Henri Iv Of France
| Henry IV | |
 Henri IV of France | |
| Title | |
|---|---|
| King of France | |
| 2 August 1589 - 14 May 1610 &&&&&&&&&&& 07 590 20 years 9 months and 12 days | |
| Coronation | 27 February 1594 in the Cathedral of Chartres |
| Predecessor | Henry III |
| Successor | Louis XIII |
| King of Navarre | |
| 9 June 1572 - 14 May 1610 | |
| Predecessor | Jeanne III |
| Successor | Louis II |
| Co-Prince of Andorra | |
| 9 June 1572 - 14 May 1610 | |
| Predecessor | Jeanne III |
| Successor | Louis XIII |
| Biography | |
| Dynasty | House of Bourbon |
| Birth name | Henri de Bourbon |
| Date of Birth | 13 December 1553 |
| Place of birth |  Pau ( Barn ) , Duke of Orleans Prince Gaston , Duke of Anjou and Orleans Princess Henrietta |
| Heir | Charles de Bourbon (1589-1590) Henri de Bourbon-Conde (1590-1601) Louis de France (1601-1610) |
| Residence | Palais du Louvre |
 | |
| Kings of France | |
change  | |
Henry IV, born Henri de Bourbon ( 13 December 1553 to Pau - 14 May 1610 in Paris ) was King of Navarre (Henry III of Navarre, 1572 - 1610 ) and King of France ( 1589 - 1610 ), the first French ruler the branch known as the Bourbon dynasty of Capet.
He was the son of Jeanne III , his surname Jeanne d ' Albret , queen of Navarre and Antoine de Bourbon , head of the House of Bourbon , a descendant of King Louis IX and First Blood Prince . Under the " Salic Law "this relationship will be the natural successor of Henry King of France at the death of Francis , Duke of Anjou (brother and heir of King Henry III) in 1584.
Contemporary a century ravaged by religious wars , there was at first heavily involved as blood prince and chief Protestant before entering the throne of France. To be accepted as king, he converted to Catholicism , and signed the Edict of Nantes , peace treaty allowing freedom of worship for Protestants, which ended two decades during the wars of religion. He was assassinated on May 14 1610 by a fanatic Charentais, Francois Ravaillac , Ironworks in Paris.
Summary |
Youth
Henry IV was born in Pau , the capital of the Viscount of Bearn sovereign (now located in the region Aquitaine ), in the castle of his maternal grandfather King of Navarre . Henri d'Albret had long desired that his only daughter gave him a male heir. Immediately born, Henry is delivered into his hands. The chroniclers say he rubbed his lips with a clove of garlic and made him breathe a glass of wine, probably Juranon , where the King of Navarre had a vineyard. Such a practice was common with newborns, to prevent disease.
Henry spent part of his childhood in the countryside of his country castle Coarraze . True to the spirit of Calvinism, his mother Jeanne d'Albret took care of the instruction in this strict morality, according to the precepts of the Reformation.
At the advent of Charles IX in 1561, her father Antoine de Bourbon brought him to live at the court of France. He rubs shoulders with the king and princes of royal family who are her age. It is one object of the conflict between his parents disagree on the choice of his religion, his mother wishing to instruct in Calvinism and his father in Catholicism.
During the first religious war , Henry was placed by security Montargis under the protection of Renee de France. After the war and the death of his father, he was selected to the court as guarantor of the agreement between the monarchy and the Queen of Navarre. Jeanne d'Albret obtained from Catherine de Medici control of his education and his appointment as governor of Guyenne (1563) .
From 1564 to 1566, he accompanied the royal family during his grand tour of France and found his mother on that occasion he had not seen for two years. In 1567, Jeanne d'Albret brought back to live with her in the Bearn.
In 1568, Henry participates as an observer at its first military campaign in Navarre. He continued his military training during the third war of religion. Under the supervision of Admiral de Coligny , he witnessed the battles of Jarnac , of La Roche l'Abeille and Moncontour. He fights for the first time in 1570 at the Battle of Arnay-le-Duc .
King of Navarre
In the court of France
In 1572 , succeeding his mother Jeanne d'Albret , Henri de Navarre became King of Navarre under the name of Henry III . On 18 August 1572 , married in Paris to the sister of King Charles IX , Marguerite de Valois (better known from the nineteenth century romanticized by the nickname "Queen Margot"). The marriage which had opposed Jeanne d'Albret at first , was arranged to promote reconciliation between Catholics and Protestants. As Marguerite de Valois, a Catholic can not marry that to a priest, and that Henry can not enter a church, their marriage was celebrated on the steps of Notre Dame. It was also customary in the Middle Ages that the marriage is solemnized before the porch of the church. This was followed several days of celebration.
However, in a very tense atmosphere in Paris, and following an attack against Gaspard de Coligny , marriage is followed a few days later by the massacre of St. Bartholomew. Spared from the killings because of its status Blood Prince Henry is forced a few weeks later to convert to Catholicism . Under house arrest in the court of France, he became politically with the brother of King Francis of Alenon and participates in the siege of La Rochelle (1573).
After his participation in conspiracies of Malcontents , he is held prisoner with the Duke of Alenon at Vincennes (April 1574). The clemency of the king makes him avoid the death penalty, but he remains detained at the court. At the advent of Henry III , he received at Lyon a new royal pardon and participates in the ceremony of his coronation at Reims.
The Court of Nerac
Oil on canvas, National Museum of the castle of Pau.
After more than three years as a hostage at the court, he took advantage of disorders of the fifth war of religion to escape the 5 February 1576. Having joined his supporters, he revives faded with Protestantism, Catholicism abjuring June 13 . It naturally supports the cause of Malcontents (association of Catholics and moderate Protestants against the government), but a spirit to moderate, it does not get along with his cousin the Prince de Conde , who with a completely opposite temperament, fought hard for the triumph of the Protestant faith . Henry of Navarre's court hears household insurance in France and Guyenne function of governor (representing the king's administrative and military). In 1577, he participated in the sixth timidly religious war led by his cousin .
Henry now faces the distrust of Protestants who criticize his lack of religious sincerity. It takes away from the Bearn is firmly held by the Calvinists . Henry is still faced with the hostility of the Catholics. In December 1576, he nearly died in a trap set in the city of Eauze and Bordeaux , the capital of his government refuses to open its doors . Henry then moved along the Garonne to Lectoure and Agen which has the advantage of being located near his castle of Nerac. His court was composed of gentlemen belonging to both religions. His advisors are largely Protestant, as Duplessis-Mornay and John Lacvivier.
From October 1578 to May 1579, the queen mother Catherine de Medici visited him to complete the pacification of the kingdom. Hoping to keep more easily obedience, she brings his wife Margaret.
For several months, the couple leads Navarre great train to the castle of Nerac. The court particularly fun part of hunting, game and dance, what the pastors complain bitterly . Under the influence of the Platonic ideal imposed by the queen, an atmosphere of gallantry reign on the court which also attracts a large number of scholars (such as Montaigne and Du Bartas ). Henry indulges himself in the pleasures of seduction (he in turn falls in love with two daughters of the queen: Miss Rebours and Franoise de Montmorency-Fosseux ) .
Henry then took part in the Seventh War of Religion revived by his coreligionists. The capture of Cahors , in May 1580, where he managed to avoid looting and massacre, despite five days of street fighting , earned him great prestige both for his courage and humanity .
The adventures of the king women create discord between the couple that still has no children and lead to the departure of Margaret Paris. The radiance of Marguerite in Agen (1585) consume their final break.
Heir to the throne of France
In 1584, the younger brother of the king of France, Francois de France Duke of Anjou and Alenon , died without heir. Not having himself, King Henry III confirmed plans to Henri de Navarre as his heir. He sends the Duke of Epernon inviting him to convert and to return to court. But a few months later, forced by Guise signed the Treaty of Nemours, he declares war and outlaws all Protestants. Rumor has it that one night, half the mustache of the future Henri IV whitens .
Thus begins a conflict in which Henry of Navarre faces a number of occasions the Duke of Mayenne. Relapsed, Henry was again excommunicated by the pope, then he should face the royal army that fights the battle of Coutras in 1587.
Several reversals appear in 1588. The death of Prince Henry of Conde placed clearly at the head of the Protestants. The violent elimination of the Duke of Guise, led him to become reconciled with Henry III. The two kings are found both in the castle at Plessis-lez-Tours and sign a treaty April 30, 1589. Allies against the League which controls Paris and the greater part of the kingdom of France, they managed to lay siege to Paris in July. On 1August 1589 , before dying the next day of injuries inflicted by the fanatic monk Jacques Clement , King Henry III formally recognized his brother and cousin, the King of Navarre as his rightful successor, and he becomes King Henry IV.
For Henri IV began the long reconquest of the kingdom, because three-quarters of French people do not recognize him as king. The Catholics of the League refused to recognize the legitimacy of the succession.
King of France: the reconquest of the kingdom
The war against the League
Aware of his weaknesses, Henry IV should start by conquering minds. The royalist Catholics ask him to renounce Protestantism, which in its nine years had already changed three times in religion. He refuses, but in a statement issued Aug. 4, he said he will respect the Catholic religion. Many are reluctant to follow, some Protestants as the Trmolle even leave the army, which increased from 40 000 to 20 000 men.
Weakened, Henri IV had to abandon the siege of Paris since the lords return home, not wanting to serve as a Protestant. Supported by Spain , the Leaguers revive hostilities, forcing him to retreat to personally Dieppe , because of the alliance with Queen Elizabeth I of England , while his troops ebb everywhere.
However, Henry IV is victorious Charles of Lorraine , Duke of Mayenne on 29 September 1589 at the Battle of Arques. In support of the nobles, Huguenots and political reassured by the warlord and strong human, plus those of Conti and Montpensier (princes of the blood), Longueville , Luxembourg and Rohan Montbazon , dukes and peers, marshals Biron and of Aumont , and many noble enough (Champagne, Picardy, Ile-de-France) . He subsequently fails to take Paris, but stormed Vendome. Again, it ensures that churches remain intact, and that people do not suffer from the passage of his army. With this example, all cities between Tours and Le Mans go without a fight . He beat back the Leaguers and Spaniards Ivry on 14 March 1590 , Paris starving but can not take the city, which is replenished by the Spaniards.
Protestants accuse him of not giving them freedom of worship: in July 1591, he restored by the Edict of Mantes (not to be confused with the Edict of Nantes in 1598 ) the provisions of the Edict of Poitiers (1577 ), which gave them a very limited freedom of religion . The Duke of Mayenne, then at war against Henry IV, convene the Estates General in January 1593 , to elect a new king. But he is foiled: States negotiate with the king's party, get a truce, and his conversion. Encouraged by the love of his life, Gabrielle d'Estrees , and very conscious of the exhaustion of forces, both moral and financial, Henry IV, politician, chose to abjure the Calvinist faith. On 4 April 1592 , a statement known as an " expedient , "Henry announced his intention to be educated in the Catholic religion.
Henry IV solemnly abjured Protestantism , on 25 July 1593 in the Basilica of St. Denis. He was taken, quite wrongly, that the word "Paris is worth a Mass" ( 1593 ), even if the bottom seems full of meaning . To expedite the alignment of cities and provinces (and their governors), he repeatedly promises and gifts, for a total of 25 million pounds. Raising taxes in a row (2.7-fold increase in size ) results in a crisp revolt in the provinces most loyal to the king, Poitou , Saintonge , Limousin and Perigord .
Henry IV was crowned on 27 February 1594 in the cathedral of Chartres. His entrance into Paris on 22 March 1594 and, finally, the absolution given by Pope Clement VIII on 17 September 1595 , it ensures a progressive rallying of all the nobility and the rest of the population, despite strong reservations from critics the most exalted, as the Jean Chatel attempting to assassinate the king near the Louvre on 27 December 1594. It beats a final Army of the League in Fontaine-French .
The war against Spain
In 1595 , Henri IV officially declared war against Spain. The king then experiences great difficulty in repelling the Spanish attacks in Picardy. The capture of Amiens by the Spaniards and the landing of troops in Britain, where the Hispanic governor Philippe Emmanuel de Lorraine, Duke of Mercoeur , cousin of Guise and brother of the late King Henry III still does not recognize Henri IV as king leaves him in a perilous situation.
King also loses the support of the Protestant nobility. In imitation of the Tremoille and Bouillon, she fails to appear in battle. Shocked by his conversion and the many personalities who imitate the Protestants in disarray criticize the king for abandoning them. They meet regularly meeting to reactivate their political organization. They are going to seize the royal tax on their own account .
After submitting the British and the Spaniards have taken Amiens, Henri IV signed the 13 April 1598 , the Edict of Nantes. The two armies are exhausted, the 2 May 1598 was signed the peace Vervins / A> between France and Spain. After decades of civil war, France was finally at peace.
King of France: the pacification
Marriage
Henry IV approaching fifty and still has no legitimate heir. In recent years, Gabrielle d'Estrees shares his life, but not belonging to a ruling family, she can hardly claim to be queen. Still behaving as such, Gabrielle raised many criticisms of both the royal entourage as pamphleteers, who nicknamed the "Duchess of Junk." His death occurred suddenly in 1599, without a doubt eclampsia puerperal allows the king to consider taking a new wife worthy of his rank.
In December 1599 , he obtained the annulment of his marriage to Queen Margaret , and wife, in Lyon on 17 December 1600 , Marie de Medici , daughter of Francesco I de 'Medici and Joanna of Austria , and niece of Ferdinand I , Grand Duke of Tuscany, reigning. The birth of a dolphin the next year ensures the future of the Bourbon dynasty.
Henry IV jeopardizes his marriage and his crown pursuing his extramarital relationship, which began shortly after the death of Gabrielle d'Estrees with Henriette Entragues , ambitious young woman who does not hesitate to blackmail the king, legitimize the children she had by him. Rejected his requests, Henriette Entragues repeatedly conspires against her royal lover.
In 1609, after several other passing fancies, Henry takes a passion for a young daughter Charlotte Marguerite de Montmorency.
Reconstruction and pacification of the kingdom
Henry IV is based, to rule on the relevant ministers and advisers as the Baron de Rosny, later Duke of Sully , the Catholic Villeroy and economist Bartholomew Laffemas. The years of peace can bail out. Henry built the Grand Gallery of the Louvre, which connects the palace to the Tuileries. It establishes a policy of modern urbanism. He continued the construction of the Pont Neuf begun under his predecessor. He built two new places in Paris, Place Royale (now Place des Vosges ) and the Place Dauphine.
His reign, however, sees the peasant uprising in central Canada and the king must intervene at the head of his army. In 1601 , the Treaty of Lyon establishes a territorial exchange between Henry IV and Charles Emmanuel I. , Duke of Savoy , the Duke gave to France the territories of Bresse and Bugey and more countries Gex and Valromey , several centuries possession of the Duchy of Savoy , instead of the marquis of Saluzzo , located in Alpine territory. After the treaty, Henry faces several conspiracies directed from the Spain and Savoy. It is thus run the Duke of Biron and imprisoning the Duke of Angouleme , the last of the Valois, the bastard son of Charles IX.
To reassure former supporters of the League, Henry IV also encourages the entry into France of the Jesuits who during the war had called for the assassination of King creates a "cash conversion" in 1598 A period of economic development and arts and crafts Gradually, France must be repaired. Agricultural production returned to the level of 1560 in 1610. The desire for peace is unanimous: it favors the establishment of the Edict of Nantes, reconstruction, in the Languedoc and northern France, has a ripple effect throughout the economy. The Gobelins is created, encouraged the arts and techniques. Laffemas Bartholomew and the gardener Nimes Franois Traucat inspired the work of the Protestant agronomist Olivier de Serres and play a major role in the history of silk making plant millions of mulberry trees in the Cevennes, Paris and other regions. The Briare Canal connecting the Seine and the Loire for agricultural development is the first water transport channel dug in France. Other projects are prepared but then abandoned at the death of Henri IV. The king does not establish the chicken in the pot as the national dish of French as we said. But in a quarrel with the Duke of Savoy, he pronounced his desire that every farmer could afford to have a chicken in his pot. The Duke of Savoy, visiting France, learning that the king's guards are only paid four crowns a month, moved to the King, give them each a month's pay, what the king, humiliated, replies that it will hang all those who agree, and then mentions his wish for prosperity for the French, represented by the fowl in the pot . His minister Sully explains in his memoir "The royal Oeconomy" his conception of the prosperity of France, linked to the development of agriculture, "Tillage and grazing are the two mainstays of France." The company remains violent: the fired soldiers are organized gangs who roam the country militarily, and that should be pursued militarily to disappear gradually in the 1600s. The nobility is also violent: 4000 deaths a duel in 1607, kidnapping of young girls to marry private cause of wars, where again the king to intervene . In continuation of its predecessors, Henry contends the naval expeditions to South America and fosters an implementation project in Brazil . But in New France that the French manage to settle permanently. From 1599, the king granted the monopoly of the fur trade at Tadoussac, New France, Franois Dupont-Grave and Pierre Chauvin. Subsequently, Henry IV gives the monopoly of the fur trade and loads Pierre Du Gua de Monts (a Protestant) to mount an expedition under the command of Samuel de Champlain , a French post established in Acadia. It will be first on the island of St. Croix (now Dochet Island, Maine) in 1604 and later at Port Royal in New France in spring 1605. But the monopoly was revoked in 1607, which will end the attempt to stand. King burden Samuel de Champlain to report its findings. In 1608, the monopoly was restored for one year only. Champlain is sent with Francois Dupont-Grave, to found Quebec, which is the start of French colonization in America , while the rest of Mons in France to extend the monopoly. The end of the reign of Henry IV was marked by tensions with the Habsburgs and the resumption of war against Spain. Henry IV is involved in the quarrel between the emperor of the Roman Catholic Protestant German princes he supports, in the succession of Cleves and Jlich. The flight of the Prince de Conde in 1609 at the Court of the Infanta Isabella revived tensions between Paris and Brussels. Henry believes his army ready to resume the conflict that had stopped a decade earlier. The outbreak of a European war did not like the pope, anxious for peace between Christian princes, nor the French subjects, concerned about their peace. Disagree with the king, the Catholic priests who stand their virulent sermons revive the old deranged League. King also sees a party that opposes its policy within the entourage of the queen. The king is in a precarious position that is not only the fact of Catholics as Protestants seek to maintain in spite of the Edict of Nantes their political privileges. While preparing for war, it is about the official crowning of the queen at Saint-Denis, which takes place on 13 May 1610. The next day, Henry IV died assassinated by Francois Ravaillac , a Catholic fanatic, in the Ironworks in Paris. The investigation will conclude that the isolated action of an unbalanced. Henry IV was buried at the Basilica of St. Denis on 1 July 1610 , after several weeks of funerals. His eldest son Louis ( Louis XIII ), nine years old, succeeds him under the regency of his mother Queen Marie de Medici. Henry had six children from his marriage with Marie de Medici Henri IV also had at least 12 illegitimate children: For more than legend, it is indeed a cult which was made from the eighteenth century. For it is in the eighteenth century that has formed and developed the legend of the good King Henry. Icon became so popular that it remained a picture of Epinal. In honor of Henri IV, Voltaire wrote a poem in 1728 entitled The Henriade. Despite this positive image, the tomb of St. Denis did not escape desecration in 1793 , due to the hate symbols monarchy under the French Revolution. The Convention had ordered the opening of all the royal tombs in order to extract metals. The body of Henry IV is the only one of the kings to be found in an excellent state of preservation because of its exsanguination. It is exposed to passersby, standing for a few days. The royal remains are then thrown pell-mell in a mass grave north of the basilica, except some pieces of human remains that are kept in private homes. Louis XVIII order their exhumation and re-entry into the crypt, where they are still today. By 1814, it is believed to restore the statue of King destroyed during the Revolution. Cast in 1818, the new statue was made from the bronze statue of Napoleon the Vendome column. The century romantic perpetuate the legend of the Good King Henry, King gallant, brave and good man, playing on all fours with her children and grand champion of the famous Chicken Pot-au-. In fact, the State had, after the recent disturbances, badly needed to restore a positive image of the monarchy ; Chilperic and Charlemagne seemed too distant, and the Louis ... VII, VIII, X, XII were too obscure (or rather too pale); Louis IX held, probably, too proud (and / or too religious). Other Louis XI, XIII, XIV, etc.. aroused much bad memories ... It was therefore in a real operation "advertising" to find a monarch who receives the most votes, "the good King" held that role for posterity. The castle of Pau continues the legend of the good King Henry. You can still see his cradle made of a shell turtle. It's in the tradition barnaise his first baptism took place: his lips were moistened with wine Jurancon and rubbed with garlic to give it strength and vigor. His nickname "Vert-galant, he owes his passion towards his many mistresses, seems to confirm this . More recently, the historiography of contemporary restored the image of a king who was unpopular with his subjects and had great difficulty to accept his policies. Moreover, his comings and goings from one denomination to another, the renunciation of August 1572 and the solemn, 25 July 1593, earned him the enmity of both sides. This king was well aware and he is ready to end his life the following words: "You do not know me now, you guys, but I will die someday, and when you have me lost, you know when what I was worth " . Before being loved by the people, Henry IV was therefore one of the most detested kings, and his effigy burned his name associated with the devil. Due to the daily pounding of priests leaguers during the last war of religion, there are no fewer than a dozen assassination attempts , against him, including the boatman Orleans Barrier Pierre stopped at Melun (armed with stated intention) August 27, 1593 and Jean Chtel that he, wounded the king in the face Rue Saint-Honore, his mistress, 27 December 1594 . His assassination by Ravaillac is even experienced by some as an issue, develop a rumor of a new St. Bartholomew spreads during the summer of 1610 . Incessant attacks: physical or moral or religious ... not to mention the case Marthe Brossier rudely mounted by the League (see "New collection of memories for the history of France," Fr Joseph Michaud, Jean Joseph Poujoulat Francis - 1838 - France). The growing popularity of the king may keep his attitude in the seats: it ensures that cities are not taken pillaged and their inhabitants spared (and, at the siege of Cahors in 1580). It shows also magnanimous with his former enemies leaguers, especially after the surrender of Paris. He prefers to buy the rallies that go to war to conquer his kingdom. The contemporary historiography has also confirmed the full commitment of the king for Catholicism after his conversion, despite a sharp decline against religious dogma they are Catholic or Protestant. Having been the last Count of Foix , Henry IV is as such remained a king of great importance for the Ariege and often quoted in local history . The song Vive Henri IV " which was written in his honor has been durably popular in France since 1774. Under the Restoration , the air is frequently played in the ceremonies taking place outside the presence of the King and the royal family. He then appears to quasi-official song of the monarchy. The body of Henry IV is discarded as another in a common grave beneath bushels of lime at the desecration of tombs in the Basilica of St. Denis in 1793. Louis XVIII decides to bring the basilica remnants of its predecessors 19 January 1817 : to this end, the bones are recovered from the pit, but only the lower portions of three bodies are identifiable, hence the view that it lacks three heads . From that time, rumors circulate that the embalmed head of Henry IV was separated at the time of the desecration (one eyewitness spoke of Henry IV "beaten with a sword and put into play" , another evokes a doctor carrying his head) and had disappeared - but no contemporary document that attests hypothetical theft. Her record was subsequently found in the nineteenth century in the private collection of a German count, Count of Erbach , and October 31, 1919 auction at the Hotel Drouot dealer when Montmartre, Joseph-Emile Bourdais, three francs to buy a "known mummified head of Henry IV" at the sale of the estate of Emma Nallet-Poussin, painter of Montmartre, for the modest sum of 3 francs. The dealer will try all his life in vain, to prove that this is the head of Henry IV, in particular by carrying out X-rays, casts or by exposing the mummified head to onlookers in the street or to its guests in his home. He also shows "a small museum of Montmartre before offering the Louvre ... who refused, doubting its authenticity, "said Jacques Perot , former curator of the Chteau de Pau, where Henry IV was born . Journalists Stephen Gabet, and Pierre Belet, wishing to make a documentary on Henri IV to commemorate the 400th anniversary of his death, regain the lead in 2008 by Jacques Bellanger, a retired official who had purchased 5,000 francs the sister of Joseph-Emile Bourdais in 1955, since keeping in a box in his attic. The latter has contacted Jean-Pierre Babelon , historian and authority on the time of Henry IV, to identify the head, journalists have indeed learned the story and convince Jacques Bellanger to give him head for the authentication . A study by a multidisciplinary team of scientists led by forensic pathologist Philippe Charlier and published by the British Medical Journal in 2010 performed the following tests on the head: carbon 14 dating , which dates the skull to a period between 1450 and 1650, anatomical connections (age, sex, pigmented lesion on the ala compatible with a nevus , earring hole, bone lesion in the mouth as the slash due to the attempted murder of Jean Chatel , color of hair and beard, three sections post mortem stab in the neck, poor dentition ante-mortem , facial overlays produced by tomography computer-based in particular on the molding of his mask kept in the mortuary Bibliothque Sainte-Genevive ), toxicology (the lead is found lining the same as his coffin), embalming technique: the skull has not been sawn or pate (technique used by the surgeon to Henry IV, Jacques Guillemeau who writes May 15, 1610 the King's autopsy protocol) or perforated as was customary at the time ( Alexandre Lenoir , who witnessed the desecration, yet precise in the Museum of French Monuments in 1801 the head of Henry IV was sawn and the brain replaced with oakum and herbs ) but was "embalmed with the art of the Italians" by Pierre Pigray by leaving intact through the use of animal charcoal (revealed by Raman spectroscopy ) to protect the body from putrefaction. This study found that thirty points of agreement that would confirm the identity of the embalmed head is that of King Henry IV "99.9% certainty" . The DNA test is unusable (long exposure to lead the coffin would be too fragmented mitochondrial DNA and no samples were taken from blank contamination), several historians as Philippe Delorme or Franck Ferrand question what degree of certainty . The princes of blood: * Bourbon * Valois * Relationship: Great: The barons and Protestant figures: Advisers and servants of the state: Entourage: The men of the Church: The men of arts and letters: Robert de Clermont (1256-1317) Louis I de Bourbon-Vendme (1376 - 1446) Antoine de Bourbon (04/22/1518 - 1562) In 824 , the Third Battle of Roncesvalles against the Franks finally allows the Basques to create the Kingdom of Pamplona With the death of the last king of Basque lineage, which lasted five centuries, the kingdom of Navarre , will erode the benefit of States in training courses, both north and south of the Pyrenees. Capetian House of Bourbon: Henri III de Bourbon (1572-1610) French settlement in America
The assassination
Children
Descendants illegitimate
The Legend of Good King Henry
A cult late
An object of hatred
Popularity (essentially) posthumous
Rediscovery of the head of King Henry IV?
References
Source: Major figures of the reign of Henry IV (1589 - 1610)
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Preceded by Henri IV of France Followed by Henry III 
King of France 1589 - 1610 Louis XIII Jeanne III 
King of Navarre 1572 - 1610
Louis I de Bourbon (1279 - 1342)
Jacques I de Bourbon-La Marche (1319 - 4.6.1361)
John I of Bourbon-La Marche (1344 - 11.6.1393)
Jean VIII de Bourbon-Vendme (1428 -1477)
Franois de Bourbon-Vendme (1470 - 1495)
Charles IV de Bourbon (06/02/1489 to 03/25/1537)
Henri IV of France (12/13/1553 to 05/14/1610)
Louis XIII of France (09/27/1601 to 05/14/1643) Dukes of Vascony Trust Frankish Loup II (768-778) Sancho I. Wolf (778-812). In rebellion against the Franks: I of Gascony Seguin (812-816) Eneko Garcia I. Centulle (816-819) Wolf Centulle III (819-824)
Kings of Pamplona Iiguez family: Eneko Aritza (825-851/2) (First King) Garcia Iiguez I. (851/2-882) Fortun Garcia (882-905) Kings of Pamplona and Navarre Jimenez Family: Sancho I. (905-925) Jimeno Garcs I. (925-931) Garcia Sanchez I. (931-970) Sancho II Garcs Abarca (970-994) Garcia Sanchez II (994-1000 / 1004) Sancho III the Great (1004-1035) Garcia Sanchez III (1035-1054) Garcs Sancho IV (1054-1076) (1076-1094) Peter I. Navarra (1094-1104) Alfonso I of Navarre (1104-1134) Garca V of Navarre (1134-1150) Kings of Navarre Sancho VI the Wise (1150-1194) Sancho VII the Strong (1194-1234) , .
Champagne House: Dr. Blanche I (Heiress) Thibaut I. (1234-1253) Thibaut II (1253-1270) Henry I (1270-1274) Dr. Joan I (1274-1305) and Philip I.
Capetian House: Dr. Joanna I (1274-1305) Louis I (1305-1316) Philip II (1316-1322) Charles I of Navarre (1322-1328)
Capetian House of Evreux: Joan II of Navarre (1328-1349) and Philip III of Navarre (1328-1343) Charles II of Navarre (1349-1387) Charles III of Navarre (1387-1425) Dr. Blanche I of Navarre (1425-1441) and John II of Aragon
House Trastamara: John II of Aragon (1425-1479) Dr. Eleanor I of Navarre (1479)
House of Foix: Francis I of Foix (1479-1483) Dr. Catherine I of Navarre (1483-1517) and John III d'Albret (1484-1516) Kings of Lower Navarre House of Albret: John III of Navarre (1484-1516) Henry II of Navarre (1517-1555) Jeanne III d'Albret (1555-1572) and Antoine de Bourbon (1555-1562) Names used in Navarre (Start and end of reign)
List of kings of Navarre 
Portal Pyrenees 
Portal of the Kingdom of France 
Portal of Basque Country 
Portal Renaissance 
Portal of the Grand Sicle France (1598-1715) 
Protestantism portal
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