The history of Indian cotton in Europe reflects the openness to new products, imported from the East to the sixteenth century and copied in Switzerland and Alsace protesting in the following century, first by hand and then through the first textile printing processes.
This mechanization and the public's taste for light fabrics, cheerful and colorful are the harbingers of the industrial revolution which started in the late eighteenth century in the region of Manchester with the first entrepreneurs in British cotton.
This major event is preceded by a pre-industrial revolution, Switzerland and Alsace and France, where the Indian cotton used to create networks, to test technology and accumulating capital.
Born and large companies like Fabrique-Neuve Cortaillod , DMC and Manufacture Oberkampf from the eighteenth century.
/ / Origin and opening to the East: the role of
Armenians of
Marseille The Armenian community in Marseille, his ties with the East, is the first to import Indian and initiate local craftsmen to reproduce them with colorful paintings.
Their presence brings Jean-Baptiste Colbert in 1669 to create the free port of Marseille The development of printing in Switzerland and in Alsace The edict of 26 October 1686 prohibits the entry into France of cotton cloth, as make them. It aims to protect the weavers of silk, wool, flax and hemp. But many traders and artisans Huguenots , persecuted for their Protestant religion in the early 1680s, went into exile in Switzerland, mainly in Geneva and Neuchtel.
Refugees Huguenots Vasserot Daniel and Anthony Fazy , from the Queyras in the French Alps, Geneva and create the first three plants in India, between 1690 and 1710.
Printing technologies on woodcut then tries to Neuchatel , with other Huguenots emigrated, and Glarus and throughout Switzerland. The success of Swiss Indienneries created a dynamic economy with the creation of Swiss banks Complex production, illegal, living in France by Swiss Any Alsace is not yet part of France and the Swiss decided to go further west, the kingdom of France, to find new markets.
It was not until 1759 that the judgments of the State Council legalize Indian. These are Swiss Protestants who organize the four main locations in France illegally in 1746 in Marseille , 1754 in Nantes and 1756, nearly Bolbec and Rouen in Normandy. Then legally, near Paris, where in 1760 the Toile de Jouy is established by students of the Basel Samuel Ryhiner.
The Indian manufacturing is indeed an industrial process for the complex time, which requires thought and careful management of the process with multiple steps, including washing repeatedly paintings.
The Normandy is a major production center and France soon a country the crop of raw cotton, which is implanted next to that of sugar in the colony of Santo Domingo from 1740, to supply the mills. Less profitable than sugar, cotton, however, is a fast growing market, especially when the British are going to mechanize their textile industry by a series of inventions, which boosts demand for raw cotton.
While historians agree that the industrial revolution was the work of the first entrepreneurs in British cotton , mills Swiss, Alsatian and French have created a few decades a pattern of drinking in a portion of the population in Europe.
This application gives a boost to the history of cotton cultivation , which won the plantations of the New World in 1740. The land is ready for this industrial revolution , which ultimately will benefit continental Europe unless the British, who needed on the world market from the 1780s through technical innovation.
Chronology of penetration in Europe and the establishment of factories
- 1558: the rise of silk , a competitor of cotton , created a demand for textiles that the finer cloth and linen. The Protestant cvenol Olivier de Serres is the domain of a model farm Pradel, silk and madder introduced in 1575
- 1580: the first Indian to Marseille , imported by the Armenians, appear in an inventory after death
1602: Henry IV decreed that each village must have a silk (silkworm). 1648: Marseille created the first workshop of Indian, perhaps already in the woodcut (archive Bouches-du-Rhone) but failed attempt to implant impressions. 1667: Colbert banned imports of British textile 1669: Colbert created the free port of Marseille , the Armenians settled in his request to teach at Marseille and paint the cotton supply 1672: Madame de Sevigne to her daughter back after an Indian living in Provence 1678: England banned the importation of French textile 1681: several workshops silky close at Lyon . 1683: English merchants in India are going to fit the canvas at the request of their customers January 1685: Revocation of the Edict of Nantes. The temple of St. Veran , the Queyras is destroyed, the printing of cotton fabrics by woodcut Vasserot Daniel and his nephew Daniel Fazy must flee to Geneva 1686: Edict of 26 October to prohibit the introduction in France of cotton fabrics and manufacturing in the country for their imitation. In 70 years, from 1686 to 1756, two edicts and eighty judgments of the State Council will reflect the legal dispute surrounding this edict. 1686: in Berlin three impressions "by hand" are created by refugee Huguenots , Stephen Dutitre, Sedan, Jacob Lafosse, Metz, Jean Durand, Montpellier 1688: the merchant Jacques Deluze Huguenot native Chalais in Saintonge , moved to Neuchatel and Geneva 1690: an Indian manufacturer of printed is created in Geneva by Daniel Vasserot 1691: Italian refugees Vaudois in Geneva organized the Glorious back towards their valleys, the green light from the Duke of Savoy and the support of the Dutch Prime Minister William of Orange. 1701: Daniel Vasserot builds a second plant in Geneva. 1706: Daniel Vasserot based in a third with Antoine Fazy his nephew. His son John Vasserot, born before 1690, became a banker in Amsterdam where he died in 1724 1710: Antoine Fazy created the manufacture of Easter, which will be taken over by his second son, John Solomon. Geneva has four plants in India, all the family and Vasserot Fazy (a city street named after them). 1713: the bank Mallet was founded by Isaac Mallet (1684-1779), Protestant Geneva 1715: Jean Labram founded a factory with his Indian brothers, Pre-Royer, near Dombresson , in the Val de Ruz, Canton Neuchatel , with the backing of Jacques Deluze , a native of Saintonge. 1716: Swiss German is affected by Ryhiner Samuel (1696-1757), son of the widow Ryhiner Emmanuel, who in the last years of the seventeenth century, operated a business in Basel with paintings from India. He erected in 1716 in Basel, close to Mulhouse , an Indian factory after a stay in the Netherlands. It will train Christophe-Philippe Oberkampf (1738-1815), who is staying with his father at Basel from 1750 to 1752 and then enters as an engraver at the factory of Samuel Koechlin and Dollfuss in Mulhouse in 1756. 1717: The East India Company obtained from the emperor Farrukshyar a firman (exemption from duties and taxes) 1717: the war Camisards ends. The Cevennes Jeremiah Pourtales emigrated to Geneva 1720: Jean-Jacques Deluze joins John Labram to move and expand the company, Jeremiah Pourtales joins in too. 1720: seven plants in India to Geneva 1720: The calico spreads, to Neuchatel , Bienne , Basel, Aargau , in Zurich , in Thurgau and Glarus , which became a cotton center. 1725: Watch and the bank were involved, the benefits of recycled cotton . Swiss watchmakers have 460 in 1752 and 3,500 in 1791 1728: Elder Antoine Fazy Fazy Jean (1708-1744) founded the manufacture of Bergues in Saint-Gervais, near Geneva. 1730: Cotton is grown in Louisiana , but without success. 1734: Officer, Antoine de Beaulieu Pondicherry spy for the French East India Company. 1740: the cotton grows in Santo Domingo and Jamaica 1746: first Indian plant to Mulhouse by four young artisans, ancestor of the firm DMC , which opens more than 100 sales counters and in 1807 installed the first printing press in twelve colors 1746: Switzerland's Jean-Rodolphe Wetter implements a factory printed cloth near Marseille 1750: The Marquise de Pompadour gives protection to a host of artisans in the exhibit at the Arsenal, including manufacturers of Indian 1752: Claude Abram Du Pasquier and Jean-Jacques Bovet melt at Cortaillod , the Fabrique-Neuve Cortaillod which will work 700 Indian workers at the end of the century 1753: The Government of the Republic of Mulhouse authorizes Indian 1753: Jacques-Louis Pourtales a bank based in Neuchtel coupled with a transport agency, exports and imports with branches, outlets, warehouses in major European cities, including Nantes. 1756: Castres, Anne Veaute founded a wool company, taken over by his son Veaute Guibal, which dominates the region 1756: Abraham Frey , a Geneva working for the Marquise de Pompadour , settled in the valley Bondeville , near Rouen, but encounters the craftsmen. It must be associated with Abraham Pouchet of Bolbec and expect 1764 to act alone. 1758: his cousin Jean-Baptiste Ferey founded a factory in Nantes, the Indian and West Indies will go deals 1758: Jean-Michel Sibillon opens a factory at Valabre , between Aix and Gardanne. It was imitated in 1760 by Francis Astoin in the center of Aix, Gabriel Pastouret La Pioline and brothers to Roquefavour Gignoux 1759: Geneva and Neuchatel each have a dozen factories, employing at least 2,500 workers 1759: The calico becomes free in the kingdom of France. Five production centers emerge: Nantes, Paris, Marseilles, Lyon, Rouen. Manufactures rise in haste, but lack of skilled craftsmen 1760: Christophe-Philippe Oberkampf , a family of dyers Wrttemberg and the Swiss Antoine Tavannes together to settle in Jouy-en-Josas the Manufacturer Oberkampf 1762: Abraham Pouchet installs a calico to Bolbec in Normandy, who became a cotton center 1766: Jean Ryhiner , son of the Basel Ryhiner Samuel , wrote his treatise on the manufacture and sale of the paintings 1780: the factory of Jouy has 900 workers in 1805 and 1100 1768: Mulhouse has fifteen printing factories. Haguenau is the capital of madder. The population of Alsace pass 257 000 inhabitants in 1697 to 670 000 in 1789 (+170% in 82 years) . 1770: in Geneva , the period of fever and financial science to try to diversify the industry. The Arts Society holds regular public lectures on modern industry by appealing to Jean-Daniel Colladon or visiting professors. 1770: the imperial manufactory of wool Linz has 750 25 000 weavers and spinners dispersed in Tyrol , in Bohemia and Moravia. 1780: Swiss manufacturers account for 80 to 90% of Indian produced Nantes to Africa 1783: a Scotsman, Thomas Bell , patented a machine for printing fabrics with a roll of engraved copper 1785: the Mulhouse region has 29 factories that produce 346,000 pieces per year or 64% of the total French production. 1786: signature of the Treaty Eden Rayneval opens France to the British products 1786: in Alsace, there are about 2,000 looms . 1787: the principality of Neuchatel produces 130,000 items 1788: lobbyists Santo Domingo created the Paris Club Hotel Massiac. 1788: Santo Domingo are 786 cotton plantations, indigo 3160, 3117 Coffee, 793 sugar, 34 cocoa 1788: imports of raw cotton amounted to 11 million pounds weight for France and 18 million for England. But France's re-exports 35% of which half went to England, which it does not re-exports (Michel Morineau, professor at the University of Paris 12). 1788: Zurich account 34 000 spinners, looms 4 400 2 100 to muslin and Indian 1788: crash in wool Languedoc, competition from Leeds and Verviers : the production of cloth (from the wool) fell 40% in 22 years, falling to 62 000. 1790: the Swiss calico begins to decline, in absolute terms and, more importantly, relative to its competitors English 1797: the first printing press roll used in France is developed for the Oberkampf Early nineteenth century: the turnover of the Indian in Europe is estimated at 700 million pounds. A quarter of the Swiss population lives on cotton . Sources
Bibliography
References
Related article
Loading ...