Histoire D'Isral
This article recounts the history of the modern State of Israel. For periods prior to the creation of this state, please consult the following detailed articles:
- The history of the biblical character Israel is treated in Jacob ,
- The ancient period is covered in ancient Israel and the Kingdom of Israel ,
- The chronology of the various rulers in the territory of Palestine (Jews for Eretz Israel ) is treated in the History of Palestine ,
- The period preceding the establishment of the State of Israel is covered in History of Zionism.
This article also discusses the history of Zionism after the establishment of the state.
Summary |
From the late nineteenth century , when European states experiencing the rise of nationalism and, in parallel, the anti-Semitism , the movement Zionist appears in the Jewish communities of Europe: it is to create a Jewish State in Palestine - originally a secular state. This movement is initially a minority, but it will gradually acquire land on site, negotiate with the United Kingdom (which administered Palestine from 1922) and taking the magnitude, cause after the Second World War the creation of Israel.
1947-1948
Creation of the State of Israel
In February 1947 , while the idea of a state refuge in the Holy Land for the survivors of the Holocaust in Western opinion is needed, the British government transferred the mandate he had held since 1920 on Palestine to the UN United.
On 29 November 1947, the UN adopted the resolution 181 which provides for the division of Palestine into a Jewish state and an Arab state.
The new Yishuv Zionists and Jewish communities welcomed the vote but the Palestinian Arabs and all Arab countries which militated for the establishment of a Palestinian state reject the resolution.
The day after the vote, civil war broke out between Jewish and Arab communities in Palestine.
War of 1948 and the problems of refugees
On 30 November 1947 , the war clash sees the Jewish and Arab communities. In January, the Arab volunteers come to Palestine to assist the Palestinian Arabs. In April, the Jewish forces, went on the offensive. Forces and Palestinian society collapsed. On May 15 , following the departure of the British, the neighboring Arab states, opposed to sharing involved. In theory allies, they aspire to different goals and fight their opponent so disorganized and disunited. Following a series of operations interrupted by truces, Israeli forces militarily defeat on all fronts.
By winning the Arab-Israeli war of 1948 , Israel conquered more territories from 26% compared to the partition plan, 81% of Palestine in 1947.
On January 7, 1949, a final cease-fire is imposed successfully under the combined pressure of the British and Americans. On 24 February 1949, Israelis and Egyptians to sign Rhodes , under the auspices of the UN, an armistice agreement and the ceasefire will be signed with other actors in the following months.
Between November 1947 and October 1948, the war will drive them from their land and their homes, more than eight hundred thousand Arabs from Palestine , mostly peasants, on the roads of exile. Palestine in 1947 which has two million inhabitants (Muslims, Jews and Christians) saw a significant population displacement. Indeed, the conflict created 750,000 Palestinian refugees and 600,000 Jewish refugees.
This war marks the beginning of a very large immigration of Jews from Arab countries and Europe, with the implementation of a series of operations as scheduled in Yemen ( Operation Flying Carpet ) and Iraq ( Operation Ezra and Nehemiah ).
from 1948 to 1967
1948-1952
Mass immigration of Jews to Israel from Arab countries and Europe. Operations "Flying Carpet" (in Yemen) and "Ezra and Nehemiah" (in Iraq).
1950
Vote on the Law of Return.
1952
The Presidency of the State of Israel is given to Albert Einstein , who refused.
1955
July 26: Parliamentary elections. Moshe Sharett and Ben-Gurion put at the heart of the campaign's opening of Gulf of Aqaba to Israeli shipping. The Mapai lost 5 seats, Herut won in 7. Ben Gurion form a coalition government comprising the Mapai , the Mapam and a division of the latter Achdut Ha'avoda. . The General Assembly of the UN imposed a cease-fire and the British, French and Israelis to leave the channel peacekeepers in 1957.
1956-1962
French Decolonization in North Africa : mass immigration of Jews from Morocco, Tunisia, Algeria. Creation of development towns in Israel.
1959
June: the first manifestations of Jews from North Africa against social disparities in the Wadi Salib neighborhood in Haifa.
1960-1962
Capture of Adolf Eichmann in Argentina he was brought to Israel for trial and sentenced to death and executed May 31, 1962.
1962
End the embargo imposed on Israel by tacit government of the United States.
1963
David Ben-Gurion retired from political life and will definitely move to Kibbutz Sde Boker in the Negev.
1964
Founding of the PLO ( Palestine Liberation Organization ) who decides the intensification of the struggle of Palestinians against Israel.
1965
Serious economic crisis in Israel: unemployment, social problems and Yeridah ("descent" - emigration) in the country.
1966
The Israeli writer Shmuel Yosef Agnon received the Nobel Prize for Literature.
1967
Six Day War. "Reunification" of Jerusalem.
Egypt won the withdrawal of UN troops in May 1967 , the remilitarized Sinai and closed the Straits of Tiran , pass-key to Israeli shipping. On 15 May 1967, Egyptian forces entered Sinai, unlike the demilitarization agreements of 1957.
On 5 June 1967 , ahead of an imminent Arab attack and prepared the regular Syrian shelling from the plateau of the Golan since early 1967, Israel launched an offensive against Egypt preventive flash, led by General Moshe Dayan (see: War Six Days ) and called Transjordan to remain neutral. Jordan refused and attacked Israel with heavy artillery on Jerusalem and the region west of Tel Aviv. June 8, Israel defeated the Jordanian army and conquered the West Bank. The Syrians continue to bomb homes, orchards and farm silos since the Israeli Golan Heights, in response on June 9th, Israel attacked the Syrians on the Golan.
The air forces of Egypt, Jordan and Syria are destroyed in one day. After a blitz of six days, Israel conquered the West Bank , the Gaza Strip , the Golan Heights (including the area of Shebaa Farms ), the peninsula of Sinai and East Jerusalem .
On 22 November 1967, adoption of resolution 242 (1967) Security Council of the UN. The resolution stipulates the withdrawal of Israeli armed forces "occupied territories" (in its French version) or "from Occupied Territories" (that is to say "occupied territories" in its English version) during the recent conflict. The termination of any claim or any state of belligerency and respect for and acknowledgment of the sovereignty, the territorial integrity and political independence of every State in the area and their right to live in peace within secure and recognized borders , free from any threat or act of violence. To provide a fair solution to the refugee problem. Guarantee the territorial inviolability and political independence of every State in the region through various measures such as including the establishment of demilitarized zones.
1967 to 1987
1968
Start the Aliyah of Jews coming from the USSR and the beginning of a series of lawsuits brought spectacular anti-Jewish in Russia, against the " refuseniks "or" prisoners of Zion. "
1969
Beginning of the war of attrition along the Suez Canal. Yasser Arafat became the PLO leader.
1969-1972
Jewish and Israeli passengers and airlines are becoming the target of Palestinian terrorism in the air.
1969
December at the Arab summit, Nasser refused a new mahmoudien-Israeli war.
1970
Black September : the war broke out between Palestinians and Jordanians. Palestinian thrust (the Fedayeen ) threatens the Hashemite throne: Attempted assassination of King Hussein of Jordan. Jordanian army offensive against Palestinian bases in Amman and Irbid from 17 to 27. Syrian-Jordanian fighting. Amman agreement signed October 13 between Yasser Arafat and King Hussein.
1972
September 4: See the detailed article of the hostage crisis at the Munich Olympics. Eleven Israeli athletes are murdered at the Munich Olympics. The games do not stop either.
1973
6-24 October: see the detailed article Yom Kippur War. On 6 October, the feast of Yom Kippur , the most important of the Jewish calendar , Egypt and Syria launched a surprise coordinated attack against Israel: the Egypt attack the Sinai , Syria by the plateau of the Golan (Golan Heights control the Sea of Galilee and all water resources in northern Israel). The Egyptian army is progressing rapidly in the Sinai finds himself cut off its supplies, Israel took advantage of this respite to regain the initiative thanks to General Sharon: he cut the back of the Egyptian army by sending men on the other side of the canal. The Egyptian army is then forced to surrender. Faced with pressure from the United States, Egypt halts its military and sign the peace agreement with Israel. Syria continues the war with the hope of recovering the rest of the Golan, but to no avail.
The Israeli army faces difficulties, but repels the attackers in a few days thanks to an ammunition supply by an American airlift. The UN adopted the October 22 1973 the Resolution 338 (1973) , which reaffirms the validity of resolution 242 (1967) , adopted during the Six Day War and calls on all parties in conflict (of Egypt , the Syria , Israel the Jordan ) a cease-fire and immediate negotiations "to establish a just and lasting peace in the Middle East."
The fighting ceased on October 25 . Israeli losses were heavy: over 2500 dead, thousands injured.
After the war, the Arab countries are increasing the price of oil and stop their exports to countries that supported Israel, this is the beginning of the oil shock of 1973.
1975
October 17: The UN General Assembly passed a resolution (Resolution 3379) equating Zionism with racism (resolution rescinded by Resolution 46/86 of UN December 16, 1991).
Beginning of the civil war in Lebanon.
1976
Record year for Aliyah from the USSR.
June 27-July 4: Operation Entebbe. 47 Jewish and Israeli hostages, captured by a terrorist commando Germano-Palestinian aboard a plane and taken prisoner in Uganda are delivered by a raid by the Israeli Air Force.
1977
November: Egyptian President Anwar el-Sadat ends 30 years of hostilities with Israel and gave a speech to the Knesset in which he proposed a peace "just and lasting". In September 1978 , U.S. President Jimmy Carter invited President Sadat and Israeli Prime Minister Menachem Begin to Camp David to negotiate peace agreements.
1978
Anwar el-Sadat and Menachem Begin received the Nobel Prize for Peace.
On 26 March 1979 , Anwar el-Sadat and Menachem Begin signed the Camp David Accords which provide for Israeli withdrawal from Sinai and the state recognition of Israel by Egypt. Under the treaty, Israel will withdraw from Sinai in April 1982. Many manifestations of extremist Muslims in European capitals against the Treaty of Peace, especially in Brussels, with the slogan "Begin, Sadat assassins."
1981
October 6: Assassination of Egyptian President Anwar Sadat by an Arab extremist during a military parade.
1982
From southern Lebanon, hundreds of shells are launched against Israel in Galilee. On 6 June 1982 , Israel triggered the " Operation Peace for Galilee "and invaded Lebanon up to Beirut to repel the forces of the PLO over 40 km from the Israeli border. On June 20 , the United States get a cease-fire with the evacuation of the PLO in Tunisia.
1982
Massacre of Sabra and Shatila during the Lebanon war.
The war in Lebanon is the scene of one of the darkest episodes in the history of Israel. The massacre by Christian Phalangists at Palestinian civilians in the camps of Sabra and Shatila in Lebanon in an area controlled by the Israeli army will be investigated to shed light on these events. There were 900 Palestinian refugees were killed (3500 according to Israeli journalist Kapeliouk).
1984
Formation of a unity government to allow the resolution of the crisis and out of Lebanon. First mass rescue of Jews from Ethiopia: Operation Moses.
1985
Israeli air raid on PLO headquarters in Tunis.
1987
Palestinians set off the first Intifada , or "war of stones" in response to the occupation of Israeli in West Bank and Gaza Strip. This conflict will end with the Oslo Accords signed in Washington on 13 September 1993 by Yitzhak Rabin and Yasser Arafat. These agreements provide for the establishment of a Palestinian Authority and mutual recognition of the PLO and Israel.
From 1987 to 2006
1989
November: fall of the Berlin Wall marked the end of the East Bloc, beginning of the aliyah of mass from the Soviet Union and former communist countries.
1990
Second air operation to rescue the Jews of Ethiopia : Operation Solomon. August 2: The Iraq annexed the Kuwait.
1991
January 15: Start of the first Gulf War.
October 30: Peace Conference , which met in Madrid for the first time, Israel and the Arab leaders.
December: Mikhail Gorbachev announced the end of the Soviet Union.
Dec. 16: Resolution 3379 declaring that Zionism is a form of racism and racial discrimination is canceled by Resolution 46/86.
1992
Parliamentary elections in Israel: the Labor Party returned to power, led by Yitzhak Rabin.
1993
September 13: Signing of the Declaration of Principles between Israel and the PLO.
1994
May 4: Signing the agreement on Gaza and Jericho by Israel and the PLO.
February 25: 29 Muslim worshipers praying at the Cave of the Patriarchs in Hebron, were killed by Dr. Baruch Goldstein.
October 26: Treaty of Peace between Israel and Jordan.
December 12: Yitzhak Rabin, Shimon Peres and Yasser Arafat received the Nobel Peace.
1995
November 4: assassination of Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin by a Jewish fanatic.
1996
Hezbollah sends shells into Israel from southern Lebanon.
March: Operation Grapes of Wrath launched against Hezbollah in southern Lebanon.
May 29: Israeli elections. Benjamin Netanyahu is elected prime minister.
1997
January: Israeli army left the city of Hebron , which passes under the Palestinian Authority.
1999
Ehud Barak was elected Prime Minister.
2000
May: Israeli forces leave the whole territory of South Lebanon after 20 years of occupation. This withdrawal is largely due to Hezbollah inflicted significant casualties on the Israeli army and its ally the South Lebanon Army , whose members took refuge in Israel or are "actively pursued, arrested or killed without further trial .
September start of the second intifada , or Intifada al-Aqsa.
November: Ehud Barak approved a plan to build a 'barrier intended to prevent the passage of motor vehicles "from the North-East of the West Bank to the region of Latrun.
The problem of Palestinian armed movements : The most active armed organizations are Hamas, Hezbollah, Al Aqsa Brigades and Islamic Jihad which are located in the Gaza Strip and West Bank. Some of these organizations consider the resulting civilian deaths as the martyrs of the Islamic Jihad.
The Hamas has created an infrastructure for social assistance, thus earning him thousands of fans. It is a political movement, terrorist, widespread and very popular in his head: Ramadan Abdullah Shalakh. Hamas is funded by many organizations worldwide, particularly in Europe, and countries like Iran and Syria. The Palestinian Islamic Jihad is less popular than Hamas. It is smaller and has no social activities in the program and no political aspirations. Islamic Jihad is very active in Jenin, Tulkarem and Nablus (Schrems) in the West Bank. He works in a cell and has no civilian infrastructure.
2002
April 14: Following the increase in attacks, the government decided to build a barrier against terrorism within the line of separation, and issues a directive to "immediately begin construction of a fence in the region of 'Anin ... the area of Tulkarem and Jerusalem area.
August 14: Government approval of the Wall's path, stayed secret. It will consist largely of electronic barriers.
November: primary elections (the party members to elect their leader) within the Likud and the Labour Party for the elections of January 2003.
2003
January elections for the 16th Knesset. Likud 37 seats, Labour 19 seats. The first cosmonaut Israeli Ilan Ramon , died in the disaster of the space shuttle Columbia.
2004/2005
Several modifications of the route of the wall of protection against terrorism, to satisfy Palestinian demands, European and Israeli high court of justice. November 11, 2004 death of Yasser Arafat , PLO leader (born August 24, 1929 in Cairo, Egypt - died November 11, 2004 in Clamart in France). An Israeli astronaut joined the space program NASA , which is developing an ambitious program to land a human on Mars, with the likelihood that Israel participates in the program, according to the Israeli ambassador in Washington.
2005
After the death of Yasser Arafat, relaunch the peace process by Ariel Sharon and Mahmoud Abbas (Abu Mazen), the new President of the Palestinian Authority. The latter, elected on a platform aimed at ending violence, established a truce with Israel that seems respected by Palestinian terrorist movements, except by Hamas and Jihad are opposed to Abu Mazen in the Palestinian Authority and during the elections. Ariel Sharon for his part, the work to the decolonization of Gaza but is facing opposition to the dismantling of settlements in his own party, forcing him to deal with the Israeli left. The Israeli settlements in the occupied Palestinian territories are politics at their dam decommissioning and demand a referendum backed by the Israeli right.
March: Israel is considering transferring to Egypt the control of a buffer zone in Gaza. An "agreement in principle" on the deployment of a force of 750 Egyptian troops along the eight miles to the buffer zone, known as the "Philadelphia corridor" has been found to Sharm el-Sheikh in Egypt between Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak and Israeli Defense Minister Shaul Mofaz.
December: disagreements on major policies to be followed vis--vis Palestine lead to the departure of two key politicians from their respective party Ariel Sharon formed a new party and convinces Shimon Peres to join him. The Israeli political game is completely changed with three parties: Likud, Binyamin Netanyahu, Labor Party, Amir Peretz and Kadima ("Forward") to Ariel Sharon. The Knesset is dissolved by the President of Israel, Kadima and the favorite for early elections.
2006
Kadima won the March parliamentary elections that are Ehud Olmert as head of government. However, tensions with the Palestinians continues to be still alive (rocket "Qasam" on Israeli towns and retaliatory IDF ). June 25, Corporal Gilad Shalit was kidnapped by three Palestinian terrorist groups (the Popular Resistance Committees, the Army of Islam and the armed wing of the terrorist organization Hamas) in a joint attack against a military post IDF Israeli territory. In response, the Israeli cabinet triggers the operation Summer Rain.
Wednesday, July 12, 8 Israeli soldiers were killed and two captured by Hezbollah near the Lebanese-Israeli border. Sources differ as to the circumstances and to the side of the border or the hanging took place , . Israeli aircraft retaliated by bombing roads, bridges and Beirut's airport. The balance of the day is 40 dead civilians . Israel's response is deemed "disproportionate" by the United Nations but supported by the United States who feel like Britain that Israel has the "right to self defense."
Observers wondered then if Iran does not attempt to take the place of Syria and Lebanon if Hezbollah did not use to divert attention from its controversial nuclear activities at the recent G-8 summit in St. Petersburg.
While Hezbollah steps up its Katyusha rocket attacks on northern Israel, the G8 countries require: From 2007 to today 2007 Chairman of the State of Israel, Moshe Katsav , was forced to leave his post following accusations of rape of a subordinate. On 13 June, Shimon Peres is elected president. He takes office July 15, 2007. 2008 Ehud Olmert is involved in corruption and was forced to announce his resignation. Tzipi Livni narrowly succeeded in being elected to head the party Kadima. On September 22, 2008, is charged by President Shimon Peres to form the next government. His failure forced Shimon Peres to call early elections in 2009, when Ehud Olmert continues to provide routine business. On 5 November, after five months of partial truce , Israel carries out a raid against Hamas tunnel leading to exchanges of fire and death of six members of Hamas , . December 18, Hamas announced the non-renewal of the truce . The firing of rockets into Israel resumed . As of December 27, Israeli aircraft bombed the Hamas infrastructure in Gaza is the beginning of Cast Lead. 2009 January 3, Cast Lead experiencing a new phase when the Israelis sent troops into the Gaza Strip. The deal according to Palestinian sources said more than 1,300 dead in Gaza on the Israeli side and 13 according to Israeli sources. January 18, Israel declared the cease-fire. The same day, Hamas announces truce and gives seven days to the Israeli army to leave Gaza, which is made from 21 January. During the following weeks, Palestinians in Gaza continue to send some rockets several times a week in which Israel responds by bombing aviation Palestinian smuggling tunnels with Egypt. The parliamentary elections held on February 10 and if they show a flare to right, they emit no clear majority. Binyamin Netanyahu is charged, on February 20 by President Shimon Peres to form a new government. On November 25, 2009, the Israeli government declared a moratorium of ten months on the planning and construction of new settlements . 2010 On May 31, 2010, collision by the Israeli army fleet activists "humanitarian" determined to break the blockade of Gaza 9 fatalities among the militants and incurs the censure of an important part of international opinion. In August 2010, Israel formally between the OECD , . On 31 August, an attack claimed by Hamas killed four Israelis on a highway in the Palestinian territories near Kiryat Arba. Despite this attack, direct talks between Palestinians and Israelis resume in Washington on Sept. 2 with Binyamin Netanyahu and Mahmoud Abbas , more than nine months after the start of the ten-month moratorium on building new settlements proclaimed by the Israelis. This moratorium is not renewed when it expires. In December 2010, the largest wildfire in the history of Israel in 42 fatalities on Mount Caramel. Fire destroys forests (about 5 million trees) and vegetation over a large area between Isfiya, Kibbutz Beit Oren, Haifa and Tirat Caramel (nearly 50 square miles): 17,000 people were evacuated from their homes. Two battalions of IDF rescue with helicopters and water tanks and bulldozers are called in to try to control the fire and stop the spread of wildfire. International aid comes from many countries, including Turkey, Jordan, France ... , History and Geography State of Israel and Zionism Palestine (Arabic) Arab-Israeli conflict and "Israel-Palestine" See also
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