (pepper). The Portuguese can not oust the Spaniards from Manila ( 1571 ), which grow up to the Moluccas. In 1550, the Portuguese governor murdered the Sultan of Ternate , causing insurgencies. In 1580, the pirate Francis Drake offers protection to a sultan of Ternate revolted against the Portuguese. He reports of large shipments. It creates the first English settlement in overseas. His compatriot Thomas Cavendish through the Indonesian archipelago in 1586. The arrival of new Europeans in Indonesia raised the price of spices, which seems to have tripled since the Portuguese arrived. The annexation of Portugal by Spain (1580) makes it difficult for traders in the Netherlands , independent in 1581 , to source spices to Lisbon for redistribution in Europe. They seek new ways to reach the East Indies, but fail and have to use the road opened by the Portuguese. The Dutchman Cornelius Houtmann runs a first expedition to Banten (Java) on behalf of the companion Van Glass. He leaves the two in April 1595 and reached Banten fifteen months later. A treaty is concluded with the sultan, and the journey continues through Bali. Alarmed, the Portuguese sent a fleet of Goa in Banten, who arrives too late, when the Dutch left. Attacked by the Sultan of Banten, it must take refuge in Malacca. The Netherlands are enthusiastic and prepared to hold further shipments. In 1601, the Hispano-Portuguese were expelled from the Bay of Banten and the Dutch can organize their first "box" Javanese. Moluccas, the Dutch VOC (Vereenigde Oostindische Company or Dutch East India Company , founded in 1602 ) took a fort from the Portuguese in Ambon in 1605. They eventually drive them from the eastern archipelago to 1620 , then in turn captured Malacca in 1641. The VOC was founded in 1600. It begins by ousting the Portuguese from the Moluccas. In search of a facility in Java, the company installs a post at the mouth of the river Ciliwung in the suburbs of Jayakarta , vassal of Banten. In 1619, she grabs Jayakarta, destroyed the city and founded on its ruins Batavia. In 1628 the prince Sundanese Dipati Ukuri, head of an army of 6,000 men, attacked Batavia. Before the technical superiority of the Dutch, the Sundanese must retreat. The Dutch launch into a chase and eventually capture the prince. They deliver it to the king of Mataram, who beheaded. For its part will Mataram twice the seat of Batavia, without success. In the late eighteenth century, the company controls the Moluccas, Sulawesi and the southern half of Java. In 1795 , the stadtholder (governor) of Holland William V of Orange fled to England before the invasion of armies fra ISH. From England, he sent a series of instructions to his administrators to cede the territories of the Netherlands to England so they do not fall into French hands. In 1799, the VOC was declared bankrupt. Its assets were acquired by the Government of the Netherlands. In 1825, a prince of the court of Yogyakarta , Diponegoro , challenging the designation by the Dutch from his nephew Sultan, took up arms. It follows a war that ended only in 1830 with the capture of Diponegoro, the Dutch were invited to a negotiation. The Java War was 15,000 deaths in the Dutch army and more than 200,000 in the Javanese population (a census conducted in 1815 estimated the total population of Java at just over 4 million inhabitants). Java now pacified, the Dutch may start economic development on the island. Governor van den Bosch sets up a system of forced cultivation ( cultuurstelsel ) by which the peasants had to spend 20% and 33% of their land to cash crops. The abuse of this system will eventually be reported to the Netherlands itself. The system was gradually abandoned. The Land Act of 1870 Opens Java to private enterprise. The London Treaty of 1824 between the English and Dutch gives them control of territory claimed by Europeans in the south of Singapore , founded in 1819 by Thomas Stamford Raffles. He devotes the division Malay world into two parts, one integrated into the Dutch East Indies , the other in what became the "British Malaya" and independence, the Federation of Malaysia. In Bali in the early nineteenth century , the economy still depends largely on the export of slaves. The Dutch are rather anxious to end piracy and plundering of wrecks, other gainful Balinese. In 1846, the Dutch attacked the kingdom of Buleleng in northern Bali and will install the board, and in the west of the island. From 1846 to 1906, the Dutch attack and turn the various kingdoms submit Balinese. The latter is Badung in the south of the island, royal families, rather than surrender, commit Puputan, walking towards the Dutch pulling until all are dead. In 1820, Aceh produces more than half of the pepper world. Europeans and Americans enjoy the competition between the various princes who sell this pepper. One of these princes, Tuanku (Monsignor) Ibrahim, emerges as the most powerful of them. In 1854, he launched an expedition and submits the sultanates of Langkat , Deli and Serdang , threatening the Dutch, who already occupy the rest of Sumatra. In 1871 the Dutch signed the treaty with the British Sumatra. The Dutch surrender their possessions in West Africa to the English. In exchange, they have a free hand to Aceh. In 1873, the American consul in Singapore meets an emissary of Aceh to discuss a treaty between the two countries. The Dutch decided to attack Aceh. Begins the long war in Aceh. Sultan Daud Shah went in 1903, but the ulama , religious leaders, continue the resistance. The Dutch East Indies reach their final form in 1908. In 1899, a Dutch lawyer, who had lived "in India" from 1880 to 1897, published an article entitled Een eereschuld ("A debt of honor"). He explained that the Netherlands have a debt to Indisch (native Dutch East Indies ) for all the wealth they have extracted. In 1901, Queen Wilhelmina announces the beginning of the "ethical policy" based on three principles: education, irrigation, emigration. The defeat of the Russians before the Japanese to Port Arthur in 1905 has a tremendous impact throughout East Asia, destroying the myth of the invincibility of the West. In 1908 , students of Javanese gentry founded the Budi Utomo. We consider this event as the birth of the Indonesian national movement. In 1911, merchants founded the Javanese batik Sarekat Islam. The Indische Sociaal-Democratische Vereeniging ("Social Democratic Union of India"), a future Indonesian Communist Party , was founded in 1914. Sukarno and other students of the Bandung Technical School founded the PNI ( Partai Nasional Indonesia , " Indonesian National Party). In 1927 Hatta , who studied economics in the Netherlands and three other students indisch are arrested for their political activities. At their trial, Hatta delivered an indictment against Dutch rule, justifying the Indonesian nationalism, which will be published under the title "Indonesia Vrij" ("Free Indonesia"). Through the Dutch East Indies, student and youth based associations, which meet in congress in 1928 to pronounce the "Oath of Youth" by which they report adopting three ideals: one country, Indonesia, a nation, Indonesian nation, one language, Indonesian. The 1930s were a turbulent period, during which leaders of the nationalist movement Hatta , Sjahrir , Sukarno and others are arrested. On 7 July 1937, Japan , which already occupies Korea and Manchukuo , invaded China , beginning his conquest of the Far East. In Europe, German troops invaded the Netherlands May 10, 1940, triggered after the Second World War. The Japanese had referred to the Dutch East Indies and their natural resources. The Dutch colony was part of their vision of a sphere of co-prosperity of the Greater East Asia. On 7 December 1941, the Japanese attacked Pearl Harbor. On 10 January 1942, they landed in the Dutch East Indies. Dutch troops go March 8, 1942. It's the end of Dutch rule. The first concern is to reorganize the Japanese economy of the Netherlands Indies for the benefit of their war economy. But for this they need to mobilize the masses, especially Javanese. Sukarno decided to make the game of the occupier, decided he could capitalize on it. He participated in the creation of the Central People's Power (Putera in its Indonesian acronym) in 1943. The Japanese also create a volunteer army in Indonesia, the "defenders of the fatherland" (PETA) authorized by the Japanese. The occupation of territory by the regime showa leads to multiple abuses against opponents and civilians, ranging from the sexual slavery to forced labor and cannibalism. The official reports of the death of nearly 4 million people The early years of independence In late 1945, the Dutch agreed to initiate discussions with the Indonesian government. They nevertheless reoccupied Jakarta early 1946, forcing the Indonesian government moved to Yogyakarta. In an attempt to regain control of their former colony, they launched the first "police action", called Agresion by the Indonesians. Late 1946, the belligerents to meet Linggarjati near Cirebon. The Dutch recognized the de facto sovereignty of the Republic on Java, Madura and Sumatra. Both parties agree to create in 1949 a " Republic of the United States of Indonesia (Republik Indonesia Serikat). In December 1946, the Dutch announced in Denpasar on Bali, the creation of a Negara Indonesia Timur ("State of Eastern Indonesia). Given the difficulty to admit their federal project, the Dutch launched in July 1947 a second "police action". After ten days, they must accept a cease-fire of the United Nations. In January 1948 an agreement was signed between the two parties aboard the American warship USS Renville , which endorses the Dutch project of a federal state in Indonesia. The PNI (Partai Nasional Indonesia) and the Muslim party Masyumi object. The Indonesian government, led by Amir Sjarifuddin , was forced to resign. The Dutch still continue their federal project and announce the creation of a series of states puppets in different parts of the archipelago, numbering 15 in 1948. In 1949, Dutch and Republicans hold a conference in Yogyakarta. The "Republic of the United States of Indonesia (RUSI in its English acronym) was created on December 14. On 27 December, the Kingdom of the Netherlands formally transferred sovereignty of the former Dutch East Indies to the United States Republic of Indonesia, with the exception of western New Guinea. Under international pressure, the Dutch finally agreed in 1949 to organize the Round Table Conference in The Hague. A Republic of the United States of Indonesia (Republik Indonesia Serikat or RIS) was created December 14, 1949. On December 27 , the Kingdom of the Netherlands formally transferred sovereignty over the territory of the former Dutch East Indies to the RIS. The " age "is over. From 1948 to 1965, Indonesia will be the scene of many insurgent movements. In 1948, military supporters of the Partai Komuna Indonesia (PKI, the Indonesian Communist Party) took the city of Madiun in East Java. The insurgency will be crushed in 2 weeks. In 1949 a leader of Hezbollah , a militia of young Muslims created during the Japanese occupation of Indonesia , proclaimed in West Java a Negara Islam Indonesia (Indonesian Islamic State). This is the beginning of the rebellion of Darul Islam , which ended only in 1962 with the capture and execution of his latest masterpiece. In 1950 Dr. Soumokil, a minister of the State of Eastern Indonesia, one of seven member states of the RIS, proclaimed the " Republic of South Moluccas. " The rebellion was put down in four months. On 17 August 1950, the Jakarta government proclaimed the creation of the " unitary state of the Republic of Indonesia (Negara Republik Indonesia Kesatuan), which replaces the RIS. In 1952 in Jakarta, tanks surround the presidential palace. The Chief of Staff of the Indonesian Army , General AH Nasution called on President Sukarno dissolved Parliament, denouncing the party system. Sukarno rejected the request and resumed control of the situation. The case of October 17 was cut short. In 1955 held a conference in the city of Bandung in West Java. It met for the first time in history a thirty countries in what was then called the Third World. Among the personalities who appear are the Chinese Zhou Enlai , the Egyptian Gamal Abdel Nasser , the Indian Nehru and Sukarno's Indonesia. This conference will mark the entry on the international scene in the Third World. It is considered the birth of the Non-Aligned Movement. In 1957 rebellion broke out in Permesta (Piagam Perjuangan Semesta or "charter for a universal struggle") in North Sulawesi , in protest at proposed Sukarno to establish a "managed democracy" by ending the parliamentary democracy. In 1958 in Padang , in West Sumatra , opponents of Sukarno proclaimed a Revolusioner Pemerintah Republik Indonesia ("Revolutionary Government of the Republic of Indonesia") or PRRI. The PRRI Permesta and combine. The rebellion ended in 1961. In 1957, the states of Peninsular Malaysia achieved independence from the UK as the Federation of Malaysia. From 1959 to 1962, Britain, Malaysia, Singapore , Sabah and Sarawak are negotiating to create an enlarged federation. This project is terminated by Indonesian President Sukarno , who declared that Malaysia is a puppet of the British establishment which will increase their control over the region, threatening the independence of Indonesia. For their part, the Philippines claimed Sabah, on the pretext that the territory had belonged to the sultanate of Sulu in the eighteenth century. Both countries rely on an opinion widespread anti-federation in Sarawak and Brunei. In Brunei, a revolt broke out Dec. 8, 1962, supported by Indonesia. Gurkha and British troops stationed in Singapore are sent. The rebel commander was captured April 17, 1963 and the rebellion ends. Immediately, the "volunteers" to penetrate Indonesian Sarawak and Sabah , engaging in attacks and sabotage and propaganda. On July 27 , Sukarno said that he would "crush Malaysia" (Malaysia Ganyang). Mid- 1965 , the Indonesian armed forces crossing the border into the eastern part of the island of Sebatik near Tawau in the State of Sabah. Climbing toward open conflict greater extent than was probably avoided because of increased internal political tensions in Indonesia. Sukarno was thinking in the early sixties to form a national unity government (the NASAKOM) gathering all the country's political tendencies and in 1964 three ministers, members of the Indonesian Communist Party (PKI) are appointed. At that time, the United States began its military involvement in Vietnam by bombing the north. The alignment of Indonesia with the socialist bloc, including China (Sukarno speaks of an "axis Jakarta-Phnom Penh-Hanoi-Beijing-Pyongyang), fears the Americans creating a" second front " in Southeast Asia. At the time of Indonesian independence, the Dutch kept control of the western part of New Guinea , called Dutch New Guinea to prepare for independence, proclaimed on 1 December 1961. After failed negotiations with the Dutch on the incorporation of the territory to Indonesia on Dec. 18 invasion of Indonesian paratroopers provoked armed clashes between Indonesian and Dutch troops in 1961 and 1962 including the Battle of the Sea Arafura. In 1962 , the U.S. exerted pressure on the Netherlands during secret talks with Indonesia that culminated on 15 August 1962 , the signing of the New York agreement , granting, from the 1 st May 1963 the administrative responsibility for the region to Indonesia . On 1 October 1965 in the morning, an officer of the Presidential Guard radio ad to be the head of a "revolutionary council" that has foiled a plot against President Sukarno and arrested six generals. Another general, Suharto , took charge of the crackdown. In forty-eight hours, the rebels were arrested. Suharto decreed the dissolution of the PKI, accused of plotting we going to call the " movement of the September 30 "or Gerakan September Tigapuluh, whose acronym," Gestapu "is very evocative. Follows a hunt for Communists that will last for months and will be between 500,000 and one million deaths estimated. On 11 March 1966 , Suharto forced Sukarno to sign the "Supersemar" (acronym of Surat Perintah Sebel Maret, "March 11 Order"), by which it formally transfers power to Suharto, who was then elected president by the MPRS (Majelis Rakyat Sementara Permusyawaratan "deliberative assembly of the people temporarily"). The new system returns to the Western camp. Indonesia rejoined the UN , the World Bank and International Monetary Fund , which Sukarno had made him leave. A foreign investment law was promulgated in 1967. Western oil companies sign contracts for exploration, attracted by the country's potential. Important discoveries are made. In January 1974, riots broke out in Jakarta, following student demonstrations that took advantage of the visit of Japanese Prime Minister Tanaka Kakuei to protest against the stranglehold of foreign capital, especially Japanese, on the Indonesian economy. This will be the last demonstration against the regime for 24 years. In December 1975, the Indonesian military invaded East Timor , where pro-independence party Fretilin has just declared independence. The pretext for this action is a cry for help from two other Timorese pro-Indonesian parties, the Apodeti (Democratic People's Association of Timor) and UDT (Timorese Democratic Union). The 24 years of Indonesian occupation that will follow 200 000 deaths in a population of less than 1 million inhabitants. However, under Soeharto, Indonesia will experience an impressive development. Oil revenues, which represent 80% of Indonesian exports in 1980, can finance the development of infrastructure, basic health, primary education, as well as state industries. At the same time, the plan promotes the growth of large domestic private firms owned by businessmen original Chinese. The falling price of crude in 1986 allows the World Bank and IMF to force Indonesia to begin to deregulate and liberalize its economy and privatize state enterprises. This privatization is reflected in practice by a transfer of assets to businessmen close to Soeharto and soon, his children who reached adulthood. During the 33 years of his reign, Suharto and his family enriched themselves considerably thanks to the strong growth experienced by the country. In 1998 , following the Asian economic crisis (the Indonesian currency lost 80% of its value), after many demonstrations across the country, including the Jakarta riots of May 1998 , and pressure from the IMF, Suharto eventually abandoned his post May 21, 1998. His vice president, Baharuddin Jusuf (BJ) Habibie becomes president. In August 1999, Habibie holds a referendum on independence in East Timor , annexed by Indonesia in 1975. The victory of supporters of independence was followed by a wave of violence. In September 1999 are held the first democratic elections since 1955. The new MPR (Assembly) elects president Abdurrahman Wahid , known as "Gus Dur". The latter was dismissed in 2001 by the MPR. His vice-president, Megawati Sukarnoputri , Sukarno's daughter, succeeded him. In 2004, an amendment of the constitution allows the first direct presidential elections in two rounds. Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono defeated Megawati in the second round. The country currently suffers from its economy, its internal political and religious conflicts. Then there are secessionist movements in northern Sumatra ( Aceh ), in West New Guinea (formerly Irian Jaya) and in the archipelago of the Moluccas , where unrest occurs very violent (well organized and exploited by factions power in Indonesia) between Christians and Muslims on one hand (essentially ran Java ) on the other. Kingdoms Muslims and Europeans arrived
Malacca
Demak
Aceh
Gowa
Banten
Mataram
The episode Portuguese
The VOC
The Dutch East Indies
The birth of Indonesian nationalism
Japanese Occupation
The age
Early rebellions
Non-alignment
Democracy headed
Rebellion Permesta
Indonesia-Malaysia Confrontation
Question of the western part of Papua
Dictatorship of Soeharto
Transition to Democracy
References
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