Histoire Des Juifs De Gibraltar
A Jewish presence is attested to Gibraltar since the mid-fourteenth century. The Jews were expelled in 1492 as the rest of the Iberian peninsula, until the eighteenth century when the British allow them to officially return to Gibraltar. The Jewish community of Gibraltar has thrived as one of the largest religious minority in the city, contributing to the culture, defense, and the Gibraltar Government.
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Before 1492
The first traces of Jewish presence in Gibraltar dating from 1356, when the community asks for help to pay the ransom of a group of Jewish prisoners of pirates. Another document indicates that some Jews fleeing Cordoba sought refuge in Gibraltar in 1473 British Act After signing the Treaty of Utrecht (1713) , Gibraltar came under control of the Kingdom of Great Britain and became a British territory. In the treaty, Spain added the clause forbidding the city to Jews and Moors; However, the British did not respect the agreement, the Jews settled in the city. The British tolerance was considered a breach of the Treaty of Utrecht. The Spaniards used this argument to undermine the treaty and besiege the city in 1727, but without success. Other arguments regarding the admission of "Moors", the extension of the fortifications and fraud from Gibraltar . In 1729, an agreement was reached between the British and the Sultan of Morocco , under which the sultan's Jewish subjects are allowed to reside in Gibraltar in order to supply the British garrison. The Jews had the right to permanent settlement in 1749, when Isaac Nieto, the first rabbi of the new community, has come to London and established the Congregation Sha'ar Hashamayim, the oldest synagogue in Gibraltar, known as Great Synagogue. At that time, there were 600 Jews in Gibraltar, almost one third of the civilian population. Three other synagogues that still work for Shabbat and holidays, have been built over the years: Nefutsot Yehuda and Ets Hayim Synagogue in 1781 and Abudarham in 1820. The Jewish population continued to grow, reaching its peak in the mid-nineteenth century. In 1859, Spain declared war on Morocco. Immediately, many Jews of Tetuan and other Moroccan ports take refuge in Gibraltar, where they learn the sacking of "Jewry" (Jewish quarter) of Tetouan shortly before the Spaniards took the city. The Government of Gibraltar, with the approval of French authorities, organized immigration of Jews to Oran, often assisted by compatriots already established in the city, Tetouan moved to Oran and throughout the region: Sidi-bel Abbes, Mascara, Mostaganem ... It should be noted that some old customs have been preserved by Jews in Gibraltar. For example, in 1777, Isaac Aboagye, a Gibraltarian Jew born in Tetouan , is recorded as having two wives, Hannah and Aboagye Simah Aboagye. Bigamy was then illegal in the United Kingdom of Great Britain, but at the time, the law does not appear to have been fully implemented in Gibraltar. Even if the Jews had then abandoned polygamy , this shows that there were exceptions, especially among certain groups of Sephardic and Mizrahi Jews. Most of the Jews of Gibraltar were evacuated to the United Kingdom during the Second World War , when Gibraltar is used as a base of operations for allied forces. After the war, some chose to stay in the UK, but most have returned to Gibraltar, despite a slowdown in some of their religious practices. This trend has been reversed, at least in large part by the efforts of Rabbi Josef Pacifici which, besides the Rabbinate has ensured the development of Jewish education in Gibraltar. Many Gibraltarians Jews have served in important positions in government, especially in the twentieth century, including Sir Joshua Hassan who served two terms as Prime Minister of Gibraltar. The Mayor of Gibraltar, Solomon Levy, began his duties on 1 August 2008. There are five institutions kosher , a Jewish elementary school and two secondary schools. In 2004, during the celebration of the tercentenary of British recovery, for the first time, the congregation of the Great Synagogue (Shaar Hashamayim) officially sang the anthem " God Save the Queen "in Hebrew. , In 1753, when the first census, the Jewish population of Gibraltar is approximately 575 of the 1,816 citizens of several nationalities. The British army bought most of the food it needed, especially fresh produce, Morocco. Trade relations between the traders from North Africa and the British Army urged Moroccan Jews, especially those from Tangier and Tetouan, settle in Gibraltar. The British wanted to, because they wanted to increase the population of Gibraltar . The census of 1759 reported on all residents who arrived in Gibraltar since and before 1704. Twenty-two Jewish families were recorded. Among them, there are families Abudarham, Azayol, Acris, Abecasis, Anahori, Alaisar, Benzaquen (1741), Benatar, Bubdy (1739), Benamara, Conquy, Carvalho (1727), Ferrara, Gabizon, Levy, Levy-Benzaquen ( 1726), Messias, Migueres, Monson (1731), Serfaty (1735), Sananes, Toledano Tobelem (1730), Uziel. Some have settled in Gibraltar from 1726 Another census was taken in 1767 in which 783 Jews were recorded among 2 710 residents. The 1777 census counted 3,210 inhabitants. Of these, 863 were Jews, including 267 born in Gibraltar. In 1791, Gibraltar had 2890 residents, including 680 Jews. The exact figures are not available for almost all of the nineteenth century, but it is established in 1805 the Jewish community represents nearly half the civilian population of the city. Scourges such as plague epidemics hit the city in 1804 and 1814 during which 7,070 civilians died. Gibraltar was then 1657 houses in five districts with a total population of 10,136 divided by ethnic affiliation. Jews lived in the following areas: Town Ranger and Kings Bastion, with one side the British and the Dutch and the other side, Italians, Portuguese and Spanish. In 1830, over 17,000 civilians, 1,300 were "native" Jews and 600 Jewish immigrants lately . In 1878, the population of Jews in 1533, its highest number. Was recorded in the census of 1844, 15,823 residents in Gibraltar among whom there were 12,271 Catholics, mainly Spaniards and Italians, 1690 Jews, 1402 Protestants, 10 Muslims and 450 people from other religions. In 2001, there were 584 Jews (about 2% of the total population), of which 464 were from Gibraltar, 63 came from another British territory, 4 were Moroccans and 18 Spaniards. Five Jews from other countries of the European Union , and 39 are of another origin. Many Sephardic Jews of Gibraltar have. The languages spoken within the Jewish community in Gibraltar include English, Spanish, Ladino , a language spoken by the majority of the population Sephardic , and Arabic , the language spoken at home by a part of the Moroccan population. With the exception of the period of Spanish rule, the Jews of Gibraltar have just faced the anti-Semitism. During the celebration of the tercentenary of Gibraltar, Jonathan Sacks, Chief Rabbi of the United Kingdom and Commonwealth Office said: "In the dark times of expulsion and the Inquisition , Gibraltar has lit the torch of tolerance "and Gibraltar" is probably the community where Jews were more integrated. " The Llanito , the vernacular of the majority of the inhabitants of Gibraltar, has a Jewish component. Nearly 500 words are from the Hebrew and there are also influenced by the haketia , a dialect of Judeo-Spanish spoken by Sephardic communities of northern Morocco and Spanish enclaves of Ceuta and Melilla. During the siege of the city by the Spaniards during the war against Napoleon , Jewish civilians have contributed valiantly to defend Gibraltar against invaders. 
From the twentieth century to today
Demographics
Antisemitism in Gibraltar
Contributions to Jewish Culture of Gibraltar
References
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