Hebron
31 31 '26 "N 35 06' 11" E / 31.5240, 35.1030
| Hebron | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Administration | |
| Country |  Israel |
| Geography | |
| Altitude | 930 m |
| Demography | |
| Population | 130 533 inhabitants. (1997) |
Hebron (in Arabic : Al-Khalil, ) (in Hebrew : Chevron, ) is a town in the West Bank , in the mountain region of Judea , south of Jerusalem. This city is one of the oldest cities in the Middle East still inhabited.
Summary |
The Hebrew name Chevron as well as the Arabic name Al-Khalil both mean the friend, referring to Abraham , the Friend of God ("Chevron" has its root hvr, and just "'Haver", meaning in Hebrew "Friend").
In Hebrew, the name of Chevron, already present in the biblical text , which is rooted derive many words that have meaning to bind, associate, or combine. The Hebrew word that means friend Haver is the same root. The suffix name, composed of a Vav and a Noun , indicates a place. Hebron therefore designate the place of the alliance. The name of Hebron has no connection with "Hebrew": the first begins with a Het , whereas the word "Hebrew", Ivry, begins with an Ayin.
Geography
Hebron is located in the Middle East in the West Bank , about 30 kilometers south of Jerusalem. Hebron is at an altitude of 930 meters above sea level
Places remarkable
- the Tomb of the Patriarchs
- the Archaeological Museum with objects from the Canaanite period
- the oak of Mamre The glass
In Ras al-Jora, at the northern entrance of Hebron are the glass and ceramics factories renamed. They occur in particular a glass of very nice blue color. There are also green, turquoise and dark red. These colors are achieved through metal oxides. This glass is used for stained glass and jewelry and lamps. Most items sold in shops in the city are glasses, dishes, bowls or vases.
The manufacture of glass has been around for centuries (it dates back to Roman times), and found even in the old city district called "the district glassblowers. The technique used is similar to that found in Venice.
History
Antiquity
Hebron is an ancient Canaanite royal city. It became the capital of the Kingdom of Judah until the capture of Jerusalem.
According to tradition, the cave of Machpelah, in Hebron, where are buried Abraham and the first extended family of the Bible: Sarah , Isaac , Rebekah , Jacob and Leah.
Archaeological excavations have revealed traces of important fortifications date from the Bronze Age old. The city was destroyed by fire and repopulated during the Middle Bronze Age-final. Fragments of cult objects using cuneiform writing and establishing the list of sacrificial animals were found during excavations and dating from the Middle Bronze period-end. Archaeology could not determine whether the Late Bronze (-1500 to -1200) the site was occupied. For cons, the first Israelite there appeared in Iron I (between -1200 and -1000), from the late thirteenth century BC. AD . Jars with inscriptions, known LMLK seals , dating from 700 BCE were found in Hebron and mention the name of the city in Hebrew.
After the destruction of the First Temple , most Jews of Hebron were exiled to Babylon to -587 and Edomites moved into the city for them. Herod the Great built the wall that still surrounds Today the Tomb of the Patriarchs.
During the First Jewish-Roman war , the city was conquered by Simon Bar Giora, Head of Sicarii.
Hebron is then under Byzantine rule. The Emperor Justinian built a Christian church on the site of the Tomb of the Patriarchs in the sixth century. This church was destroyed by the Sassanid.
Middle Ages
The Caliphate established its dominance over Hebron without resistance in 638. The Byzantine church is transformed into mosques. The growing exchanges with the Bedouins of the Negev and the population east of the Dead Sea. Muslim and Christian sources note that Umar I allowed the Jews to build a synagogue and a cemetery near the square of the Cave of Machpelah.
In the nineteenth century, Zedakah ben Shomron, a scholar Karaite , wrote on a permanent Jewish presence and a Jewish man described as the "guardian of the tomb." El Makdesi, an Arab historian, describes "a synagogue and a kitchen that Jews have in place for all pilgrims rich and poor" at the end of the century.
Arab rule lasted until 1099 , when Godfrey of Bouillon took the city and renamed it "Castellon Saint Abraham". The Crusaders converted the mosque and the synagogue in churches and Jews living in Hebron are expelled.
In 1166, Maimonides went to Hebron and writes: "And the first day of the week, the 9th day of Cheshvan , I left Jerusalem for Hebron to kiss the graves of my forefathers in the Cave of Machpela. And the same day, I stood in the cellar, and I was praying, praising the Lord for everything. "
Kurdish Muslim Saladin took Hebron in 1187 , and gives the city its name "Hebron". Richard the Lion Heart he quickly resumed the city.
In 1260 Baybars establishes the domination of the Mamluks , the minarets are built on Ibraham Mosque built at that time over the Tomb of the Patriarchs.
During this period, a small Jewish community continues to live in Hebron, but the climate is less tolerant of Jews and Christians that during the Muslim period. A tax is imposed on Jews who want to visit the Tomb and then 1266 , a decree prohibits access to Jews and Christians. They are only allowed to stand on a step outside the eastern wall of the structure.
John Mandeville wrote that Jews and Christians were seen "like dogs" . Many Jewish and Christian visitors wrote about the Jewish community of Hebron. Among them, a student of Moshe ben Nahman (in 1270), the traveler Ishtori haFarhi (in 1322), Stephen von Gumfenberg (in 1449), Rabbi Meshulam of Voltar (in 1481) and Rabbi Ovadia Bertinoro mi , a famous commentator Bible (in 1489). From 1333, it is mentioned by Hakham Yishak Hilo of Larissa (Greece) visiting Hebron, Jews working the glass and cotton merchant. He noted that in Hebron, "there is an ancient synagogue where they pray day and night."
Under Ottoman rule
From 1517 to 1917 , the city of Hebron in the Ottoman Empire. Groups of Jews from other parts of the Holy Land and the Jews expelled from Spain and other parts of the Jewish Diaspora resettle in the city.
Hebron becomes a center of Jewish learning. In 1540 Rabbi Malkiel Ashkenazi buys land to build the Avraham Avinu Synagogue (en) (ET). In 1807, the Jewish community buys a box of 5 dunums , where the market stands today in Hebron. A pogrom is triggered in 1834. In 1831 , Ibrahim Pasha of Egypt took Hebron until 1840.
Under the British Mandate
the massacre of 1929
In December 1917 during the First World War, the British occupied Hebron. The Balfour Declaration of November 1917 sets out the position of the United Kingdom for the establishment of a Jewish national home in Palestine.
After World War I, the League of Nations (forerunner of the UN ) gave the British a mandate on Palestine , formalized in July 1922. The Arab population is organizing several disorders, including the riots of 1920.
In 1929, the conflict affects particularly the town of Hebron, where Arabs massacred 67 Jews and wounded 60. Jewish homes and synagogues were ransacked.
Main article: Hebron Massacre (1929).A British commission of inquiry was appointed after the riots.
Two years later, 35 Jewish families returning to the ruins of the Jewish quarter of Hebron, but after further uprisings Arab, the British government decided to move all Jews out of Hebron "to prevent another massacre." Hebron remained in the Palestine Mandate British until 1948.
In the old hospital Beit Hadassah (he) is now a small memorial museum dedicated to this tragedy.
During the Jordanian annexation
The partition plan for Palestine of 1947 assigns to the Hebron Palestinian Arab state. However, after the Palestine war of 1948 , he does not see the date and the city came under Egyptian control and after the operation Yoav and the collapse of the Egyptian army, under Jordanian control.
In March 1950, Jordan organizes elections and the Parliament elected in April voted the annexation of the entire West Bank by the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan. The residents then receive Jordanian citizenship. The annexation, however, is recognized only by Great Britain. It is rejected by the Arab League and the national government established the Palestinian Gaza. Israel is no official comment
Jews are no longer allowed to visit their holy sites in the West Bank , including Hebron. The Jewish Quarter and cemeteries were destroyed and an animal pen was built on the ruins of the Avraham Avinu Synagogue (en) (ET).
After the Six Day War in June 1967 , Hebron and the rest of the West Bank came under military control and Israeli administrative.
In July 1988 the Kingdom of Jordan officially renounced the West Bank territories, ending the Representation of the people in the Jordanian parliament, and by redrawing the maps of the kingdom to limit it to the east bank of the Jordan, in borders it has today.
Under Israeli administration
After the success of the Israeli military Six Day War , Israel took control of the West Bank administered under the name of the regions of Judea (south around Hebron) and Samaria.
In 1969, a group of Jews settled in Hebron again, even if a compromise with the government concentrates the Jewish presence in single settlement site of Kiryat Arba , in the east of the city. From 1979, Jews out of Kiryat Arba to found the Committee of the Jewish Community of Hebron in the historic Jewish quarter around the Avraham Avinu Synagogue (en) (he) , then in other parts of the city like Tel Romeida (en) (he) where the Beit Menachem building was inaugurated in 2005, Beit Romano (he) , Beit Hadassah (he) and the Gutnick Center opened at Easter 1996.
Main article: Kiryat Arba.
Beit Menachem built on stilts
Beit Menachem and trailers stacked on two floors
Since the Oslo Accords
Since 1967, the Palestinian Arabs express their demands on the West Bank, including Hebron.
The first intifada was conducted partly in the West Bank, where attacks against Israel increase. The Oslo Accords bring Palestinians and Israelis to the negotiating table for a resolution of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict.
The Jewish community of Hebron is particularly opposed to the signing of the Oslo agreements and bilateral agreements which are negotiated by Israel and the new Palestinian Authority.
In 1994 , Baruch Goldstein , a militant nationalist religious Israeli who identified himself as Rabbi's Kach faithful, opens fire on Muslim worshipers in the Tomb of the Patriarchs and killing 29 people. The attack was condemned by the Israeli government and Israeli people and leads the movement was banned Kach and Kahane Chai.
Clashes between the two communities are recurring. The Israeli Jewish community of Hebron is particularly subject to many attacks that are increasing after the Oslo agreements , especially after the outbreak of the Second Intifada against her including suicide attacks, attacks on the With knives and gunfire from the neighborhood of Abu Sneina. 12 Israelis were killed in an ambush on the way to the Tomb of the Patriarchs and a child is killed by a sniper. Two observers of the international presence of TIPH are killed by Palestinian gunmen in an attack on a road to Hebron , , .
Since the beginning of 1997 , as envisaged in the Hebron Protocol , the city is divided into two zones: H1, under Palestinian control covers most of the city, and H2 represents the eastern edge of the City (where about 30,000 Palestinians) which includes an enclave of Jewish settlements from 600 to 800 people near the city center, under Israeli control.
The number of Palestinian residents in the H2 area has decreased during the second intifada , because of movement restrictions and curfews imposed by the army claiming security reasons , .
Demographics
Palestinian children in Hebron Hebron has a population of 130,533 inhabitants according to 1997 census: 130 000 Muslims , 530 Jews and three Christians .
The evolution of the population of the city by crossing the following sources:
Hebron is divided into two parts (Agreement of January 15, 1997), one controlled by the Palestinian Authority and the other under the control of Israel , . Figures after 1967 do not include the Jewish community of Kiryat Arba , the part of Hebron under Israeli control and where 7,000 Israelis live.
Religion
Hebron is one of the shrines of the three Abrahamic religions. This holy place, now divided between a synagogue and a mosque is revered by Jews , the Christians and Muslims.
According to the Bible
According to the Bible , the patriarchs Hebrew Abraham , Isaac and Jacob stayed there to turn and there were buried with their wives in the cave of Machpela
According to the Pentateuch ( 18 Ge and 23 Ge , parsha Vayera and Sarah Hague ) Abraham stays in this place of Canaan also designated as Kiriyat Arba. It's near Hebron lies the Oak of Mamre where Abraham is visited by three angels, one of which will announce the birth of Isaac. He buys the cave of Machpela to bury his deceased wife, Sarah.
Hebron is also mentioned as one of the objectives of the 12 spies sent by Moses when the people of Israel lies in the desert after his release from slavery in Egypt.
This city is part of the conquest of Canaan by Joshua. In the book of Joshua , the city is given to Caleb and his family, to reward merit. Hebron became the capital of the Tribe of Judah.
In the Second Book of Samuel , Hebron is offered to King David as his capital when he ruled the Kingdom of Judah , until Jerusalem becomes the capital of the kingdom of Israel unified.
The city of Hebron is also sometimes mentioned among the cities assignment Levites , including family Kohath.
The Qur'an
"> External Links
- (En) Site of the Israeli city of Hebron
- (Ar) Site Palestinian city of Hebron
- (In) An Architectural Survey of Raboud (South of Hebron) by Prof. Dr.. Ibrahim Iqtait, in Web Journal on Cultural Patrimony (Fabio Maniscalco ed.), Vol. 1, January-June 2006
- (In) The "quiet transfer" in Hebron B'Tselem Report, The Israeli Information Centre on Human Rights
- International Committee for the Safeguarding and Promotion of the Old City of Hebron
References
- The Land of Israel: A Journal of Travels in Palestine - The oak of Mamre on Google Books , page 392
- William G. Dever, The Origins of Israel When the Bible says is true, Bayard, 2005, p.235
- (en) The Travels of Sir John Mandeville
- Fatal Terrorist Attacks in Israel Since The DOP (Sept 1993) - Report of the Israeli Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 24 September 2000
- . Palestinians are the subject of numerous attacks by settlers, especially in Tel Rumeida where an elementary school. Casualties of War , The Jerusalem Post
- Victims of Palestinian Violence and Terrorism Since September 2000 , Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs
- Major Terrorist Attacks in Israel , Anti-Defamation League
- The Protocol Concerning Redeployment in Hebron , United Nations Information System on the Question of Palestine, 17 January 1997
- Israeli NGO issues damning deferral situation is in Hebron , Agence France-Presse, 19 August 2003
- Hebron, Area H-2: Settlements Cause Mass Departure of Palestinians , B'Tselem, August 2003
- a , b , c , d , e and f Jewish Virtual Library
- http://www.monde-diplomatique.fr/IMG/jpg/artoff638.jpg Hebron map with watershed
- Memorandum of agreement on redeployment in Hebron
Loading ...