History Of Agriculture
The agriculture was born with the planting of raw seeds and the domestication of animals by humans during the Neolithic Revolution , there are over ten thousand years. Presumably it began with a subsistence agriculture. Then, gradually, has created an agriculture of production and trading. Today, the organization of markets , the demographics , the technology , expertise and application of high technologies are available to the farmer for production levels ever achieved in the history of man.
Summary |
Birth of Agriculture
The Middle East was probably the first region where agriculture appeared there more than 10 000 years (rice cultivated dated more than 15 000 years have however been discovered in Korea Plant and Animal Domestication The domestication was to select and to cultivate the species of greatest interest. For example, the fig is the oldest fruit known domesticated sweet, after the discovery in 2006 , in the valley of the Jordan ( Israel now) nine figs parthenocarpic , that is to say do not produce seeds for which the intervention of man due to be necessary because it requires a culture of using cuttings. These figs are 11,400 years old . For barley , the wheat and rye , the domestication started between 9500 and 9000 BC. AD around the valley Jordan , the oasis of Damascus and the Middle Euphrates. Around 8000 BC. AD, the farm grows and begins with the domestication of the dog. The transition from an economy food (that is to say based on hunting , the fishing and gathering ), an agricultural economy and farming, when man intervenes in the natural cycles of biomass (for such as breeding and selection of species ) is commonly called the Neolithic Revolution There are several major centers of domestication. And in Central America have grown crops such as corn , the beans , the squash , the tomato , the potato , the tobacco , and many other vegetable crops. The Africa was the center of domestication of millet , sorghum , millet , and East Asia's rice. In New Guinea , Peoples Papuan cultivate sugar cane and some root vegetables for about nine thousand years . The first stage of development was often on the agricultural burning , a plot of clearing by fire (allowing an enrichment of the soil), and to cultivate one or two years before letting nature take its course. This process is repeated elsewhere, the following year. The routine use of arson as a method of clearing, in dry Mediterranean environments, has led to environmental degradation and made it impossible to use this method. Thus, in the antiquity , were developed for other agricultural technologies based on either the arairage (superficial tillage with a plow , plow primitive) or the irrigation. Some classical civilizations in Mesopotamia , in China , in Egypt or in the Andes , particularly bright, and have developed particularly ingenious irrigation systems, using mostly the flooding of major rivers. Around the year one thousand , the crisis of the previous system led to a new agricultural revolution and the rise of a new system. It is based in particular on the use of the plow , which allows you to return land heavier than the plow. Also at this time that complex systems of crop rotation as the three-year rotation : all plots in a village are divided into three soles , grown simultaneously, and which rotate each year. These innovations, in particular the development of forests in the temperate part of Europe: the clearing, grubbing, burning multiply from the tenth century. From 1650, in Europe, agriculture began a revolution in his mode of production as in the techniques used in the Netherlands and England. The etymological sense of the term, agriculture means "culture fields. It is indeed a traditional activity, fundamental to humanity. Until the early nineteenth century , it was autonomous, and provided the man most of its power and its energy. UA was renewed, as there was no exploitation. The chain of energy conversion plant animal energy was very low yield, but it also generates by-products useful as manure. From the second half of the nineteenth century , the millennial system will fundamentally change, with the use of fossil fuels ( coal , oil ), progress in inorganic chemistry and introduction of fertilizer minerals. The increasing use of modern techniques, advances in machinery , the genetic improvement of livestock and crop production, progress with respect to inputs (fertilizers and pesticides) have increased dramatically during the yields twentieth century. From 1946 , agriculture in many countries is becoming an industry which not only ensures the needs of the operator, but provides a surplus to cover the needs of the population and nonagricultural exports. There is talk of agribusiness. Funded by the CAP , European agriculture is a victim of attacks overproduction , while the food chain in part determines the future of the sector. The intensification of agriculture dating from the 1960s to 1980 is also known under the term Green Revolution. Because of gains in productivity , the farm population was greatly reduced in economically developed countries. The developing countries are often unable to enjoy the benefits of modern agriculture, especially because a climate unfavorable to a lack of financial capital. Today's agriculture is based on fundamental concepts, based on reliability and speed of action. The combined problems such as unexpected drop in performance or sudden increases in temperature can not be solved with proper rational control of all elements of the production system. Early twentieth century, has emerged called biological agriculture driven by consumers and farmers seeking better protection of the environment, for farmers wanting to protect themselves from the excesses of intensive agriculture or who wanted to perpetuate certain methods Traditional emerging markets while ensuring a good economic return. It may designate the origin of organic farming through the work of Steiner. Agriculture
Evolution of agriculture in ancient times
In the West: Agricultural Revolution of the year 1000
Europe: agricultural revolution in the seventeenth century
Agriculture and modernity
Notes
Bibliography
References
See also
Related articles
Loading ...