Histoire Des Juifs En Terre D'Isral

The history of Jews in the Land of Israel (Hebrew: - Eretz Israel) develops in nearly 3000 years and shows, despite the rapid dispersion of the Jews , of particular importance to them, the land of Israel.

The land of Israel ^{Until the fall of the} First Temple (1000 BC CE - 586 CE BCE)

The early history of the Jewish people is in default of archaeological data known until the eighth century BCE and through the narrative of the Bible, whose historical reliability is often questioned in the media academic.

This people is, as the Book of Joshua , from the tribes of Israel , composed mostly if not all of Israel ( Hebrew : - - B'nei Israel, son of Jacob, told Israel ) when they return of Egypt on their ancestral land, and are about to repossess the land of Canaan , they gather at Shechem to swear loyalty to YHWH , and repudiate any religion . Quickly forced to choose a king by the threat of Philistine ( XI ^century ) , the Israelites are unified by the kings Saul , David and Solomon , whose reign is particularly brilliant, but in the late tenth ^century the kingdom is divided, with the kingdom of Israel to the north, with its capital Samaria , and that of Judah , whose capital is Jerusalem , to the south.
From the ^ninth to the ^sixth century, in both realms, is developing the prophecy that inspires or trying to inspire more or less successful kings of both kingdoms. They subordinate material wealth and moral requirement to predict the fall of Samaria and Jerusalem if their inhabitants and their rulers do not mending our ways. The most famous prophets Elijah , Amos , Isaiah and Jeremiah .
In 722 BC EC, Shalmaneser V took Samaria and destroyed the kingdom of Israel, some of whose inhabitants took refuge in the kingdom of Judah and Jerusalem in particular .
Jerusalem was besieged in 586 BC. CBS, and many of its inhabitants deported to Babylonia. A portion goes back 70 years later, however, and restores the Judea. It is this period that the first mention of the Jews themselves ( - Judah is to say Judeans ) in Zechariah 8:23 .

To critics of this view, however, the people of Israel, the first source is the proven archaeological Merneptah stele ( thirteenth century BCE ) comes from farmers and ranchers Canaanite installed from the beginning the ^twelfth century in the highlands of Judea and Samaria between the Jezreel Valley and Hebron . They differ from similar populations adjacent to Ammon , Moab and Edom by the absolute prohibition of eating pork ^, . Still according to the Bible Unearthed , the Israelites were not unified under the reigns of kings David and Solomon and the two kingdoms, Israel and Judah were gradually formed sharing a culture characterized by close dialects, the same alphabet and worship of YHWH among other deities . However, in material terms, the northern kingdom of Agriculture richer, developed a more diversified economy. Their population would have reached the ^eighth century , 160 000 people .

The first king of Israel which is mentioned archeology Omri , whose name is mentioned in the stele of Mesha 's ^eighth century Omri dominated a larger area than the traditional territory of the tribes of Israel. He conquered, at least in part, Moab and southern Syria . Finkelstein and Silberman ascribe the prosperity of the country and the important buildings Megiddo , Gezer and other cities that previous archaeological theories are at Solomon's time who would reign as David his father, Judah. The historicity of David is certified by the Tel Dan stele that mentions the house of David , which came from the kings of Judah. After numerous conflicts with its neighbors, mainly the Syrian and sustainable political, economic and demographic noticeable (its population would have reached up to 350 000 inhabitants ), the Kingdom of Israel disappeared around 724 BC with the conquest CBS Assyrian .

The fall of the kingdom of Israel led many Jewish refugees in Judah, in Jerusalem whose population would have risen in recent decades from 1000 to 15 000 inhabitants . Judah is in turn destroyed by the Assyrians under Hezekiah in the late ^eighth century and then enjoyed a period more peaceful. It is in the kingdom of Judah during the reign of King Josiah (c. 640-609 BC EC) that the religion of Israel, begins to become, strictly speaking, Judaism. The Deuteronomy , the last book of the Torah would have been discovered or rediscovered his reign in the Temple , is actually the first book of the Torah whose composition had been completed. It would also at this time that the choice of YHWH as a single deity, invoked the Bible as the basis of union of this people, would have appeared to unite the kingdoms of North and South.

After the death of Josiah, the kingdom was caught in the hands of big powers of the time, the Egypt and Babylonia and succumb to turn in 586 BC CE, when Jerusalem was captured by Nebuchadnezzar II , king of Babylon. Three times (597, 587 and 582), some twenty thousand Jews were deported to Babylonia , while others took refuge in Egypt . They are the source of the Diaspora and its two oldest Jewish communities, those of Jews in Iraq and Jews in Egypt .

During the first exile (587-538 BC EC)

What is known about the life of Jews in occupied Judea by the Babylonians us is narrated by the prophet Jeremiah , a contemporary of these events in the Book of Lamentations and the book of Jeremiah. The Babylonians had deported the Jewish elite and the country had remained as poor . The governor, a Jew, Gedaliah appointed by Nebuchadnezzar was killed by the Ammonites , causing the wrath of Nebuchadnezzar and the exile of 582 .

The return of exiles and Persian domination (538 - 332 BC EC)

In 539 BC AD, the king of Persia , Cyrus the Great conquered Babylon. According to the book of Nehemiah , he issues a decree allowing the Jews to return to Judea, led by descendants of the kings of Judah in their returning the booty taken from the Temple by Nebuchadnezzar. Outside the Jewish community of Babylonia had prospered and it is probably the poorest of the exiles, few who choose to return to Judea .

The Judah becomes a province (HVMP ) of the Persian Empire, a subdivision satrapy, headed by a governor appointed by the Jewish king of Persia. The rebuilding of the Temple is business and after many difficulties and financial policy, the Second Temple was inaugurated in 515 BC by CBS Zerubbabel , governor of Judea , from the house of David. However, Judah is still a poor province where the tax burden prohibits development.

Must appoint a new governor Nehemiah , cupbearer of the Jewish king of Persia Artaxerxes I (464-424 BC EC) to break the deadlock. Man of authority, he organized the work to rebuild the walls and restored with full respect for law, taken from Deuteronomy, including respect for the Sabbath and the payment of tithes . Nehemiah is followed in his work of restoration of Jewish law by Ezra , another significant income in Jerusalem at the head of a group of about 6000 immigrants from Babylonia: with Nehemiah, it prohibits marriage of Jews with Foreign and would have established the use of square characters from the Aramaic to write the Hebrew , he established the Great Assembly who will continue to set the rules of Judaism for centuries to come, he organized a meeting Public reading of the Torah, by which he is credited for having finalized the text and sets the rules for reading the Torah on Mondays, Thursdays and Shabbat . Nehemiah solemnized these decisions by holding a grand ceremony in which the assembled people swear to observe the Torah . The Jewish Encyclopedia , based on the Bible, says the Jewish population of Judea of that time to 130 000 people, at .

Opens a fairly long period of peace and prosperity for the Jews first under Persian rule and then under the domination of Alexander the Great and his heirs Ptolemaic.

It is estimated that by the end of the Persian rule the Jewish population of the land of Israel is concentrated in the mountainous region around Jerusalem, the borders of the coastal plain to the Jordan .

The Greek domination (332-142 BC EC)

Alexander the Great conquered the Persian Empire and for nearly 200 years, Greeks will rule the land of Israel.

Only the high priests represent a Jewish authority: they have a sort of civil authority and religious authority, known to Alexandria , remains unchallenged in the reign of the Ptolemies. In 201 BC EC, the Ptolemies were defeated by the Seleucid starting with improving the lot of Judea to lower taxes but in 190 BC EC before the setback against the Romans wiped Magnesia , and peace enforcement to ' Apamea , the heavy damages which they must perform is reflected in Judea. Seleucid kings covet the treasure of the Temple of Jerusalem and sell the office of high priest to the highest bidder. The conflict between Jews Hellenized Jews and more faithful to the tradition divides even the high priest's family when Jason promises a large sum of money to King Antiochus Epiphanes to obtain the title of high priest then owned his own brother Onias III . Jerusalem is then Hellenized - we built a gymnasium - and renamed Antioch. A strong garrison was installed in a new fortress, the Acra and the Temple was desecrated by the sacrifice of pigs and festivals of Dionysus , while the sacred books are burned .

The revolt of the Maccabees and the Hasmonean (167 - 63 BC EC)

The revolt broke out in 167 BC CE at the instigation of the priest Mattathias the Hasmonean, relieved after his death by his son, Simon and Judas said Maccabee , the military commander. In 164, they enter Jerusalem and purify the Temple rinaugurent, episode behind the Jewish holiday of Hanukkah.

From 161, Judas research and obtains the Roman alliance that is the subject of a treaty to be renewed for nearly a century by the Hasmonean rulers .

The revolt lasted another two years and requires the violent death of four of the son of Mattathias that Simon is recognized as a de facto "chief priest, strategist and ethnarch in May 142 BC EC .

Hasmonean kings, like John Hyrcanus (134-104 BC EC) who conquered the land of Edom and converts to Judaism and Jannaeus Alexander (104-76 BC EC), considerably enlarge their kingdom stretching from the Sinai mountains to the Golan and the Mediterranean Sea to the east of Jordan. Judaism is far from constitute the majority religion . Although having arrived in power by a revolt against the Hellenization, the Hasmonean kings took the title of emperor and organize their kingdom to the Greek mode . The style of monuments is Hellenizing as evidenced by the monument of Absalom in Jerusalem said. But mostly Hasmoneans quarrel constantly, so much so, they seek the intervention of Rome. Finally, Pompey conquered Jerusalem in 63 BC EC and profane the temple, but the loot . Twelve thousand Jews perished in the fighting and many prisoners are sent to Rome . They are the source of the Italian Jewish community , the oldest of the West. Pompey then establishes Roman rule for nearly seven centuries until the Arab conquest.

A pool intellectual ^(Third Ave ^EC-first century CE)

^The third century BC to ^first century CE EC, despite a life marked by violent political rivalries between members of royal families and priests and between the various religious currents, despite the wars against the Greeks and Romans, the land of Israel see hatched an intellectual production of great wealth, both points of view that religious literature, which often reflects the confrontation of Jewish and Greek worlds.

A literature in Hebrew, Aramaic and Greek

Some of these texts will be retained in the Jewish biblical canon as the Ecclesiastes , others are part of the Christian canon as the first book of Maccabees , many others are considered apocryphal. One of the topics most often discussed is the Apocalypse , as in the book of Daniel or that of Enoch. Some manuscripts of this period were found at Qumran , above the Dead Sea , including the Damascus document that describes the persecution of the Essenes .

The world's Jewish historian Flavius Josephus (37 CE - circa 100), one of the main sources for the history of this period, who lived the war of the Jews against the Romans of Vespasian and Titus, first as a general Jewish and then spent as a prisoner to Rome. In his texts, (like Jewish Antiquities and Jewish War ) written in Aramaic and Greek, besides the desire to justify himself, he strives to understand the Jewish perspective to the Romans among whom he spent the rest of his life.

Multiple religious currents

Judaism's Second Temple period is traversed many religious currents that can be fought violently and whose division is often considered a cause of the fall of the Second Temple. The Jews then share the land of Israel with the Greeks and a fringe of the Jewish world, often linked to power tends to Hellenize worship. The Hellenistic Judaism , very influential in Alexandria , was also one of the last Hasmonean.

We also talk about Hasidim , pious men who were among the first to join Judas Maccabeus to release the Temple. But above all, the Jewish world is divided between Sadducees and Pharisees. The Sadducees assert the primacy of the Pentateuch and its laws at the expense of lessons and all subsequent mystical. The Pharisees take into account the Torah but also other books of the Bible and the teachings of the sages. They believe in the immortality of the soul. They will give rise to rabbinic Judaism. Hillel the Elder , a scholar of the law came from Babylon, a descendant of the house of David, who chairs the Sanhedrin and Shammai schools based rabbinical interpretation of the Torah, which will be the origin of the Mishnah

Many other sects exist, awaiting the imminent arrival of the Messiah , as the Essenes .

This is the ^first century BC date that CBS's oldest synagogues known today. The synagogue is the oldest of which being a record would be one of those of Jericho , near the ruins of a palace Hasmonean ^, . It should also be mentioned that of Gamla on the Golan.

In the ^first century, emergence of new Jewish sects, the Zealots , followers of the fight to the death against the Romans, the Baptists around John the Baptist and then the disciples of Jesus ^, .

Finally, on the fringes of Judaism, we must remember the existence (so far) of the Samaritans , who recognize only the Pentateuch and worship the Lord, but not in Jerusalem on Mount Gerizim (now near Nablus ).

From the conquest of Pompey to the destruction of the Second Temple by Titus

The last Hasmonean (63-37 BC EC)

Pompey is careful to annex the entire land of Israel in the Roman province of Syria just as he avoids making a province in itself. He leaves to Hyrcanus II , the Hasmonean king and Antipater , his minister, Judea and Galilee , while Syria receives the coast, the Samaria and Decapolis . Caesar himself, who favors Antipater supported his campaign in Egypt , with his son Phasael appointed governor of Jerusalem and Herod governor of Galilee. He then confirmed by decree , senatus consult , shortly before his assassination, etnarchie to Hyrcanus and his descendants and tax exempts Jews .

The atrocities of Herod in Galilee and his trial in Jerusalem provoking civil war in Judea between supporters of Antigonus , the son of Aristobulus II , supported by the Parthians and those of Herod and Phasael, supported by the Romans. In -40, Antigone takes control of Jerusalem and return to the Parthians Hyrcanus II. But Herod moves to Rome, obtained the support of Senate controlled by Octavian and Mark Antony proclaim that the king of the Jews . The war resumed between the two kings of Judea, and Herod and Antigonus -37, Herod, who is assisted by the Roman legions laid siege to Jerusalem, which is taken after a siege of several months. Antoine beheaded Antigonus -37 to Antioch , and Herod can rule unchallenged, especially since it is quickly kill those who might appear more legitimate: in -35, Aristobulus III , the high priest, grand-son of Hyrcanus II brother and his wife Mariamne II and Hyrcanus himself over the age of 80 years .

(which Coponius under which the prosecutor was of the census mentioned in the New Testament, which arouses the hostility of Judas Gamala and Pontius Pilate , 26 to 36). They may exercise all powers and do and undo the high priests . His son and successor, Herod Agrippa II receives well, after some time a royal title and inspection of the Temple and the right to appoint the High Priest, but he does not reign over Judea ^, . Rome took control of Judea and power back to the Procurators.

The last few years the Temple and the Jewish War (44-73)

The Roman procurators resume any authority, provoking resentment of Judah. The clashes were among many Jews, particularly because of the zealots and other assassins , and with the Samaritans, Greeks and Romans. The procurators, corrupt, contribute to the agitation . Under the Procurator Felix (52-60), the riots in Caesarea between Jews and Greeks lead the intervention of the Roman army and the death of many Jews and then arbitration of the Emperor Nero , who gives reason to the Greeks.

It is only when, a few, trying to stay above the conflict. They gather around the authorities of the Sanhedrin, Shimon ben Gamliel and Yohanan ben Zakkai and are dedicated to teaching the Torah.

New troubles at Caesarea in 66, leading the revolt, marked by the cessation by Eleazar ben Hananiah sacrifices to the emperor and despite appeals for calm from Herod Agrippa II, the Jews, led by the Zealots , fighting at Beit-Horon , the twelfth legion of the governor of Syria Cestius Gallus and capture Jerusalem. It seems that members of the Sanhedrin, the more moderate than the Zealots, then take control of business. They appoint provincial governors and in particular Joseph ben Mattathias , from a priestly family, the head of the strategic province of Galilee .

The historian Heinrich Graetz finds inexplicable the Sanhedrin's appointment of Joseph ben Mattathias, whose sympathies for Rome he had visited during a mission to the Jews of Judea were well known. Indeed, it is not long to betray the confidence placed in him and went to Romans and 67, all Galilee fell to them despite the defense of John Gischala. The campaign was marked by the disaster of Gamla , on the plateau of the Golan. The assassination of Nero in 68 and political instability in the Empire brings a temporary halt to operations by the Romans, until Vespasian becomes emperor.

In Jerusalem, civil war raged between various factions, the Pharisees and the Sanhedrin, who advocated a compromise with the Romans and the Zealots themselves divided between John and Simon bar Giora Gischala. This division considerably weakens the Jews. In 69 when Vespasian became emperor, he left his son Titus to finish the war. After a murderous siege, the Temple and the entire city of Jerusalem are taken (summer 70) and destroyed by the Romans. According to Flavius Josephus, the Romans 97 000 prisoners and 1.1 million people perished during the siege of Jerusalem, but the latter figure is suspect . The Temple was looted and prisoners and booty are exposed to the Romans in the triumph of Titus, represented on the Arch of Titus in Rome. It took three years to the Romans to reduce remaining pockets of resistance of the Zealots, including Herodium and Masada where, according to Flavius Josephus, all defenders, kill themselves with women and children (73). Some Jews fled to the Jewish towns in Egypt or Cyrenaica, others went to create communities in Saudi , in Yathrib .

Judea submitted to the revolt of Bar Kochba (70-135)

During the reign of Vespasian (69-79) and Titus (79-81), the last Jewish king Herod Agrippa II, still in favor with the emperors and the Galilee which was part of the possessions and his sister, Berenice , mistress of Titus, soften the fate of the remaining Jews in Judea, subject to a new tax, the fiscus judaicus .

Yohanan ben Zakkai and the birth of Rabbinical Judaism

Judaism had lost its center and many of its laws lose their meaning with the fall of the Temple of Jerusalem, which until the end had received donations of the faithful of Alexandria and Rome . We owe to Yohanan ben Zakkai foundations of rabbinic Judaism. Member of the Sanhedrin opposed the war, he was said to be , escaped from Jerusalem in a coffin to arrive at Vespasian (Titus?) which authorizes it to establish a school in Yavne (between Jaffa and Ashdod ), to teach the Torah. He recreates a sort of Sanhedrin, which determines the religious calendar and its teaching is the basis of the Halakha. The sacrifice at the Temple being impossible, the Jewish center on teaching and practice of the Torah . Through his work, Judaism of Eretz Israel, where is fixed the timetable agreed by all communities, remains central to the diaspora. With his disciples, he continues the work of Tannaim.

His successors are Gamaliel II Eleazar ben Azariah with and Rabbi Yehoshua ben Hananiah . With their many disciples and especially Rabbi Akiva, whose school was located in Bnei Brak , now a suburb of Tel Aviv , they play a role in the development of the Mishnah and the Talmud says of Jerusalem.

It was then that certain features of Judaism have finally fixed: followers of Yohanan ben Zakkai who taught were called (rabbi - my master), Rabban being reserved for the most eminent masters Yohanan ben Zakkai thus . Even if its role is to replace some of the priests of the temple, the rabbi is not a priest but only the wisest of the community who can teach. As for the synagogue , they already existed, especially in diaspora, before the fall of the Temple. But it changes their role and place of meetings (meaning a synagogue, the Greek Sunagg, "meeting" adapted from the Hebrew - Beit Knesset), they become places of prayer, prayer replaced sacrifice in Temple .

Separation from the Judeo-Christian

The first disciples of Jesus, the Nazarenes or Ebionites , were recruited from among the Jews and followed the commandments of the Torah. The difficulties arose when, following the teachings of St. Paul , many pagans were received in early Christianity and that he was no longer required them to follow the entire Torah. In particular, circumcision was no longer mandatory. Other Christian doctrines could offend the Jews, as the proclamation of Jesus Messiah and the son of God , which is inconceivable in the eyes of the Jews.

So in Yavne, Samuel Ha-Katan (the little Samuel), a disciple of Yohanan ben Zakkai, introduced in the Amida , prayer three times daily Jews, prepared for the largest share at this time, asking a blessing God to destroy Min, slanderers and informers of the Jewish people. Among Minim were the first Christians , although the term is more general term for all sorts of dissidents Pharisaic orthodoxy ^, .

The Jewish World in Turmoil: the revolts of 115-117 and the revolt of Bar Kochba (132-135)

The attitude of the emperor Domitian ( 81 - 96 ) against Jews and Christians has prompted numerous studies and discussions ^{, , ,} . Suetonius and Dio Cassius reflect the fact that Domitian demanded more strictly in the payment of the fee established by his Jewish father Vespasian, leading to many abuses. In connection with these attacks the last years of the reign of Domitian is also marked by accusations against the Roman aristocrats living in the manner of the Jews and accused of impiety and undermine the majesty of the emperor . It is in this context that Domitian put to death members of his family, Flavius Clemens and his wife Flavia Domitilla, the author executions Christian Eusebius relates to an anti-Christian persecution larger . But the question is debated whether Clemens and Domitilla were condemned as Christians or Jews . Moreover, the death of Herod Agrippa II, to 92, Domitian meet its domain to the province of Syria . The last memory of Jewish independence disappears.

Abuses of Domitian left a memory as its successor Nerva (96-98) took care to inform that he had largely put an end to these practices . The fee to fiscus Iudaicus was no longer required that religious Jews and it was no longer taken as a pretext for a conviction on the majesty of the law .

Under Trajan (98-117), the situation is such that the Jews revolted in 115, in multiple regions of the empire, Cyrenaica and Egypt and Cyprus , while in Mesopotamia, the Jews contributed to the decline Trajan and of Hadrian face Parthians .

Also, the death of Trajan and the accession of his successor Hadrian (117-138) they are welcomed by the Jews. It is even said that it will allow the rebuilding of the Temple of Jerusalem , but it soon becomes apparent that this is anything else: Hadrian founded a new pagan city Aelia Capitolina on the ruins of Jerusalem, very slightly north of the ancient City of David , adding the ban on circumcision which probably dated a few years ago and which was not necessarily only the Jews .

The revolt broke out in 132. Its leader is Bar-Kokhba , "son of star" and dubbed by Rabbi Akiba, but his real name was Bar Koziba . The rebels met initial success, taking control of much of Judea and struggling currency. Hadrian must use one of its great generals, Iulius Severus to defeat insurgents whose last refuge is the fortress of Betar , near Jerusalem.

It's a disaster for the Jews of Judea. According to Dio Cassius , if the war was hard for the Romans, it was much worse for the Jews: "Fifty of their most important squares, nine hundred fifty-five of their most famous villages were ruined; one hundred and four to twenty thousand people were killed in raids and battles (we can not calculate the number of those who perished from hunger and fire, so that almost the whole of Judea was not a desert).

The Jews in Roman and Byzantine Palestine (135-634)

The defeat of Bar Kokhba is a disaster for the Jews of the land of Israel, not only military but also political and demographic and spiritual. Judea was devastated by the fighting, Hadrian banned the new city of Aelia Capitolina and Jews to erect a statue of Jupiter on the ruins of the Temple, he forbade the teaching of the Torah . Rabbis are Rabbi Akiba is persecuted and tortured. Christians seek to distance themselves from the Jews and give up more and more Jewish law . Another consequence of the war, the Jewish settlement of the land of Israel is important that Galileo .

It is also the time when use of the term Palestine is becoming widespread. Hadrian, who had struck coins mentioning Judea in 130 uses in his campaign report to the Senate , the word Palestine by the name of an ancient people of the region, the Philistines . The province is now called Syria-Palestine.

The Sanhedrin, its restoration to its abolition (140-426)

It was not until the reign of Antoninus Pius (138-161) to be repealed in 139 or 140 anti-Jewish laws, with the exception of the prohibition of circumcision and proselytes from entering Jerusalem . It was at Oush Western Galilee as the Sanhedrin stood around Rabbi Shimon ben Gamliel II , of Rabbi Meir and Rabbi Shimon Bar Yohai , to whom we attribute the Zohar.

The Sanhedrin was led by its chairman, the nasi (Hebrew: ), selected to the end in the house of Hillel , which is itself attached by some traditions to the house of David. With the disappearance of the kings of Judea, is the only remaining Jewish authority and influence extend well beyond the land of Israel. It acts as the supreme tribunal of Judaism and on the territory of ancient Judea, he sees the tithe . The authority of the Sanhedrin is relayed in the towns and villages (the Jews were mostly farmers) through college of seven Judges . The community collects taxes for the maintenance of synagogues, the purchase of Sefer Torah , the salaries of civil servants. Schools learn to read and give basic religious education to children, especially boys . The resources of the Sanhedrin with diminishing with Roman taxes and impoverishment of the Jewish population, Judah II, III ^century, made for the first time, call the financing of the Sanhedrin by the Diaspora , especially by the Jews Rome .

The Sanhedrin will still be distinguished conductors. Judah ha-Nasi at the end ^of the second century, is responsible for compiling the Mishnah , which is based on the Talmud. It carries the Sanhedrin in Sepphoris , before his little son Judah II will not move to Tiberias . It was also at this time that many are written midrashim. Hillel II , is credited with having established in 359 the rules for calculating the Jewish calendar . By this gesture, he gave one of the last symbols of the power of the Sanhedrin, which until it determined only the calendar date and therefore the parties but allows Judaism to continue regardless of the future of this institution .

However, with the advent of Christianity, opposition to the ecclesiastical authorities is becoming stronger and when Gamaliel VI died in 426, it is not replaced and a decree of Theodosius II calls for the taxes it perceived to be now paid to the imperial treasury ^, .

In fact, from the ^third century as the spiritual center of Judaism travels outside the Roman Empire, to Mesopotamia , where the Jews are much less exposed to a hostile power. The editors of the Jerusalem Talmud is interrupted by the beginning of the ^fifth century . In the Land of Israel still exist, schools, less prestigious than the Talmudic academies of Mesopotamia , at Sepphoris , Tiberias , Lydda and even Caesarea , the seat of the Roman procurator .

Jews in Byzantine Palestine (324-634)

When Constantine seized the eastern provinces of the Roman Empire, Jews are still the majority in Palestine . But in the following century, it is Christians who are the majority. Constantine gives its name to Jerusalem without allowing the Jews to return and built the church of the Holy Sepulchre , making Jerusalem the holy city of Christianity. In addition, Helena, Constantine's mother, made the Temple Mount , the discharge of Jerusalem . The Church seeks to limit the Jewish influences on Christianity by avoiding contact between Jews and Christians: the key date is the first Council of Nicaea in 325 which establishes a date of Easter differs from that of the Passover Jewish, even if she remains close. The Sanhedrin will no longer announce the dates of Christian holidays and as the imperial government prevents Jews messengers to spread the schedule prescribed by the Sanhedrin, Hillel II in the final rule sets .

In ^the fourth century , Jerome Stridon demonstrates the habit already taken by Jews to come and pray along the ruins of the Temple , the only place in Jerusalem where they have access against payment.

The first laws showing the primacy of Christianity over Judaism are enacted as 329 when it is forbidden for Jews to denounce the conversions from Judaism to Christianity, so that conversions to Judaism are prohibited. Ten years later, it is forbidden for Jews to acquire slaves and their non-Jewish circumcision is punishable by death . Restrictions and taxes that befell the Jews then lead them to revolt, put down in 352 by Gallus who shaves Sepphoris and partially destroyed Tiberias and Lydda .

The reign of Julian the Apostate (361-363) provides a short respite as it repeals laws anti-pagan and anti-Jewish and promises to rebuild the Temple . But ⁱⁿ the fifth century, the construction of new synagogues was forbidden by the Theodosian code , although excavations have denied the effective implementation of this law .

Indeed, the ruins of synagogues are many Byzantine land of Israel. One notices in many of them influence Hellenizing important. The most famous of these is the synagogue at Capernaum , even if it is later than that when Jesus had preached. Some are decorated with mosaics as in Beth Alpha and Ein Gedi which is represented the zodiac, or Hammath-Tiberias where we see the sun god Helios. Mosaic Hammath Gader, visible to the Supreme Court of Israel , is more orthodox, accounting for two lions recalling the lion of Judah. Other synagogues exist in Jericho or Gaza.

Synagogue in Capernaum (IV century)

Representation of the zodiac in the synagogue of Beth Alpha (V-VI century)

Representation of the zodiac in the synagogue of Sepphoris (fifth century)

Lions and cypress Hammath Gader synagogue (V-VI century)

In ^the sixth century , according to Heinrich Graetz, the only city where Jews are still the majority is Nazareth . The situation worsens as Jews and as Christianity grew in Palestine. In 532, Emperor Justinian prohibited from testifying against Jews or Christians celebrate Passover before Easter Christian. It requires the use of a Greek translation (Latin or Italian) for reading the Torah and forbidden to say the Shema Israel , the Jewish profession of faith, pronounced morning and evening by the Jews .

Poets Yannai and Eleazar Hakala up the first piyyutim.

The ^seventh century brought many changes: in 614, Chosroes II , emperor of Persia , took Jerusalem with the support of Jews and Jewish power restored to this city, which applies to Jews of the Byzantine Empire new persecutions . But the Byzantine emperor Heraclius restores its status and can enter triumphantly into Jerusalem on March 29 629 . The triumph was short lived because as soon as 634, starts the Arab conquest.

Jews in Arab Palestine (634-1516)

From the conquest by the Arabs than by the Crusaders (634-1099)

The conquest by the Arabs of Omar appears to have been welcomed by the Jews. They would have facilitated their conquest of Hebron and Caesarea . After the capture of Jerusalem in 638, Omar authorizes seventy Jewish families from Tiberias to settle in the district known as the "Trash" because he had assigned to the Jews responsible for the cleanliness of Mount Temple . The status of dhimmi that gives them the Pact of Omar (VII or VIII ^century) is an improvement over the Code of Justinian . However, in a society based on the peasantry, property taxes away many Jews working the land .

The urbanization that follows is not confined to Jerusalem, where a synagogue is built , significant communities exist in Tiberias and Ramleh , many Jews from Babylonia being . At the head of the community of Eretz Israel is the a href = "% C3% Acad A9mies_talmudiques_en_terre_d% 27Isra% C3% ABl" alt = "Talmudic Academies in the Land of Israel"> Yeshiva of the land of Israel, located under eras in Jerusalem, Tiberias or Ramleh. It takes a little model of Talmudic academies of Babylonia , without the prestige. The academic directors who are, like their Babylonian colleagues, the title of Gaon are recognized as spiritual leaders by the Jews of Fatimid dominions, such as Egypt and Syria, as well as the Jews of southern Italy and Sicily.

Tiberias keeps an important community, which counts among its members two of the largest families of Masoretes , the Ben Asher and Ben Naphtali. So probably in Tiberias has been fixed text Masoretic Bible of ^the ninth century . Karaite Synagogue is the oldest existing synagogue today in the Old City of Jerusalem .

^In the tenth century the Arab geographer al-Muqaddasi , originally from Jerusalem, describes a city where Jews and Christians dominate elements, among the first manufacturers of currency, dyers, tanners and bankers, the latter among physicists and scribes . The city is beautiful, but life is hard, especially for a Muslim .

Jews in the Crusader Kingdom (1099-1291)

15 July 1099, the Jews of Jerusalem are fighting the invaders and took refuge in their synagogue and burned alive are when taking this city by the Christian troops of Godfrey of Bouillon. Christians restore the prohibition for Jews to live in Jerusalem. Another massacre of Jews occurs when taking Haifa in 1104 .

But probably because of the Christian presence in Palestine that makes the trip possible, the Jews of Europe are showing new interest in the land of Israel. Judah Halevi , physician, poet, philosopher and rabbi Spanish author Odes to Zion or Sionides is the first to want to live in the land of Israel but he died en route to Jerusalem. Benjamin of Tudela , in the 1160s, has left us a unique view of Jewish life while along its vast travel and particularly in Palestine. He devotes several pages to the Samaritans, living around Mount Gerizim. It tells us there are still some 200 Jews in Jerusalem at the end of the cross presence in this city, who used to pray at the Western Wall and who pursue the profession of dyers, as well as twelve of them to Bethlehem. It also describes the tomb of the Patriarchs in Hebron , which he said it stood a synagogue in the days of Muslims, before it is transformed into a church Saint Abraham. In 1165, the family of the young Moses Maimonides , who became one of the greatest sages of Judaism, is also a step in his flight from Jerusalem Almohads.

The capture of Jerusalem by Saladin in 1187 allows the return of the Jews who were expelled again during the Frankish occupation from 1229 to 1244. However, persecution in Europe led some Jews to settle in the land of Israel. This is true of many scholars French or Spanish, among them tossafists which Yehiel of Paris , Samson of Sens , and Nahmanides are among the most illustrious. The latter discovers a ruined Jerusalem (it was devastated by the Mongols in 1260), and there are only two Jews, dyers of their condition. With some other nearby villages, they form the minyan on Shabbat . He created in 1267, the Ramban synagogue that still exists. He then moved to Acre by the Crusaders held until 1291 and where prosperous in the thirteenth ^century a Jewish community, destroyed, as the whole population, when taking the city by the Mamluks .

The domination of the Mamluks (1250-1517)

From the middle of the thirteenth ^century, the Mamluks , whose capital is at Cairo , in Egypt , dominate Palestine. Jewish communities are clustered in a few cities, Jerusalem, Hebron and Gaza and around Safed in Galilee . Jews in the land of Israel headed by a governor or Naghid can stop the anti-Jewish riots and discriminatory . This does not preclude some Jews to emigrate following the expulsion of Jews from France in 1306 or the massacres associated with Black Death. A yeshiva Ashkenazi is founded in the fourteenth ^century in Jerusalem . From the late fourteenth ^century and the worsening situation of Jews in Spain , immigration Sephardic grows in Palestine, which will have a profound Palestinian Judaism , even in Jerusalem, taxes and famine lead a hundred Jewish families to leave town in the ^{mid-fifteenth} century and established a certain distrust between Ashkenazim and Sephardim .

In 1481, a traveler from Florence, Volterra Meshullam Ben Menachem, 60 Jewish families are cultivating the vine and grain farms around Gaza .

In the late fifteenth ^century, an Italian Jew, Obadia di Bertinoro took over the destiny of the Jewish community in Jerusalem and founded or recast its administrative institutions and charities.

At the same time, Joseph Saragossi , a rabbi fleeing Spain, joined the community of Safed , now numbering 300 families and develops the study of Kabbalah.

Jews in Ottoman Palestine (1517-1917)

In 1517, Selim I , Sultan Ottoman took control of Palestine. But his predecessor, Bayezid II had opened the doors of his empire to Jews expelled from Spain in 1492 . Tens of thousands that the Jews took refuge in the Ottoman Empire and will contribute to its prosperity in the sixteenth ^century and from 1517, especially in Palestine.

An estimated 10,000 people the Jewish population of Palestine at the beginning of Ottoman rule, Jerusalem, Safed and Tiberias being the main centers .

The influence of Safed (XVI ^century)

The rabbis set to Safed in Galilee mark considerably Judaism: one of them, Rabbi Yosef Karo , prepare a compilation of all laws set forth by the Talmud , called the Shulchan Arukh ( Hebrew : Laid Table) which regulates the lives of religious Jews today. His colleague, Solomon Alkabetz writing Lekha Dodi , a poem sung again at the beginning of the Sabbath in all Ashkenazi and Sephardic synagogues in which the community wishes to welcome the Shabbat.

However, the development of the study of Kabbalah , which made the renown of Safed. Kabbalah mysticism is based "on both esotericism and theosophy" . The most prominent masters of the Kabbalah are Cordovero Moses , a Spanish rabbi established in Safed, Isaac Luria , his pupil, whose disciple Chaim ben Yosef Vital compiles the work in the Sefer Etz Hayim (The Book of the tree of life ).

Safed is what installed the first Hebrew printing press, by Abraham Askhenazi .

Still in Galilee, Tiberias also has influence with the Sultan of Joseph Nasi , Lord of Tiberias, who had rebuilt the walls of Tiberias and promotes the industry of silk worm in order to return the Jews to the land of Israel, without notable success .

Earlier, around 1540, was established by Rabbi Malkiel Ashkenazi , in Hebron , the Abraham Avinu synagogue.

From the ^seventeenth to nineteenth ^century

The decline and withdrawal into itself of the Ottoman Empire from the ^seventeenth century and a revival of anti-Jewish hostility may explain the decline of the Palestinian Jewish community of that time . However, this does not slow movement of establishment or pilgrimage to Eretz Israel.

Since the ^seventeenth century (and until today for Sephardic) Jewish community of Eretz Israel has headed a Sephardic Chief Rabbi, Rishon Lezion called ( the first-Zion) , itself under the authority of Hakham Bashi ("Wise Chief") of Constantinople.

In 1660, Jews were massacred in Safed . What remained of the community is devastated by the plague of 1742 and the earthquake of 1769 .

In Jerusalem, Sephardi communities establish four different synagogues detached from each other from the ^sixteenth century: Eliyahu Hanavi synagogue which served rather as a place of study, Yohanan ben Zakkai synagogue in the seventeenth ^century, the synagogue in Istanbul in the ^eighteenth century and the Synagogue Emtsai among these three synagogues. The oldest Ashkenazi Synagogue in Jerusalem is the synagogue Hourba . The beginning of its construction dates back to 1700 but is interrupted by lack of money.

In Jaffa , a Jewish inn was founded in 1740.

In the early eighteenth ^century, the Jewish population of Jerusalem would be more than 1000 inhabitants but continued immigration strengthens slightly: a thousand Polish Jews led by a follower of Sabbatai Zevi , Hahassid Judah , in the early eighteenth ^century and Italians and Moroccans in 1741. 1760, Jerusalem is a town of 15,000 inhabitants most of which two to three thousand Jews. Then in the last quarter century, come from Ashkenazi Jews, followers of Baal Shem Tov and the Vilna Gaon. A significant portion of the population studied Torah in the yeshiva at the time Sephardic, and therefore saw subsidies from the Diaspora .

In 1776, the Jewish community of Safed was re-founded by Russian Jews, followed by Ukrainians , followers of the Gaon of Vilna.

In the first part of the nineteenth ^century, immigration of Ashkenazi Perushim (so called because, like the ancient Pharisees , he turned away from worldly things) continues to grow, and led to the creation of a yeshiva Ashkenazi, then a first Ashkenazi Synagogue (Menachem Zion) in 1837 .

In 1856, about 18 000 inhabitants of Jerusalem, 5137 are Jews, including 3,500 Sephardic and Ashkenazic the rest, mostly Perushim .

The involvement of Jewish philanthropists such as Rothschilds in Europe or Yechezkel Reuben of Baghdad , and the support of King Frederick William IV of Prussia allows the resumption of the construction and completion of the synagogue in 1864 Hourba.

Zionism Definitions Zionism People of Israel Land of Israel Jewish State History of Zionism Chronology Basel convention Balfour plan Jewish Legion Faisal-Weizmann Agreement Mandatory Palestine White Papers Sharing plan Israel Independence Revolutionary War Jewish immigration Aliyah before Zionism The Yishuv First Aliyah Second Aliyah During World War Third Aliyah Fourth Aliyah Fifth Aliyah During WWII Aliyah Bet Law of Return Operation Flying Carpet Operation Ezra and Nehemiah Jewish refugees from Arab countries Polish aliyah in 1968 Aliyah from the Soviet Union in the 1970s Operation Joshua Operation Moses Operation Solomon Aliyah from the Soviet Union in the 1990s Aliyah Latin America in the 2000s Aliyah from France in 2006 Parties, organizations and ideologies Territorialism Hapoel Hatzair Hashomer Hatzair Poaley Tzion and Akhdut Ha'avoda Mapai Anarcho-Zionism Mapam religious Zionism Colonial Kach and Kahane Chai Agudat Israel Christian Zionism Revisionist Zionism Irgun Lehi Betar Herut Zionism General Likud Zionist Lobby. post-Zionists Nosionisme Anti-Zionism Israeli Political Parties Zionist Institutions World Zionist Organization Jewish Agency Asefat ha-nivharim AIPAC. Histadrut Haganah Kibbutz Moshav Zionist personalities Theodor Herzl Chaim Weizmann David Ben Gurion Vladimir Jabotinsky Joseph Trumpeldor Golda Meir Menachem Begin Yitzhak Rabin Shimon Peres Ariel Sharon See also Category: Zionism Portal: Israel Portal: Arab-Israeli Conflict Portal: Palestine

The Jewish community of Jerusalem continues to benefit from the interest of wealthy philanthropists in the Diaspora that will allow its development not only by funding but also in defending its rights vis--vis the Turkish authorities: they will PAMI, Moses Montefiore stands in 1860 by funding the development of the first Jewish neighborhood outside the walls, Mishkenot Sha'ananim , near which extend from 1892 the district of Yemin Moshe .

In 1873, is still based in Jerusalem, Orthodox Jews, the new neighborhood of Mea Shearim .

Immigration in the Land of Israel before Herzl (1860-1896)

Since the first exile, Jews have expressed their prayers in their desire to return to Zion. Some of the most religious of them have undertaken. It may be recalled, over the centuries, the names of Ezra , of Hillel of Judah Halevi , of Yehiel of Paris , the Ramban and the Gaon of Vilna. They and their followers sought to better live their faith in the land of Israel. Attempts to re-live the farming land of Israel are more rare: the first known is that of farmers in Gaza, reported in 1481 by Menahem ben Meshullam Volterra. Mention may also be that of Joseph Nasi in the ^sixteenth century. In the ^seventeenth century , Moses ben Joseph di Trani , reports that Palestinian Jews cultivate cotton, cereals and vegetables practicing sericulture or beekeeping . But the most successful early attempts date back to the ^nineteenth century.

If Moses Montefiore using the first Jewish urban development outside the walls in Jerusalem since 1860, the first attempt to establish sustainable agriculture is due to Charles Netter , a founder of the Alliance Israelite Universelle , which acquired 250 hectares with the Turkish government and founded in 1870, the farm school of Mikveh Israel (now a college-French-Israeli school in the territory of the city of Holon ) .

In 1881, following the assassination of Alexander II , a wave of pogroms swept bloody on the Russian Empire. Leon Pinsker , Polish Jewish doctor , published in German, in January 1882, his pamphlet Auto-Emancipation in which he denounced the Judeophobia (Judophobie "in German) and promotes Jewish independence. These pogroms and text are behind the creation of the Society of Lovers of Zion and the first Aliyah (1881-1903) .

It was also in 1882 that the first agricultural settlements of Russian and Romanian Jews are created in the land of Israel, Zichron Yaakov and Rishon Lezion. It's critical financial and organizational support of Baron Edmond de Rothschild that allows the success of these institutions: at the end of the century, the population of Rishon Lezion, more than 500 inhabitants and that of Zichron Yaakov, nearly 1000 people . Edmond de Rothschild then contributes to the establishment of other institutions as to Metulla or Rosh Pina. They form the core of what we call the new Yishuv.

Demographics

While Jewish immigration to Palestine is still modest, the figures provided by the Jewish Encyclopedia shows a net growth of the Jewish population in Palestine, due in part to the success of new agricultural settlements, in part to the continuation of religious immigration and certainly in part to the improvement of living conditions of the Jewish minority. The Jewish population of the Ottoman province of Syria-Palestine is 70 000 and that of Jerusalem grew by 7,000 persons in 1862 to 30 or 50 000 persons in 1902, so much so that when the Jews are the majority Jerusalem ^, .

Revival of the Hebrew

In the years 1880-1900 work began for the revival of Hebrew. Jewish immigrants spoke Yiddish or when the language of their country of origin. Hebrew was reserved for the study of texts and biblical and Talmudic prayers. Eliezer Ben Yehudah , from a Yiddish-speaking family, immigrated to Palestine in 1881 and is dedicated to the revival of Hebrew, beginning with imposing the use to his family. He wrote a large Hebrew dictionary. He faces the opposition of those who prefer German or French as their new national language and those for whom the profane use of Hebrew is akin to blasphemy. His first success was the adoption of Hebrew by the Technion , the new engineering school of Haifa , in 1913

The beginnings of Zionism (1896-1917)

In 1896, officially because of the reflections that inspires the Dreyfus Affair , a Jewish Viennese journalist, Theodor Herzl , published "The Jewish State" ( Der Judenstaat ) in which he promotes the creation of a state for Jews and sets out the institutions and functioning. It also creates the Zionist organization whose first Congress met in Basel in 1897 and will continue his work after his death in 1904. It is the Zionist organization that endorses the choice of the state of Palestine to the Jews.

The development of Zionism combined with the fear caused by the new pogroms in Kishinev in 1903 and 1905, leading to the second wave of immigration in the land of Israel or the second aliyah , which brings tens of thousands of immigrants from Europe Eastern, including Yitzhak Ben-Zvi and David Gruen takes the Hebrew name of David Ben Gurion . Some important steps for the development of yishuv mark this period: the creation in 1903 of Anglo-Palestine Company, the origin of modern banking system in Palestine, the emergence of the first Jewish political parties, socializing, in 1905, the inception in 1907, the Jewish National Fund and Keren Kayemet LeIsrael responsible for land acquisition in Palestine, the creation of Bar-Giora , a paramilitary organization of self-defense in 1907 ; the founding of Tel Aviv in 1909, on the dunes north of Jaffa , the same year the birth of the first kibbutz to Degania and in 1912, the inauguration of the Technion in Haifa, the first university in Palestine .

p> This relative success of Jewish immigration to Palestine should not forget that at the same time, there are hundreds of thousands of Jews who prefer to emigrate to the United States. The Zionists are a minority within the Jewish people, where the Orthodox allies in the Agudat Israel , strongly opposed to them .

At the end of the Ottoman period, the Jewish population is estimated between 56 000 and 82 000 persons and the Arab population to over 600 000 people .

Jews in Palestine under British administration (1917-1948)

Installation of the British administration (1917-1922)

Main article: Mandatory Palestine.

1918. Soldiers of the Jewish Legion , near the Wall

The Emir Feisal and Chaim Weizmann (left, also wearing an outfit Bedouin)

The First World War disrupts the geography of the Middle East. The Ottoman Empire was allied with the Central Powers and the French and the British hope to capitalize on a Turkish defeat to divide the region. The Sykes-Picot attribute Palestine to British influence. These agreements do not prevent the British promise to the Arabs, an independent kingdom and the Jews, the construction of a "national home" in Palestine. The latter is the subject of the Balfour Declaration of November 2, 1917, inspired by the chemist and Zionist leader Chaim Weizmann.

Militarily, the British, led by General Allenby and with the participation of a Jewish brigade conquered Palestine in 1917 and 1918 and called in 1920 a civil administration headed by a civilian High Commissioner Sir Herbert Samuel. In July 1922, the League of Nations assigned to Britain a mandate to prepare the creation of a Jewish national home, while allowing the entire population to govern . It states in its Article 2 that Britain should take "responsibility for placing the country under such political, administrative and economic nature to ensure the establishment of national home for the Jewish people (...) and also ensure the development of institutions of free government, and the safeguarding of civil and religious rights of all inhabitants of Palestine, irrespective of race or religion " .

The Zionists had declared their neutrality at the outset of the conflict. Only Chaim Weizmann and Ze'ev Jabotinsky saw that war will drastically change things . This convinces the British to create a Jewish regiment (the Jewish Legion ), August 23, 1917, comprising 800 men and is sent to Palestine in February 1918 . Chaim Weizmann is committed to diplomacy and the English obtained the Balfour Declaration. He participated in the preparation of the peace conference in Paris and there are signs in 1919, an agreement with Faisal , later King of Iraq .

Despite these agreements, the first anti-Jewish riots occur in March-April 1920 in Jerusalem and in May 1921 in Jaffa and cons institutions agricoles.Ces riots kill more than 50 dead and are allocated by the commission Haycraft appointed by the British Arab anger against Jewish immigration . This leads to the release of the first White Paper , the white paper says Churchill , to reassure the Arabs by restricting Jewish immigration. But the riots also lead to the creation of the Jewish Defense units, the Haganah from units of the organization Hashomer.

This period is that of the third Aliyah , triggered by the Balfour Declaration and also the problems of Central and Eastern Europe, following the First World War. In 1921, created the first moshav , or cooperative village of independent farmers in the Jezreel Valley .

Jews in Palestine under British mandate (1922-1948)

From 1922 to 1939

In 1921, Rav Kook was elected the first Chief Rabbi Ashkenazi Palestine, alongside the Sephardic chief rabbi. The Mizrahim , Oriental Jews, are therefore treated as Sephardim, although their families are most ever awarded by the Spanish . He founded in 1924 in Jerusalem, a yeshiva , Merkaz Harav , which wants to "favorable to Zionism, universal in its vision and program of study" . Through his influence, he contributed to the emergence of religious Zionism , previously marginal or nonexistent.

On ¹ April 1925, the Hebrew University of Jerusalem was solemnly opened on Mount Scopus in the presence of Chaim Weizmann, General Allenby, Lord Balfour of Rav Kook and the poet Haim Nahman Bialik . This university symbolizes the triumph of ideas of Eliezer Ben Yehudah , who died in 1922.

In 1920 was created the Histadrut , the trade union confederation of Jewish workers in Palestine, the first Secretary-General is David Ben Gurion. In 1925 began to publish its newspaper, Davar.

In 1929, the World Zionist Organization created the Jewish Agency will assist in the administration of the Jewish national home, under mandate from the League of Nations to assist the UK in this objective, "an appropriate Jewish agency shall be officially recognized and have the right to give notice to the administration of Palestine and to cooperate with it in all economic, social and other changes that may affect the establishment of the Jewish national home and the interests of the Jewish population in Palestine, and always subject to government control, assist and participate in the development of the country. " .

This relatively peaceful period for development of the Yishuv allows the fourth aliyah , dated from 1924 to 1928, which benefits the American policy of quotas, limiting immigration to the United States of people from Eastern Europe.

The situation worsened sharply in 1929 with violent riots against Jews in Hebron , Jerusalem and Safed , which are nearly a hundred and fifty Jewish victims and ninety Arab victims in the British repression according to the Encyclopedic Dictionary of Jewish and 136 Arab and 135 Jewish victims by Henry Laurens . For the first time since the Crusaders, the Jews were forced to abandon Hebron, their second holiest city, where according to tradition, are buried Abraham and Sarah.

Again, the English call a commission of inquiry that tends to clear the Grand Mufti of Jerusalem its responsibilities and which leads to a second white paper restricting the purchase of land and Jewish immigration . Chaim Weizmann in 1931 obtained the quasi-cancellation of this white paper, which will lead to direct confrontation of the Arabs and the English .

After a period of Anglo-Arab clashes from 1933 to 1936, Arabs constitute 25 October 1936 the Arab Higher Committee , under the leadership of the great mufti of Jerusalem, Amin al-Husseini. The British respond militarily by increasing the number of Jewish policemen and politically by a new commission of inquiry headed by Lord William Peel , which offers a first partition of Palestine: a Jewish area (the Galilee and part of the coastal plain ), an Arab region (Negev and Judea and Samaria) and an area under British control (Jerusalem) . Jews reject the plan, hoping to improve it. The Arab Higher Committee rejects it totally, but the Emir Abdullah of Transjordan accept . After the assassination of British regional commissioner of Galilee, the anti-Arab by the English is very hard (over 5000 dead), the Arab Higher Committee dissolved and exiled Amin al-Husseini .

Cultural life

This is accompanied by political violence, however, an important cultural development: the Hebrew language becomes effective Yishuv, the language of the press and literature with Bialik and Agnon (future Nobel Prize for Literature), which obtains 1934 the price Bialik; theater Habima of Moscow moved to Tel Aviv in 1928 and became the Israeli national theater; begin excavations on the site of Masada in 1932, the Palestine Symphony Orchestra, Symphony Orchestra today Israel gave its first concert in 1936 with Toscanini on the podium in 1938, Martin Buber moved to Jerusalem, the newspaper Yediot Aharonot , now the largest circulation of Israel, began to appear in 1939 . It is also the time when the rise style buildings Bauhaus Tel-Aviv (the "White City"), now classified as World Heritage of Humanity by UNESCO.

Demographics

The fifth aliyah , from 1933 to 1939 saw the arrival of a considerable number of German Jews fleeing the Nazis and bring with them capital and know-how. The population of Tel Aviv, founded in 1909, reached 150,000 people in 1936 . The population of the land of Israel in 1945 amounted to 550 000 Jews and 1.2 million Arabs .

From 1939 to independence (May 14, 1948)

The Arab revolt led Jews to review their defense strategy Yishuv: the kibbutzim and moshavim equip themselves with an enclosure and a watchtower, Haganah trains its first commandos, and the margins of official Zionist movement, the ' Irgun , under the influence of Jabotinsky , committed in November 1937 in a policy of systematic terrorism against Arab civilians.

Faced with threats of war with Germany , the English want to prevent the Arabs from joining the forces of the Axis and publish in May 1939 a third white paper which drastically reduced Jewish immigration to Palestine (10,000 visas per year for 5 years and 25,000 refugee visas and, in fact, only 15,000 immigrants arrived in Palestine from 1939 to 1945 ), which prohibits the sale of land to Jews on 80% of the country and promising the creation of a independent Palestinian state within 10 years . Also, the declaration of war, Ben Gurion can declare: "We will make war as if there were no White Paper, and we will fight the White Paper as if the war did not exist" . For their part, the Arabs accept the terms of that White Paper, even if the Grand Mufti of Jerusalem calls for immediate independence of Palestine.

During the war, Jewish volunteers from Palestine joined the British forces (that is fighting the French in Vichy that Moshe Dayan lost an eye) and 6 August 1942, the British, who wanted to create units of Judeo- Palestinian Arab, announced following the reluctance of Arabs, Jews and formation of battalions in 1944, forming a Jewish Brigade, which is engaged in Italy in 1945 . These Jewish troops have shown particular near Bir Hakeim in June 1942, when General Koenig made welcome by his legionaries flag a detachment Jew, for his resistance against the Germans .

Politically, the war is marked by the Zionist conference of 11 May 1942 in New York , which proclaimed that Palestine should become a Jewish state (Jewish Commonwealth) .

By May 1944, the Irgun resumed its anti-British operations and is joined by the Haganah in October 1945. But after the arrest of the Jewish Agency Executive, 29 June 1946, the Haganah stop armed struggle against the British and the Irgun continues and culminates in the attack against the King David Hotel which is a hundred deaths.

Despite the wishes of a commission of inquiry Anglo-American grant 100,000 visas for Palestine to solve the refugee problem, the British ban all immigration legal and Haganah is dedicated to fostering illegal immigration and illegal 70 000 can join, from Europe, Palestine . The case of the Exodus 1947 , where 4,500 refugees are forced to return to Germany, upsets and world opinion.

Britain then entrusted the matter to the United Nations which, with the support of the United States and the Soviet Union despite the opposition of all Arab countries, vote the partition plan for Palestine , November 30, 1947, causing demonstrations of joy on the part of Jews and anger from the Arabs of Palestine. This partition plan dividing Palestine into three sectors, one Arab, one Jewish and the third, the city of Jerusalem, International.

On 14 May 1948, David Ben Gurion proclaimed the independent state of Israel, immediately attacked by neighboring Arab states.

Jews in the State of Israel, from 1948 to now

Main articles: Israel , History of Israel and the Arab-Israeli conflict.

Release of the plaza before the Western Wall in July 1967

Jews of Ethiopia to the Western Wall

Ben Gurion said in 1937: "I always made the difference between Eretz Israel and a state in Eretz Israel" but, paradoxically, with the independence of the state of Israel and Jewish sovereignty over a large Part of the land of Israel, Jews lost access to the heart of it, to Judea, to the Old City of Jerusalem where they had maintained in all periods of Arab domination or Ottoman and the Western Wall. On 13 December 1949, Ben-Gurion proclaimed Jerusalem the capital of Israel, what does not accept the international community, which remains faithful to the partition plan of 1947, which gave an international status for Jerusalem.

In 1950, the Knesset (Israeli parliament) voted for the Law of Return gives every Jew the right to immigrate to Israel.

In Israel itself, the opposition is strong and remains a share among Orthodox Jews represented by the religious parties and the secular majority and the other between Sephardim and Ashkenazim, even to the point lead in the 1990 one Sephardic religious party, the Shas religious party meet Ashkenazi . However, Israel remains united against external opposition and the other major challenge that faces the new state, namely the integration of almost six hundred thousand Jewish refugees to flee Arab countries between 1948 and 1962 . Israel will even have to organize this emigration with Operation Flying Carpet for the Jews of Yemen in 1949-1950 and Operation Ezra and Nehemiah for the Jews of Iraq in 1950-1951. Israel's population was about one million people in 1948 reached in 1967, 2.4 million in 1967 .

The Six Day War of June 5 to 10, 1967, gives Israel control over all the land of Israel on the West Bank of Jordan. Jews have regained access to the Jewish Quarter of the Old Town and the Western Wall. However, from June 17, 1967, Moshe Dayan confirms the Waqf (the Board of Muslim holy sites in Jerusalem) the control of the Haram al-Sharif , that is to say, the Temple Mount .

The late 1980s and the 1990s saw a very high immigration (more than one million people) from Russia and more generally of the former Soviet Union , over a third of all immigrants ever received in the state of Israel.

The immigration of Russian Jews, some of which have a Jew as the name of a grandfather, as well as the rescue of Ethiopian Jews through the Operations Moses and Solomon , presents the issue in the news to know who is Jewish. It can sometimes be resolved differently by the Israeli authorities and the Chief Rabbinate.

The Oslo Accords , signed in Washington September 13, 1993, laying the groundwork for a Palestinian state alongside the state of Israel on the territory of Eretz Israel, one of the unresolved issues and the status remains very sensitive towns and villages established by the Israelis in the territory that was Jordan in the 1967 borders. Israel should keep it or should he go to the Palestinian state? In the latter case, should we evacuate their citizens or to make Palestinians Jews as there are Arab Israelis?
Another sensitive issue is the status of Jerusalem that the Israelis and the Palestinians also, since 1988, made their capital .

References

1. Quoted in the Bible from the First Book of Samuel, 13, 19
2. Joshua 24:1 ff.
3. CYD, pages 1242 and 1243
4. HUJ, Prophecy
5. BREAKFAST, page 1249
6. Zachary, 8, 23
7. BD, page 134
8. ^{a and b} BD, page 139
9. BD, page 141
10. BD, pages 143 and 144
11. (en) Lester L. Grabbe, " Israel in Transition "on Google Books, Continuum International Publishing Group, 2008
12. BD, page 189
13. BD, page 221
14. BD, page 223
15. BD, page 242
16. BD, page 254
17. BD, page 279
18. BD, Page 296
19. HJ, first period, Chapter IX - The penultimate race of the kings of David - (693-621)
20. CYD, The Jews in the ancient and medieval world, Israel
21. ^{a and b} HJ, First Period, Chapter X - Fall of Judah (596-586)
22. Archaeology confirms the presence of many emigrants from Judah in the Nile Delta from the early ^sixth century BD See page 85
23. Lamentations, 1.1
24. Jeremiah, 39, 10
25. ^{a , b and c} (in) Richard Gottheil, Victor Ryssel, Marcus Jastrow and Caspar Levi, " I, Termination of the Exile "
26. HUJ, Persian Era: Jerusalem and Judah
27. BREAKFAST, page 1252
28. However alphabet Paleo-Hebrew continued to be used because it was discovered in Qumran texts dating from the turn of the Common Era, written in paleo-Hebrew characters, not letters squares. See Hricher Lawrence, Michael Lee and Estelle Villeneuve Qumran. Secrets of the Dead Sea Scrolls, Bibliothque nationale de France , 2010 ( ISBN 978-2-7177-2452-3 ) , Page 96
29. BREAKFAST, page 363
30. Nehemiah 10.30
31. HUJ, From Alexander to Pompey
32. HUJ, A piece of the Greek world
33. HJ, Second Period, Chapter V, The Hellenic and Maccabean persecution - (175-160)
34. BREAKFAST, page 1254
35. The alliance is formally equal states, since not only the support of Jews in Rome but also that of the Jews to the Romans: "But if war threatens Rome's first, or any of its allies any point where it exercises control, the Jewish nation, as circumstances dictate, will participate in battle with all his heart. " See Hadas-Lebel 2009 , p. 14-21
36. BREAKFAST, page 1255 and First Book of Maccabees, 13, 42
37. ^{a and b} HUJ, The Rise and Fall of the Hasmonean
38. Hadas-Lebel 2009 , p. 26
39. HJ second period, Chapter XI, the Hasmonean kings (106-40)
40. HUJ, Literature in the Time of Second Temple
41. HUJ, Churn and religious unrest
42. (en) Spencer PM Harrington, " Israel's Oldest Synagogue , "Archaeological Institute of America, July / August 1998. Accessed February 2, 2009
43. (en) Donald D. Binder, " Jericho "Pohick Church (Lorton, Va.). Accessed February 2, 2009
44. AJ, XVIII, 116
45. AJ, XVIII, 63
46. ^{a , b and c} BREAKFAST, page 1257
47. Jaulmes Adrien, " The Samaritans celebrate Passover of the Old World "in Le Figaro , April 10, 2009. Accessed April 12, 2009
48. Hadas-Lebel 2009 , p. 27-29
49. ^{a and b} Hadas-Lebel 2009 , p. 34-36
50. Hadas-Lebel 2009 , p. 39
51. Hadas-Lebel 2009 , p. 41-45
52. Hadas-Lebel 2009 , p. 70
53. This census ordered by Quirinius , Roman legate of Syria which relates Coponius. See Hadas-Lebel 2009 , p. 67.
54. HJ second period, Chapter XV
55. Hadas-Lebel 2009 , p. 89
56. ^{a , b , c and d} HJ second period, Chapter XVII
57. ^{a and b} BREAKFAST, page 1258
58. According to Josephus, the Jews demanded the possession of Caesarea founded by a Jew, Herod, as the Greeks who, themselves, explained that it had been created for them given the many statues and temples that Herod had done raise.
59. GJ, II, 266
60. (en) Donald D. Binder, " Gamla "in Second Temple Synagogues. Accessed April 17, 2009
61. GJ, VI, 420
62. ^{a and b} HJ second period, Chapter XX, The aftermath of the war (70-73)
63. ^{a , b and c} HJ, third period, Chapter I
64. ^{a , b and c} BREAKFAST, page 1259
65. (en) Solomon Schechter and S. Mendelsohn, " a href = "http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=139&letter=E&search=eleazar 20azariah%" class = "external text" rel = "nofollow"> JE, Eleazer B. Azariah "
66. (en) Solomon Schechter Wilhelm Bacher and " I, Joshua B. Hananiah "
67. HUJ, Jerusalem to Yabne
68. ^{a and b} HUJ third period, Chapter II, activity within
69. Simon Claude Mimouni, Christians of Jewish origin in antiquity, ed. Albin Michel 2004
70. (en) Joseph Jacobs and Isaac Broyd , " JE, Minim "
71. EM Smallwood, "Domitian's Attitudes Toward the Jews and Judaism," Classical Philology, 51-1, 1956, p. 1-13
72. P. Kerestzes, "The Jews, the Christian Emperor Domitian and" Vigilae Christianae, 27, 1973, p. 1-28.
73. LA Thompson, "Domitian and the Jewish Tax, Historia, 31-3, 1982, p. 329-342.
74. H. Williams, "Domitian, The Jew And The Judaizers - A Simple Matter of cupiditas and Maiestas? "Historia, 39, 1990, p. 196-211.
75. Life of Domitian, XII, 2
76. LXVII, 14, 1-2
77. ^{a and b} LA Thompson, "Domitian and the Jewish Tax, Historia, 31-3, 1982, p. 329-342
78. Philippe Pergola, " The condemnation of Flavian Christians under Domitian: Religious persecution or political repression? ", 1978
79. Benjamin Isaac , The Invention of Racism in Classical Antiquity, Princeton, 2006 p. 460
80. M. Goodman, "Nerva, The fiscus judaicus and Jewish identity", JRS 79, 1989, p. 40-44
81. CYD, The Jews in the ancient world and medieval Babylonia
82. HJ, third period, Chapter III, Rise of the Judeans under Trajan and Hadrian (98-135)
83. Ruins of Aelia Capitolina, particularly Cardo are visible today in the Old City of Jerusalem.
84. HUJ, the revolt of Bar-Kohba
85. ^{a , b and c} HJ, third period, Chapter IV, Master of War Bar Koceba
86. (en) Richard Gottheil and Samuel Krauss, " I, Hadrian "
87. of Hebrew - Pelaset - land of the Philistines, Exodus 15, 14
88. BREAKFAST, page 429
89. CYD, Article Sanhedrin, page 1025
90. ^{a and b} HJ, third period, Chapter V, the Holy Patriarchate of Judah. Last generation tannaim - (170-220)
91. ^{a and b} HUJ, Daily Life in Palestine at the time of the Talmud
92. HJ, Chapter VI - The patriarch Judah II; the Amoraim - (220-280).
93. HJ, Third Period, Chapter VI, The patriarch Judah II; the Amoraim - (220-280)
94. ^{a , b , c , d , e and f} HUJ, Palestine and the Jews in Christian Rome
95. ^{a and b} Heinrich Graetz , " History of the Jews, III, 1.9 "
96. (en) Solomon Schechter Wilhelm Bacher and " HJ, Gamaliel VI "
97. HJ, third period, Chapter X, The Last Amoraim - (375-500)
98. CYD, Talmud, page 1094
99. (en) HP, page 65
100. (en) HP, page 69
101. (en) In The Synagogue Mosaic floor - Jericho, Palestinian Territory
102. ^{a and b} HJ, third period, Chapter XI, The Jews in Babylonia and Europe - (up to 650)
103. BREAKFAST, page 1266
104. HUJ, Palestine between Persians, Byzantines and Arabs
105. The Muslims would then have given the Jews the right to build a synagogue in Hebron. View (fr) HP, page 58.
106. ^{a , b , c and d} HUJ, the four caliphs and the Umayyad period
107. Nowadays, it is still the Jewish Quarter of the Old City of Jerusalem.
108. (en) HP, page 71
109. (en) HP, page 161
110. HUJ, Jews in Muslim Palestine
111. Menachem Cohen, The Idea of Sanctity Of The Biblical Text and the Science of Textual Criticism in HaMikrah V'anachnu, ed. Uriel Simon, Yahadut U'Machshava HaMachon The Bat Z'mananu and Dvir, Tel Aviv, 1979
112. Jerusalem , a section of the Encyclopaedia Judaica , the Jewish Virtual Library
113. (en) The Karaite Synagogue of Jerusalem
114. Al-Muqaddasi in "Description of Syria, Including Palestine" by Marie Lebert quoted in The Jerusalem medieval University of Toronto
115. Al-Muqaddasi quoted by Michael Zank, "Muqaddasi: A Muslim native of Jerusalem," in Boston University, {{{year}}} Notes

     Related articles

     • History of Palestine
     • Ancient Israel

     Bibliography

     One difficulty in writing this article is to verify the historicity of ancient sources. Many of them are religious, Jewish or Christian and as such do not necessarily pay in historical accuracy. The first historian to address these issues is Flavius Josephus, but he played a role in the events leading widely criticized, he seeks to justify itself. As for older events he recounts in the Jewish Antiquities, is based on the books of Maccabees, which present the things in terms of Jewish or Christian.

     In the nineteenth ^century, Jewish history of Heinrich Graetz is one of the first modern works to address the subject. The Jewish Encyclopedia is a source of readily available and often remarkable accuracy. More recently, the encyclopedic dictionary of Judaism, edited by Geoffrey Wigod and Universal History of the Jews under the leadership of Elijah Barnavi possible to have the views of contemporary historians. In the 2000s, the theories proposed in the Bible revealed to Israel Finkelstein and Neil Asher Silberman have been widely disseminated even though it still lacks the necessary perspective to ensure their soundness.

     The first author of this article has made an effort to consistently cite his sources, he thanked those who fail to improve, to do the same. Who did not use Arabic sources, he thanked those who have access to the particular work of Al-Muqaddasi complete this section.

     • Philo of Alexandria , " Historical Writings (presented by Ferdinand Delaunay ) "on Google - Book Search. Accessed April 9, 2009.
     • Flavius Josephus, translated by Ren Harmand, " Jewish Antiquities "on site of ancient Greek and Latin. Accessed April 9, 2009. In the body of this article, references to this book are identified by the initials AJ followed by references.
     • Flavius Josephus, translated by Ren Harmand, " The Jewish War "on site of ancient Greek and Latin. Accessed April 9, 2009. In the body of this article, references to this book are identified by initials GJ followed by references.
     • Dion Cassius , translated from Greek by E. Basically, " Roman History, Volume ninth book LXIX . The Roman historian, gave a rare antique summaries of the revolt of Bar Kokhba. However, it does not not give the names of Jewish leaders.
     • Hirsch Graetz , Jewish History , Publisher Francis Dominique Fournier (the original edition was published from 1853 to 1875). In the body of this article, references to this book are identified by the initials HJ followed a link to the relevant chapter.
     • This article incorporates text from the Jewish Encyclopedia of 1901-1906, a publication now in the public domain. In the body of this article, references to the Jewish Encyclopedia is identified by the initials I followed the title of the article or paragraph of this encyclopedia.
     • Collective work under the direction of Elie Barnavi , Universal History of the Jews, Hachette, 1992 ( ISBN 2-010163346 ). In the body of this article, references to this book are identified by initials followed HUJ title of the article.
     • (In) Moshe Gil , A History of Palestine, 634-1099. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 1992. This work is partially available on Google books. In the body of this article, references to this book are identified by the initials HP followed by the page number. This particular work is based on documents found in Guenizah Cairo.
     • Mireille Hadas-Lebel , Rome, Judea and the Jews, A. & J. Picard, Paris, 2009 (ISBN 978.2.7084.0842.5)
     • Collective work under the direction of Geoffrey Wigod , Encyclopedic Dictionary of Judaism , Editions du Cerf ( ISBN 2-20404541-1 ). In the body of this article, references to this book are identified by initials BREAKFAST followed by the page number.
     • Israel Finkelstein and Neil Asher Silberman , The Bible Unearthed. The new revelations of archeology, Bayard, 2002, ( ISBN 2-22713951X ). In the body of this article, references to this book are identified by the initials BD followed by page number
     • This article includes translations or adaptations of the article History of the Jews in the Land of Israel from the English.

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