Heavy Metal (Music)

Musical Language

Rhythm and Groove

With regard to the rhythmic , heavy metal is characterized by:

• A groove often based on specific rhythmic phrases in staccato (through extensive use of palm mute ). Rhythmic phrases based on short rhythmic figures equal binary or ternary (usually in eighth or sixteenth note ) to measure 4 / 4 most often. In more metaphorical terms, this means that the metal is often characterized as a whole by dynamic rhythmic and jerky, made from dried small rhythmic cells juxtaposed to each other. Many groups then repeat this basic frame adorning it with different variations through ornaments or melodic syncopation .

• Recurrent use of long rhythmic values (in round or even over several measures ), in the songs tempo slow: in other words, agreements that resonate long oppressive through the amplification.

In sub-genres of metal, this basic groove is still frequent but it has different variations depending on the genre: the power metal , the thrash and death metal with the accelerated rhythms tremolo , while groups of black metal tend to neglect the staccato tremolo for their play legato (no palm mute ). In the doom and gothic metal , but rather the use of long values in the round that will be exploited further. Groups of progressive metal , too often take the basic groove but adapt it to other measures (5 / 4, 7 / 4, 5 / 8, 7 / 8, etc.)..

Agreements

One characteristic of heavy metal is its extensive use of the power chord , particularly of the agreements based on the relationship basic / straight , which is by far the most used of all. Sometimes encountered with other types of power chords :

• fundamental / minor third or basic / major third (very common in Metallica );
• Basic / sixth minor (common in Judas Priest , Iron Maiden , Accept , Metallica , etc.).
• core / quad perfect ( Accept makes extensive use);
• and also the fifth diminished / augmented fourth.

Relations typical harmonic

The heavy metal is based inherently on the riff , the fundamental basis of gender. The riffs are often built around a number of harmonic overtones individuals:

The modal harmonies

The emphasis tends to be heavy metal minor modes that are culturally associated with darker overtones and sadder. It makes extensive use of chord progressions of harmonies resulting modal

The mode of (the mode known as "wind") is particularly preferred in the traditional heavy metal . Progressions typical of the mode are: I-VI-VII I-VII (VI), I-IV-VI-VII or I-V sometimes (a minor)-I.

Examples:

• Judas Priest - Breaking the Law (main riff: I-VI-VII)
• Iron Maiden - Hallowed Be Thy Name (main riff and verse phrases: I-VI-VII)
• Accept - Princess Of The Dawn (main riff: I-VI-VII)

Mode half (the mode known as "Phrygian") is also widely used in metal . Harmonic progressions in which type I-II (flat) are preferred.

Examples:

• Mercyful Fate - Gypsy (main riff I-II-I-VI-V)
• Megadeth - Symphony of Destruction (main riff hinged on succession II-I)
• Sodom - Remember the Fallen (main riff-the end of the riff involves a Phrygian cadence I-II-III)

Mode if / B> (the user said "locrian") or at least some of its inflections can sometimes be used instead of or in alternating mode mi. This mode is indeed structurally similar mode of E but includes also a report of diminished fifth between the first and fifth degrees.

Example:

• Judas Priest - Painkiller (the main riff)
• Metallica - The Shortest Straw (the main riff) (which includes both inflection mode and method of mid si)

The harmonic minor mode can also be sometimes used (often in reference to the classic). This range is in fact the typical range of minor classic. Some guitar virtuosos like Yngwie Malmsteen , Ritchie Blackmore or Uli Jon Roth have made themselves experts in its use. Its use remains relatively minority against the mode of a mid or harmonic relationships strained.

Relations strained harmonic and dissonant intervals

One of the most common harmonic overtones in the various sub-genres of heavy metal is the use of strained relations based on the harmonic chromaticism , the newt or other intervals dissonant in the heavy metal , a dissonant interval resulting from the addition of a basic to an augmented fourth (eg C-F #). The use of this interval was excluded from medieval music because of his character found in the little melodic chant. The monks also christened the " Diabolus In Music "(literally," the devil in music ") both because of their disdain for it as symbolic association between good taste in music and Christian ethics . Because of this symbolic association original sounds of the interval were in the popular subconscious, similar to something diabolical. Therefore the use of triton often tends to connote these days, a feeling of "unhealthy" or "evil", especially when used without its dissonance is tonal feature. This gap is especially used in the solos and especially in the same harmonic structures, for example at the beginning of the song Black Sabbath's group of the same name.

	Typical example of a harmonic progression with the tritone (G-C #): the main riff of the song Black Sabbath by Black Sabbath.
	Sample Agreement arpeggio consists of a tritone (the mid-#) in the introduction of acoustic Seasons in the Abyss by Slayer.

Pedal harmony

The heavy metal is also extensive use of pedals harmony as a basis of riffs. A pedal note is a harmony that is required, usually in the low (often the tonic , that is to say the most important note of the passage) over which different successive agreements unrelated to this note (that is to say dissonant) . The effects pedals often create tension and expectation. In heavy metal, the riffs are often built from agreements or patterns evolving around a constantly repeated bass note (pedal), the most frequent string on the bass strings of E, A or D to guitar or bass .

One of the most eloquent and most representative is the opening riff of "You've Got Another Thing Comin '" by Judas Priest. In this case, a guitar plays the pedal in F # major continuous while the second guitar power chords that resonate three different successive (Mi 5 If 5 and F # 5) above.

But the alternation or overlap between the pedals and agreements can also be performed by a single guitar riff, the main example of "Fight Fire with Fire" by Metallica : pedal note is the low E (in string) repeated continuously very fast and power chords alternating with successive Sol 5, F # 5 and F 5. These agreements are agreements unrelated to this note in that they do not have the note E in their natural constitution.

Differences between hard rock and heavy metal in harmony

Because of these special features, a specific distinction between slowly drawn heavy metal and hard rock. If both are based on the prominence of guitars and a structure-based riffs, heavy metal differs especially in the hard rock that's melodic and harmonic structures blues progressions are replaced by modal and tonal relationships unstable ( chromatics , intervals dissonant chord progressions drowning orthodoxy tonal ).

Thus, the heavy metal bands are generally colder and darker than those of hard rock .

Themes

As so often in popular music, imaging and appearance play in heavy metal bands predominant. Album covers and concert performances are as much a part of the image of a group as the music itself. Through the heavy metal, many artists work collaboratively in order to produce all the elements of an album, each contributing to the work his special talent to offer the public a product artistically rich. In this, the heavy metal is today perhaps more an art form protean , serving a manifestation of a particular universe, rather than a singular form dominated by a single mode of expression. In fact, if the music remains the main component of the heavy metal universe, it still is not the only, the image of each group also embodied through the artwork (the covers album and the pictures of books), the staging of concerts, the tone of his lyrics and style of dress of its members. The illustrator of fantasy Ken Kelly , who works primarily with Manowar in the field of music, has created a character and muscular, dark and vengeful that illustrates the Manowar albums and has become part of the group's image. Illustrations are involved in the general atmosphere of the albums in the makings of a very important visual aspect through which the public can plunge more quickly into the world of each group. Another famous figure with the fans of heavy metal, Eddie , the mascot of Iron Maiden , appears on the cover of all albums.

Rock historians tend to consider that, while the contribution of Western pop music gives heavy metal its whimsical side, through words of inspiration fantastic at the same time, roots blues genre in which this is anchored give it a touch more realistic, more cathartic , more focused on topics such as loss of a loved one, grief and loneliness.

While the auditory and thematic components of heavy metal are predominantly influenced by the realism of the blues, the visual components are mainly by the imagination of popular music. The themes of evil, dark, force and the Apocalypse are used to express the reality of life issues . In response to the growing hippie " peace and love "of the 1960s , heavy metal is growing as a culture-cons like expressionist in which light is smothered by the darkness and where the happy ending of songs pop gives way to the expression of the sad reality of this world, where things do not always. Even though, according to some fans, the message of the heavy metal is not dark, its critics accuse the genre of glorifying the negative aspects of reality.

Apart from the fantastic, the themes addressed by the heavy metal are generally more severe than the pop of the 1950 , 1960 and 1970. They revolve around many of the war , the threat nuclear , problems of the environment and the propaganda political or religious. Examples of songs dealing with such topics include War Pigs by Black Sabbath , Killer of Giants of Ozzy Osbourne , ... And Justice for All by Metallica , 2 Minutes to Midnight 's Iron Maiden , Civil War by Guns N 'Roses and Balls to the Wall of Accept.

Influence Classic

The heavy metal was inspired by composers Baroque , Romantic and modern as Johann Sebastian Bach , Niccol Paganini , Richard Wagner and Ludwig van Beethoven ^, . The famous range of Triton , for example, was exploited by Romantic composers and post-Romantic as Liszt , Berlioz , or Gounod , and especially by modern composers (such as Bartok , Stravinsky or Schoenberg in his tonal works). Those This, indeed, used it for both its sound and dark ominous connotations for its function of structural instability tone . . The "classic" is an art music , while the metal remains primarily gasoline popular .

In fact, musicians and metal focus borrow generally superficial aspects of classical music (motives, melodies, scales, or at best an orchestral arrangement), the reuse of a musical material is also traditional and common in practically all genres. But they rarely seek genuine operating depth and compositional complexity of classical music (and even within sub-genres of metal called " neo-classical "or" progressive ", despite their musical knowledge). For example, guitarists supposedly inspired by Bach rarely make use of structures contrapuntal complexes that are so central in the compositions of the latter.

In addition, the widespread use of power chords in heavy metal (involving countless consecutive fifths and octaves ) goes against the fundamental principles of writing classical music: the use of any consecutive fifths particularly a violation of a rule of fundamental harmony of aesthetics .. Finally, the fact that many groups call themselves "symphony", using synthesizers instead of orchestras would be in the eyes of the classical world, perceived as heresy or as pure naivety. Indeed, poverty artificial sounds of a synthesizer can in no way match the richness of the sound spectrum of a symphony orchestra.

The complexity and richness of musical character messages, social and philosophical heavy metal not live in the loan of stamps.

History

The term "heavy metal"

The origin of the term used in heavy metal music is uncertain. This expression, used for centuries in the fields of chemistry and metallurgy and is listed on this meaning in the dictionary Franais Oxford Dictionary. One of the earliest uses of the term in popular culture underground up to the American writer William S. Burroughs , who in his novel The Soft Machine ( 1961 , The Soft Machine in French), evokes a character named "Uranian Willy, The Heavy Metal Kid." In his next novel, Nova Express, published in 1964 , he developed this theme even further by making the phrase heavy metal a metaphor of psycho-active drugs . In the ^nineteenth, the term was used in military parlance to denote "heavy artillery" .

The first use of the term in a heavy metal song recorded was in 1968 , in the phrase "heavy metal thunder" in the song Born to Be Wild from Steppenwolf ^, . However, there was Steppenwolf a reference to the roar of motorcycles . According to the book The History of Heavy Metal, the term was borrowed from "hippiespeak" (jargon hippies "), heavy (" heavy ") relating to anything capable of generating an intense mood and calling it humor metal potentially sharp or heavy as metal. Indeed, before the onset of heavy metal, the term "heavy" did not match any genre in particular and was instead used, particularly in the hippie movement, to describe anything that gave off an atmosphere with a certain power . The heavy word (in its meaning "serious" or "deep" in slang American ) was entered some time ago in the jargon of the cons-culture , especially that of the Beat generation , and there were already common references the heavy music, this term for a music variations slower and more amplified than the standard popular music of the era. As an illustration, one may cite the band Iron Butterfly , who made his debut at San Diego in 1966 , its evocative name (literally "iron butterfly") is explained on the cover of one of his albums " Iron symbolized something heavy in sound and Butterfly was light, charming and versatile ... an object freely usable by the imagination. "Moreover, the debut album from this group, released in 1968 , was titled Heavy. Finally, the fact that the very name of Led Zeppelin , partly inspired by Keith Moon , who had said the group would "fall like a lead balloon" , has incorporated in its sound the name of a heavy metal (heavy metal) - the lead , "lead" in English, pronounced led - could have sealed the beginning of the consecration of the term.

Another hypothesis: in the late 1960's , Birmingham , who was still a hotbed of industry in England (the metallurgy , in particular) saw gravitate around many rock bands like The Move or Black Sabbath and some suggest that the term heavy metal may have a connection with the activities of this British industrial center. Thus, the biography of The Move indicates that the band's sound is due to its use of riffs of guitar "heavy" (heavy in English) which were popular in the "metal Midlands (central England, encompassing Birmingham City). , where he published in 1971 a review of the album The Notorious Byrd Brothers of the Byrds in which he made use of the term to describe the heavy metal songs on one disc, Artificial Energy . Other relationship between Sandy Pearlman and the original meaning of the phrase heavy metal: its conception, through the development of imaging specific group, a symbol derived from a symbol of alchemy of lead , a metal heavier. Instinctively, he put forward later this term to describe the style of the music of Blue Oyster Cult.

One hypothesis regarding the origin of this type was put forward by "Chas" Chandler, manager of The Jimi Hendrix Experience in 1969, in an interview he gave in 1995 at the Rock and Roll show a string of U.S. network PBS. According to him, "the term" heavy metal "appeared in an article in the New York Times describing a performance by Jimi Hendrix. " He reported further that the article's author wrote that listening to Jimi Hendrix Experience, was "... like listening to heavy metal (heavy metal) that falls from the sky."

On the other hand, well-known singer Alice Cooper said in an interview in the documentary Metal: A Headbanger's Journey that Rolling Stone had also used the expression like heavy metal falling from the sky to describe his music.

It seems that the first well documented use of the term heavy metal to accurately describe a style of music has appeared in the May 1971 U.S. magazine Creem , in a critique of the album Kingdom Come Sir Lord Baltimore. In this review, the author, in: Mike Saunders , said that "Sir Lord Baltimore seems to master to perfection most of the tricks of the heavy metal . Subsequently, it is critical to Lester Bangs , a leading figure of the rock critic and Creem including monthly, which is attributed the popularization of the term heavy metal in the early 1970s , to describe the style of bands like Led Zeppelin and Black Sabbath ^, .

If, initially, the term heavy metal has sometimes taken on a pejorative connotation in the writings of some critics, fans of the genre are, however, quickly appropriate. Similarly, groups already well established, such as Deep Purple , who came from the pop or progressive rock , immediately claimed the heavy metal, taking the opportunity to marry a more aggressive approach to their music, in the tenfold effects of distortion and amplification . However, Jon Lord , Deep Purple keyboardist, told the magazine Kerrang! that his group does not play heavy metal and that he will never wanting to distance themselves as bearers of studded bracelets and those who pose spitting blood .

Origins ( 1960s and early 1970s )

The blues and black American music were major sources of influence for the very first artists to rock 'n' roll , such as Elvis Presley or rockers English. Groups like the Rolling Stones and the Yardbirds recorded many times in classic blues songs, sometimes speeding up the tempo and using electric guitar instead of acoustic guitar.

These practices amplification of traditional blues music were obviously stimulated by the new fields of experimentation and artistic intellectuals who offered to musicians when they began to exploit the multiple possibilities of electrically amplified guitar in terms of loudness and dissonance. Hand percussion , while the rhythmic style of blues-rock consisted of simple rhythms shuffle on small batteries , the drummers began to adopt a game more muscular, more complex and amplified in order to get in tune guitar sounds ever louder. Similarly, to adapt to amplification, the singers have changed their vocal techniques, winning passage generally focus and theatricality. At the same time, technological advances in the field of sound recording have resulted in the capture and transcribing on different media ( tape , vinyl ) of the power of this new approach to music, both heavier and more technical.

The earliest examples of music generally identified as carrier codes of heavy metal coming from the UK where, since the late 1960s , bands like Led Zeppelin and Black Sabbath began to be applied to lines and arrangements of traditional blues then this pioneering approach, which gave birth to a new music . These groups were also highly influenced by the musicians of psychedelia U.S. as Jimi Hendrix and Jefferson Airplane , who were the first to amplify and modify guitar blues-rock and thus served as a bridge between the African-American music and rockers Europe.

Other frequently cited influences can find Vanilla Fudge , which slowed and " psychdlis "popular melodies, and English rockers like The Who and The Kinks , who laid the foundations for the heavy metal style by introducing the power chords and percussion more aggressive.

Many artists and songs that have been told they were the forerunners of the genre. Thus, for some, the title of You Really Got Me Kinks ( 1964 ) is one of the first heavy metal songs . In fact, it was perhaps the first to use as a basic riff of power-chords and repetitive distorted.

The group Cream , with its formula so innovative power trio , active from 1966 to 1968, had also considerable influence from the power generated by the game sound very accomplice amplified guitarist Eric Clapton and bassist Jack Bruce , behind the set of muscular percussion of drummer Ginger Baker . Influence similar to Jimi Hendrix and his band (The Jimi Hendrix Experience), with titles like Purple Haze, Love Or Confusion or Foxy Lady album Are You Experienced (1967). In the wake of these pioneers, in 1968 , sounds of heavy blues had become commonplace in popular music. That year, the recovery by Blue Cheer 's Summertime Blues hit of Eddie Cochran , published in January, is regarded by some as the first true heavy metal song . Meanwhile, Steppenwolf released their title Born to Be Wild, while the Yardbirds , who then have within them the guitarist Jimmy Page (later Led Zeppelin ), recorded the single "Think About It, which propelled him into the air two months later, reveal a sound similar to what later became characteristic of Led Zeppelin. Another notable release of 1968, in the same vein harbinger of heavy metal: the title In-A-Gadda-Da-Vida of Iron Butterfly , released in July.

Specialists Beatles , for their part, highlight the song Helter Skelter the album The Beatles (better known as White Album or Album white) and the single version of the title Revolution / I>, both released in November 1968, which made a landmark in the history of pop music and rock, imposing new standards for distortion and aggressive sound . Indeed, there is undeniably Led Zeppelin in the theatrical aspect of the genre, with the screams of singer Robert Plant put at the service of the themes of magic, conquest and the occult addressed in the lyrics of a song (A Learn Immigrant Song) . Themes of the occult also very active with Black Sabbath, whose name was chosen in reference to a horror movie Bela Lugosi. At Black Sabbath, you discover the extensive use of power chords , guitarist Tony Iommi , amputation of two fingers, imparting to his playing a particular color which is then associated with heavy metal. The group Deep Purple, meanwhile, looked somewhat after the style in its infancy, discusses the 1970s by adopting a resolutely heavy metal music, both in his choice of vocal singer Ian Gillan as in the arrangements guitarist Ritchie Blackmore (who give birth in the riff the most famous in the history of hard rock on the track "Smoke on the Water", also present on the worship album Machine Head ). The early 1970s was also marked by the appearance of Alice Cooper , considered a pioneer of shock rock. Making use of forms of provocation particularly daring for its time (simulated beheading at the guillotine on stage makeup, clothing and decidedly provocative behavior), Alice Cooper , who was then a cohesive group (including the splitter will mark the starting point of the solo career of Vincent Furnier ), will be "the first group banned in England" according to the artist, the British authorities for such a resolution by an excess of blood during the demonstration stage group .

Many of the first heavy metal bands, like Led Zeppelin, Deep Purple, Uriah Heep and UFO are now considered within the current community of metal fans, not as heavy metal bands in the sense that it 's understood today, but rather as groups of hard rock. Moreover, many of these groups do not demand the heavy metal label, even if they acknowledge that they have contributed, through their respective works, development and growth of the genre. At that time, and throughout the 1970s, the term heavy metal and hard rock were in fact almost synonymous. To illustrate the confusion of genres thus generated include Jethro Tull , which is not considered a heavy metal band and who has never claimed the genre, but that has so marked the spirits with his album Aqualung ( 1971 ) , close to the style codes of nascent heavy metal, the group received, years later, the Grammy Award for best album of its kind for Crest of a Knave ( 1987 ), to general surprise. Another group has flirted with the same period yet boundaries blurred between psychedelic rock and heavy metal: Hawkwind , including his song Master of the Universe (1971).

Many artists of the metal precursors are considered precursors of punk like The Stooges , the MC5 , The Who , The New York Dolls , The Troggs and Blue Cheer.

Traditional Heavy Metal (late 1970s and early 1980s )

Historians of music are not all in agreement as to the weight given to different actors in the heavy metal scene in the late 1970s and early 1980s. Thus, some ignore or downplay the importance of groups like Blue Oyster Cult (which enjoyed moderate success with the general public) and the scene glam metal band from Los Angeles (which really only began to become popular in the 1980s), focusing instead on the emergence of classical influences from guitarists such as, for example, Randy Rhoads ( 1976 ), Sin After Sin ( 1977 ) and Stained Class ( 1978 ). In fact, according to musicologist Robert Walser, Judas Priest spent the decade to "complete the definition of heavy metal" . With the arrival of Judas Priest as the metal becomes a full-fledged movement .

The group Rainbow , founded in 1975 by Ritchie Blackmore , guitarist of Deep Purple , is sometimes cited as having its place among the pioneers of a sort of pure heavy metal , in the line style of the two albums by Deep Purple released in 1974 , Burn and Stormbringer , although these groups are generally regarded as groups of hard rock. Following the example of Judas Priest, the heavy metal bands quickly began to look beyond the almost exclusive use of the range of blues to incorporate into their solos of diatonic modes. This more complex, through the progressive rock , began to incorporate more elements from the classical music and jazz , has since spread throughout the various sub-genres of metal.

Virtuosity on guitar, literally embodied in 1978 by Eddie Van Halen in the famous solo on the title he carries Eruption (from the album Van Halen - Solo regarded by many as a cornerstone in the history of heavy metal ), becomes an essential ingredient of the genre, as evidenced, for example, the prowess of guitarists such as Ritchie Blackmore , Randy Rhoads and Yngwie Malmsteen. In this climate virtuosity, classical guitar with nylon strings is sometimes used in concert or in the studio, like Randy Rhoads Dee on the title of the album Blizzard of Ozz of Ozzy Osbourne , released in 1980. Moreover, from this period, the stars of the classical guitar, as Liona Boyd , do not hesitate to work with stars of heavy metal in a whole new guitar fraternity where "old" and the "modern" beyond their traditional quarrels to share their techniques.

Success with the general public (1980)

The sub-genre of heavy metal's most popular, glam metal , has emerged in the United States during the 1980s. The epicenter of this explosion was mainly located around the Sunset Strip in Los Angeles , California. The first wave consisted of glam metal bands like Motley Crue , Ratt , Dokken and Twisted Sister who were much influenced by heavy metal bands like Deep Purple , Kiss and Black Sabbath (incorporating guitar solos in most of their songs, among others) and by groups of glam rock like T. Rex and Sweet. Motley Crue and Twisted Sister, among others, have developed from the foundations laid by Alice Cooper and Kiss, including their attitude on stage, often by using the provocation in the manner of shock rock. At the time, traditional groups like Dio , Ozzy Osbourne , Judas Priest and WASP have used stylistic glam metal in their music. In one form or another, the glam metal dominated the airwaves of public early 1980s until the early 1990s.

This genus has caused a break in the metal community of the 1980s, largely because of the image of glam metal groups, especially those groups to look more feminine (or androgynous say) like Poison , as opposed to the very manly imagery conveyed by the thrash metal and other sub-genres more violent.

Diversification of subgenres (1980s to 2000s )

Many subgenres of heavy metal emerged in the 1980s. Several people have tried to make a world map of underground metal complex , especially the editors of the guide-line "Allmusic" and the critic Gary Sharpe-Young. Encyclopedias of metal multivolume Sharpe-Young separating the metal underground in five major categories: thrash metal , death metal , black metal , power metal , and, finally, sub-genres very close to the doom metal and gothic metal. By deviating from the hard rock roots, a genre that has been influenced by hardcore punk emerged in the 1980s: the thrash metal band whose sound was more aggressive, louder and faster than the original metal bands or groups glam metal of the time. The scores of guitars were often technically complex. This sub-genre was popularized by what some now call the Big Four Of Thrash (The Big Four of Thrash): Anthrax , Megadeth , Metallica , and Slayer. Other groups such as Testament and Exodus , both of California , Overkill , of New Jersey , Voivod , of Quebec , and the Brazilian Sepultura have also had a strong impact. With the exception of Metallica , who sold millions of records constantly and have even been ⁶ to Billboard with their album ... And Justice for All during the 1980s, thrash was more underground in terms of sales and media coverage compared to other sub-genres popular. During the 1990s, sales rose thrash bands, particularly the Big Four.

The progressive metal , a fusion between the style of bands like Rush , King Crimson and heavy metal emerged in the 1980s. Its innovative, including Fates Warning , Queensrche and Dream Theater , welcomed the good reception and success in the era of glam metal.

At a time when thrash metal was the law in the world of underground metal, a new kind of known as doom metal (beginning in the 1980s with bands like Saint Vitus ) took a different direction. Instead of focusing on speed, doom metal bands have slowed down their music. Themes, styles, and approaches to gender have been heavily influenced by Black Sabbath , and these influences have survived until today.

In the early to mid 1990, the thrash began to evolve and slip into more extreme metal genres like death metal and black metal. Many death metal bands decided to increase their speed and technique to create a sound that had never been heard so far. Although very technical guitar playing was still very important (as in most kinds of metal), death metal has also given a key role in quality batsmen. The death metal vocal techniques are generally rather "hard" and may be guttural grunts , screams and very high treble, or other similar vocalizations not found in other styles of music.

In addition to the aggressive and deep voice, there are sub-tuned guitars subject to high levels of distortion and extremely fast drumming that use lots of double-pedal (drums equipped with a double pedal on the bass drum, in order to increase the speed of play). Tempo changes and measurement time are not uncommon. Death metal, a term probably comes from the song of Death Metal Possessed , from their album Seven Churches, with Possessed and Death as prominent groups, later changed into sub-genres include many and varied groups such as Suffocation , pioneers brutal death.

The black metal is a genre of extreme metal originated in Europe and which may be one of the most kinds of metal underground (although some symphonic black metal bands like Dimmu Borgir have become very popular). Satanic and pagan themes are very common in this genre. The black metal , a term introduced by Venom , with their album Black Metal, has finally created a small circle of groups which will then be associated with considerable violence in the 1990s (see article black metal for more details). The black metal may vary considerably in the quality of its production and in its style, although almost all groups use vocal technique and grogne auction, guitars subject to considerable distortion, and a dark atmosphere. The Danes Mercyful Fate are often considered the pioneer of corpse paint is common in black metal. Bathory (generally considered one of the first black metal bands, although he then made centered on music albums Viking ), Celtic Frost and Mayhem were key groups of the era, and one of the most famous and technically adept was Emperor.

Since the 1980s and the 1990s, the power metal , with bands like Helloween , evolved in a direction opposite to death metal and thrash metal bearing speed, anti-commercial mentality, and the intensity of heavy metal but focusing more on themes and epic melodies and positive. Power metal usually contains the songs "clear" relatively high, similar to those used by singers from New Wave of British Heavy Metal (as Rob Halford and Bruce Dickinson ), as opposed to the death metal growls. Groups such as traditional power metal Manowar and HammerFall have a sound very similar to that of classic heavy metal while the modern power metal bands like Nightwish , DragonForce and Rhapsody of Fire often have a strong influence symphony based on keyboards, and sometimes use bands or singers (or singers) opera. Power metal has gained a strong fan base in South America and Japan.

Metal alternative and nu metal (1990s and 2000s)

The domination of metal ended with the emergence of Nirvana and other groups of grunge who announced the breakthrough of alternative rock in the early 1990s. According to some critics, the success of Pantera , whose style of groove metal was also responsible for the dethronement of the popular metal band of the 1980s, is also remarkable.

With these breakthroughs, groups active in the 1980s began to become better known and receive more attention from the general public. This was mainly the case for groups that had fused alternative rock and heavy metal and who created what was known as alternative metal. This new kind integration of diverse groups and diverse as the grunge band Alice in Chains , the alternative rock band Jane's Addiction , the band of noise rock White Zombie , and groups for much more influenced by other genres alternative. Fishbone and Red Hot Chili Peppers have merged their alternative rock with punk , the funk of hip-hop , and metal, while Danzig followed Glenn Danzig (former founder of the Misfits and Samhain ) to a heavy metal influences tinged blues from 1987. Ministry began to incorporate metal into their music industry, and Primus has combined elements of funk, punk, thrash metal and experimental music. Others, finally, effectively reborn in popularizing their music, as Alice Cooper and his hit album Trash, including the tube particularly striking "Poison".

While the success of alternative metal increased, with different groups like Fear Factory , Helmet , Rage Against the Machine and Tool , influenced a new wave of rock bands (although some, like Tool, do not like to be cited reference or refuse to assimilate into this new wave ). These groups were not from the previous merger between alternative rock and heavy metal, but a new type derived from this merger eventually be called the nu metal (neo metal in French). Kon , Deftones , System of a Down , Papa Roach , Limp Bizkit , Linkin Park , Disturbed , Slipknot and POD are the groups most popular nu metal. The bare metal was a great success thanks to a strong popular advertising from MTV and training in 1996 music festival Ozzfest , created by Ozzy Osbourne , who led the media to talk about a revival of heavy metal. The massive success of nu metal has generated much debate in the middle of the metal, particularly for knowledge and if it were part of the metal or not. Fans of extreme metal or metal underground, or even the purist fans of "true metal" of the 1980s generally consider that this is not the case.

In the early 2000s, the festival Ozzfest has received numerous groups metalcore (eg include Killswitch Engage - regarded as the founder of the group because of its age - Chimaira , God Forbid , Trivium , Bullet for My Valentine , Avenged Sevenfold , Lamb of God , ...) and contributed to the popularity of this kind. Some see this style a successor to the bare metal, while others believe it will become popular and fashionable in the same manner as the bare metal. Here, too, is generated debate in the middle of the metal to see if it is part of the metal or not.

Recent trends (mid 2000s )

In the mid-2000s, a revival of traditional heavy metal began to emerge with groups in the style of the pioneers of the genre, like Led Zeppelin , Black Sabbath and Deep Purple. Among these influential groups can find new Wolfmother , Witch , and the group Irish The Answer. These groups have won the recognition of popular music media recently as Revolver, Kerrang!, Guitar World, and especially Classic Rock, The Answer was elected Best New Band of 2005. Wolfmother has reached the top 25 selling albums in the UK and top 22 on the Billboard U.S..

During the same period, several groups have reformed and have thus helped to revive the lost interest to the style "classic metal". The meeting of Black Sabbath with their singer initial 1997 , as that of Judas Priest with their first singer in 2003 , and many others, have helped attract the attention of younger audiences to older groups. These groups are generally united for years after their separation with the idea of a single concert, but decided to stay together longer.

One of the phenomena observed in parallel with the resurgence of heavy metal is the original rise in popularity of groups Doom Metal genres and sub thereunder ( Stoner , Sludge Metal , Ambient Metal , Metal Atmospheric ...). This family of metal, usually by public ignorance, had hitherto been a minor hit with the public compared to the popularity of many other genres that raise millions of fans around the world ( NWOBHM , Thrash Metal , Power Metal , Death Metal , Black Metal , Symphonic Metal ...). The fact that Black Sabbath, a group reference back to the roots of the phenomenon of the 2000s, was in the 1970s pioneered the development of Doom Metal partly contributes to the development of this sub-genre of metal that has really started to diversify from the years 1980 and only from a small and appreciative crowd in numbers.

In general, the 2000s also saw the reformation and / or service has the honor of many metal bands of the 1970s and 1980s who had experienced a declining period in the 1980s ( traditional Heavy Metal , Hard Rock ) or in the years 1990 ( Thrash Metal , Glam Metal ...)

Traditions and socio-cultural

The metal and its cultural traditions

Many characteristics of heavy metal has spread beyond the stage. For example, the "horns" (popularized by the heavy metal singer Ronnie James Dio in the era of Black Sabbath ), became almost inevitable during the concerts. Other practices, such as headbanging , the mosh pit , the stage diving , the air guitar , the braveheart , the Wall of Death and the slam , are also frequent, although the air guitar is less popular today.

Metal and perception among the general public

p> noisy and confrontational aspects of heavy metal have often caused friction between the fans and the general public in many countries. Indeed, the public perception of heavy metal culture, especially in conservative societies, as an encouragement to the hedonism and anti-religious sentiments. In Jordan , for example, all the albums of Metallica (released or not) were banned in 2001 ^{Metal and Satanism}

Pentacles reversed, a symbol of Satanism , for a concert Slayer

There are also many public amalgam between metal, Satanism and crime that many metal bands tend to play with satanic imagery. While some groups may occasionally take itself too seriously with Satanism (including Deicide , Morbid Angel and Emperor for example), the vast majority of groups do not take that as elements of folklore or fantasy without any belief.

Most often, Satanism is used only as a mere cultural symbol of social rebellion (not religious) . Many fans are so satanic symbols ( pentagram of Satan, for example) but have no dealings with religion.

Because of these amalgams, several movements to discredit the heavy metal crusade came into arguing that the music had acquaintances with Satanism: the first is the Christian fundamentalist movement (which raged in the 1960s against the rock 'n' roll ) in the years 1970 and 1980 (in North America in particular): we then saw the church attack in an extremely vigorous musical genres like hard rock and heavy metal. There have been numerous publications of a pamphleteer securities that Fabien Hein J. "hilarious too distressing" from American televangelists including religious or Canadian Jean-Paul Rgimbald , who have taken at face the letter and accused the imagery of bands like Black Sabbath , Iron Maiden , Kiss , Mercyful Fate , Judas Priest , Led Zeppelin , Motley Crue , Ozzy Osbourne , Alice Cooper , Slayer and WASP to Satanism because of their tendency to evoke themes hidden in their words . These fundamentalists are concerned, therefore, the impact of these groups on youth. Their accusations are exaggerated because in fact none of the groups mentioned seriously adhere to Satanism. However, some groups sometimes seriously criticize dogmatism and religious puritanism using references Satanists sometimes voluntarily for the sole purpose of. Some of them are yet even the Christian faith as Alice Cooper , the founder of shock rock , or Tom Araya , lead singer of Slayer yet known for his writings against religion virulent .

There is also another trend, this time more official, who was born with bodies such as the WCRP in the U.S. that compile lists of songs to "outlaw" as they refer to different phenomena, including Satanism. The WCRP is particular to the origins of stickers bearing the words " Parental Advisory Explicit Lyrics ". Another organization, and French this time depending on the highest state authorities, proved virulent against the heavy metal: the MIVILUDES who edited a book which are conveyed with the usual prejudices such is the victim (can read such phrases as, "metal music, which remains extremely violent and vehicle themes drawn from the social taboos (sex, death, evil, Satan), much closer direct from Satanism."

There are also amalgam between Nazism , Satanism and Gothicism that are propagated by some media , of the church with no real knowledge of the subject as Benedict Domergue (Sociologist Fabien Hein also denounced the offensive strategy Clergy of bashing against the music ) ^, or by some writers, including Jack Shoemaker ^, and Paul Aries ^{, ,} .

Metal, subliminal messages and incitement to suicide

A popular rumor often reinforced by religious fundamentalists, suggests that heavy metal albums contain subliminal messages that encourage the listener to worship the Devil or to commit suicide.

The most famous case is that of Judas Priest in 1990 falsely accused of inserting subliminal messages suggesting suicide in their song Better By You, Better Than Me which dealt yet no suicide. It has been demonstrated during the trial that the accusations were based on any credible basis and the group was acquitted after trial. However, the excessive media coverage of the trial still anchored this unfounded accusation in the collective unconscious of the general public.

For more details see: The case of subliminal messages in Judas Priest

The singer Ozzy Osbourne was accused of similarly about his song "Suicide Solution". Despite the title of the song that seems clear at first glance, it is by no means an ode to suicide, but only a description of the evil effects of alcoholism and suicidal character there to hide behind a bottle . The words therefore have the downside of alcohol and no unequivocally urge to suicide. However a young fan of Ozzy in 1985 committed suicide. Parents accuse the singer of this song and the death of their child and they are launching legal proceedings. Again we invoke the presence of subliminal messages. Osbourne claims he has never put subliminal messages in his recordings and was found not guilty . However, it is highlighted, as in the case of Judas Priest's case, the victim suffered from depression and experiencing family problems .

Faced with these accusations singer Alice Cooper decided to write a song against suicide: "Hey Stoopid" for which he invited a number of stars from the metal and hard rock bands to play, including the singers Ozzy implicated in these cases and Rob Halford , but the guitarists Joe Satriani and Slash , and bassist Bon Jovi and others . The song is an anti-suicide anthem that calls to moderate face this kind of radical decision, stressing the idea that one who commits suicide is the one who is the loser while the reasons and those who oppress the life are the ones who ultimately prevails ("they win you lose!"). Alice commented on this:

"It's just unthinkable that someone would write a song that encourages a kid to commit suicide. Whenever a kid is killed, they try to see how hard he plays, instead of looking what was happening to him! "

It is precisely here that the thrash Sacred Reich attacks the subject of more controversy in the song Who's to Blame? an incisive as commenting on matters of Judas Priest and Ozzy. The song emphasizes the fact that these artists were accused as scapegoats and that the real reason for the malaise of suicidal adolescents was their stifling home environment and depressive tendency. Below are some passages translated from the song:

"Now it is time for parents to open ears and listen. Perhaps it is too late to see what you missed. Music is not the cause of death is you by suffocation. If you opened your eyes and ears you would know who is to blame (...) Where were you to hear the tears of a person in need? Were you there to see the signs or were you too busy? (...) So the next time you close your eyes and you choose to return the fault, remember that you can save a life "(Sacred Reich-Who's to Blame to-1990-21-56)

However, we obviously can not deny that it still happens that some groups deal with the issue of suicide (eg Metallica with the song Fade to Black). But most groups talk about their own experiences and talk about one way outlet, it is by no means a plea. Mostly, these groups are not intended to encourage their audience to do so. There is also no cases of suicide for these groups of fans. As is often the heavy metal music plays only outlet that serves to remove some negative feelings symbolically. Musicologist Robert Walser comment on this topic:

"The best way to know if someone will commit suicide is to try to assess how he is desperate. Young people listen to heavy metal to feel strong and in line with other youth. This music reminds them that they are not alone and helpless. There are others who live the same kind of things and there is no need to commit suicide "

Metal and Goth

Gothic necklace spikes and piercings

There is also considerable confusion on the part of the public between the metal and the Gothic movement. Yet this is indeed two distinct movements, where heavy metal has developed countless sub-genres, the Gothic movement has also developed its own specific genres: the gothic rock , the darkwave , the new wave , the death rock and batcave which are styles that are totally unrelated to the metal behind.

In fact, the confusion between these two movements is the fact that some metal bands (especially the doom-death) in the early 1990s were inspired by the gothic music to mix with their own base metal, which resulted style more or less hybrid: the gothic metal. But it's a genre that is not officially recognized itself as Gothic music Gothic for the community, although often appreciated by the Gothic .

Metal, racism and right-wing ideology

There are also many amalgam from the public regarding the metal and the extreme right ideologies. The medium of heavy metal is often viewed as racist and supporter of right-wing ideologies by people unfamiliar with this music. In reality, the vast majority of actors in this scene is rather distant from these ideologies. But these prejudices against heavy metal persist for several reasons:

• Metal music is often brutal, and brutality is sometimes seen as an avatar of ideologies as fascism;
• Some groups have been accused wrongly of being supporters of fascist ideologies because of their appearance or misunderstandings;
• In other cases, it happens that a minority group show ambiguous positions in dealing with this type of theme. What has sometimes been the cause of amalgams and extent of generalization to the whole metal scene. However, it often happens that metal bands are positioned more or less openly against racism and right-wing ideologies.

Groups accused baseless

A number of groups like Rammstein, Accept, Laibach, Kiss, Slayer, Type O Negative, or Therion have been wrongly accused of being linked to extreme right mobilities due either to unsubstantiated allegations or references awkward to Nazism by these groups, which were then blown up.

For example, Rammstein is accused of having Nazi sympathies simply because they are German , their music is based on a martial rhythm and have used images of the 1936 Olympics in their videos. The German association, the martial rhythm and images has led to an assimilation Nazi free. The group strongly denies these allegations ^, . Moreover, the group claims clearly left its orientation in a song like Links 2,3,4 ("Links" meaning "left" in German) . About the fact that we have likened to Nazis by their nationalities, Paul Landers , one of the guitarists say in an interview (about the cover of their album Herzeleid ): "I would rather be Spanish, at least we would not have had all these problems " .

The group Accept is also famous for having been accused similarly in the 1980s. The charges stem from the fact that they have used in the introduction to one of their songs ( Fast as a Shark ) the traditional tune "Ein Heller und ein Batzen" (better known as the "Heidi, Heido") which is often seen in countries that were occupied during the Second World War as a typical Nazi song. While it is a simple drinking song that predates the traditional Nazi regime . The fact that the group was German even more reinforced the accusations. The group has tried in vain to explain that there was no reference to Nazism in their use of this melody and they did not even know this association. Yet the group clearly professes his songs opinions anti-Nazi and anti-racists (Stone Evil, Prejudices, Objection Overruled) and anti-militarists (Wargames, Man Enough to Cry, Walking in the Shadow Stand Tight).

Since the 70s, the band Kiss has been accused of promoting racist ideals and linked to Nazism. Indeed, the source of charges is related to the fact that in the group's logo, two "S" are identical to the logo of the Nazi SS. However, these accusations proved completely false, two group members ( Gene Simmons and Paul Stanley ) is Jewish, the mother of Simmons being a survivor of the concentration camps of World War II.

In the case of Slayer , from more serious charges including the fact that their song Angel of Death refers to Josef Mengele , the camp doctor of Auschwitz. But at no time, the song is not vindication. It merely describes the actions of the doctor. But what shocked (including in the metal world) is precisely the apparent neutrality of the tone of the song ^, . Guitarist Jeff Hanneman denies these charges insisting that he believed there was no need to say explicitly that the song to know that acts of Mengele are atrocious and reprehensible .

The gothic metal band Type O Negative has been accused of fascist sympathies in the early 1990s . They were attacked in this respect in Germany and the Netherlands, several leftist movements convinced that the group was sympathetic to the Nazis . The origins of these accusations seem to go back to a joke that Steele allegedly made in an interview with the German second degree would have been misunderstood because of language barriers . Added to this, it also seems that the band's songs, "Der Untermensch" ("sub-human"), by its title, was taken to a Nazi song, while the text makes no reference to this theme . But as many commentators have pointed out, the group's keyboardist Josh Silver, is of Jewish faith and frontman Peter Steele is of Slavic origin . In addition, the group strongly denies any association with this type of ideology ^, . The group derided the accusations in two songs caustically: "Kill all the White People" and "We Hate Everyone." In response to the hunt scapegoat what they consider to have been the target 91, the group also published a t-shirt proclaiming:

"Type O is responsible for almost all the major disasters of the last two millennia: the crucifixion of Christ, the hole in the ozone layer through the Gulf War and AIDS."

Groups sympathizers or ambiguous

However alongside these accusations often unwarranted, a sub-genres of metal, black metal has actually been known in the 1990s for his criminal excesses and sometimes sympathetic to the ideologies of the extreme right. Including the black metal band, Burzum (though no song group is talking about any form of discrimination) and all groups of the fringe of the Nazi National Socialist black metal (among the groups most notable of this include such fringe Graveland and Absurd ). Other groups without really show a clear sympathy for Nazism, there are ambiguous references, the themes of Kristallnacht or the Night of Long Knives are sometimes used for example in a roundabout way, for the connotations they may be as in the case group Marduk (as in their song "Night of the Long Knives" where the term is used metaphorically ), a group that is very frequent reference to Nazism but officially does not agree ideology.

Similarly, the choice of name bands like Zyklon-B group (consisting of several big names in black metal scene) has generated some controversy due to the ambiguous connotations that this name implied. The Zyklon B is in fact the name of the gas used in gas chambers in extermination camps during the Second World War. The group said, however, be apolitical and not to support any doctrine of racial preferences related to .

But if this kind of ideology is more frequent and more serious in the black metal, we can then either reduce that kind of Nazism . For many black metal bands do not adhere to this ideology necessarily. We should add that the fringe minority in the rest NSBM black metal genre. Finally, heavy metal is not just about the only black metal. Most of his many sub-genres of metal are separated by such themes.

Some other groups of Folk / Pagan metal especially of black folk , even if they do not show any direct references, often deal with themes of nostalgia tinged identity and / or backward-looking approach that often voluntarily or not thesis ideological the extreme right. These groups exhibit a certain nostalgia for the old pre-Christian times related to different cultures Pagan (Celtic, Norse, Hellenic particular). Eras sometimes seen as idyllic worlds yet spared by the various ethnic and cultural intermingling of the modern era seen as "decadent." In this regard, some groups of National socialist black metal like Nokturnal Mortum , Temnozor or Kroda are especially known to have made forays into folk metal. But many groups are distancing themselves as folk metal of these ideologies. This kind of foray into folk metal is seen by some players such as folk metal singer Ciaran O'Hagan, group Waylander "as an insult to people like

He believes that groups who play NSBM folk metal to make the "wrong reasons". The appropriation of symbols by the neo-pagan neo-Nazism , is also the source of misunderstandings with respect to certain groups of folk metal. Several groups have indeed been mistaken for groups of NSBM. Therefore, a number of groups such as Cruachan , Skyforger , Moonsorrow , Mnegarm or Tr have publicly sought to mark their distance from fascism, Nazism and racism. The folk metal band Skyforger was to include the words "No Nazi Stuff Here!" ("No Nazi stuff here!") on the back of their CD covers.

Groups anti-racistes/anti-nazis

Many metal bands are positioned so clearly against racism, fascism and Nazism. One can cite Accept , Trust , Anthrax , Napalm Death , Kreator , Iron Maiden , Doro Pesch , Lofofora , Therion , Sepultura , Skyclad , Suicidal Tendencies , System of a Down and Rage Against the Machine for the best known. The group Body Count has also made the denunciation of racism and police brutality in the United States one of his favorite themes throughout his various albums.

Among the securities anti-racist or hostile to Nazism's most notable include:

• Keep It In The Familly of Anthrax : a song that criticizes anti-racist mentality "white supremacist" some Americans ;
• People of the Lie Kreator criticizing people for racist views ;
• Prejudice Accept : a song that argues against all prejudices (including racists) ;
• Nazi punks fuck off!: Anti-Nazi anthem echoed by Napalm Death. Song originally written by the punk band Dead Kennedys , which was to criticize some of their punk groups adhering to the ideology of neo-Nazi ;
• Stone Evil Accept criticizing the rise of neo-Nazism in some societies ;
• Europe After The Rain Kreator, an anti-Nazi song often introduced in concert with a speech by singer / guitarist Mille Petrozza against Nazism and fascism ;
• Amnes'History of Lofofora : a song in French anti-fascist who invites to realize that history does not recur ;
• Tyrant Of The Damned Therion : a song criticizing and commenting on the absurdity and brutality of the Nazi regime ;
• Objection Overruled by Accept criticizing the court decision that acquitted the officers in the case of racist Rodney King that led to riots in Los Angeles in 1992 ;
• Killing in the Name of Rage Against the Machine , points to the fact that some American officers were also members of the Ku Klux Klan ;
• Bad Blood by Doro : anti-racist song whose video was acclaimed as "Best Song anti-racist" at the MTV Europe Awards ;
• Darquier by Trust : a song that denounces anti-Semitic policies of the collaborationist Louis Darquier de Pellepoix under occupation and castigates the connection he made in 1978 during an interview about Auschwitz and the occupation ( Interview with Louis Darquier de Pellepoix in the Express : "At Auschwitz, there was gassed as lice") ;
• Aces High by Iron Maiden : a song that pays tribute to fallen pilot who fought Nazism;
• Territory by Sepultura criticizing the logic and machinery of any despotic and racist values that often accompany it;
• Born Dead by Body Count in a tone that evokes the feeling of being pessimistic one stillborn, one died on borrowed time when people are not white in an America where racist police brutality go unpunished;
• The Seed of Gammadion Skyclad who criticizes the blindness and passivity of the people while a fascist state seizes power and violates their freedoms;
• Give It Revolution Suicidal Tendencies criticizing the logic of the fascist regimes, also criticized the passivity of the people towards it and called for action and resistance;
• Smoked Pork of Body Count , which evokes the racist attitude and a police officer arresting a black man lying down due to a punctured wheel;
• Blood Brothers by Iron Maiden which among other things calls for a vision of humans as all being "blood brothers" (Blood Brothers in English), urging them to tolerate and then to stop all conflicts between them.

Related Styles

Angus Young , guitarist of AC / DC ( Cologne , 2001 )

The hard rock , mentioned above, is closely linked to heavy metal (they are also often confused), although the hard rock may not match the description given by the heavy metal purists, it is also dominated by the use the guitar riffs and builds on, but its themes and execution differ from those of heavy metal. Led Zeppelin is a representative example of the genre in the late 1960s and early 1970s, as well as other groups for years 1970 and 1980 as AC / DC , Aerosmith , Alice Cooper , Deep Purple , Kiss , Queen , and Scorpions have had a major influence on heavy metal.

The glam rock (also called glitter rock) - which had only a short life in the early 1970s - depended on heavy guitars and crunchy (crispy), song for song, and a theatrical image. T. Rex , David Bowie (especially the role of Ziggy Stardust ) are the most cited examples of this subgenre, although groups like Twisted Sister are certainly more representative of this movement go far beyond the single musical style.

The punk rock and heavy metal have influenced each other, such as when Lemmy Kilmister frontman Motrhead has spent time in punk band The Damned and, they say, tried to teach Sid Vicious how to play bass.

The alternative rock , particularly grunge , has often been influenced by heavy metal. Some groups of grunge like Soundgarden and Alice in Chains , have also been considered as metal bands before the genre "alternative" is recognized by the public.

The grindcore , mixing very special branch of death metal & the crust punk. Characterized by relatively short songs, from 0:01 sec (record for the shortest song by Napalm Death ) to 2 or 3 minutes in general. This type of Heavy Metal is one of the Underground around the world. The instrumentalists are more than fast and his voice is characterized as that of an imitation pork. Some of the most popular are grindcore: Napalm Death , Nasum , Brutal Truth , Last Days Of Humanity , Carcass (early period)

See also

Related articles

• Metalheads
• List of metal genres
• List of metal bands by genre

External Links

• (En) Heavy Metal Allmusic.com
• (En) Destination-rock.com A history of metal
• (En) The family tree of metal from the blues rock

Sources

• Arnold, Denis (1983). "Consecutive Intervals," in The New Oxford Companion to Music, Volume 1: AJ. Oxford University Press. ( ISBN 0-1931-1316-3 )
• Arnett, Jeffrey Jensen (1996). Metalheads: Heavy Metal Music and Adolescent Alienation. Westview Press. ( ISBN 0-8133-2813-6 )
• Berelian, Essi (2005). Rough Guide to Heavy Metal. Rough Guides. Foreword by Bruce Dickinson of Iron Maiden. ( ISBN 1-8435-3415-0 )
• Berry, Mick and Jason Gianni (2003). The Drummer's Bible: How to Play Every Drum Style from Afro-Cuban to Zydeco. See Sharp Press. ( ISBN 1-8843-6532-9 )
• Blake, Andrew (1997). The Land Without Music: Music, Culture and Society in Twentieth-century Britain. Manchester University Press. ( ISBN 0-7190-4299-2 )
• Carson, Annette (2001). Jeff Beck: Crazy Fingers. Backbeat Books. ( ISBN 0-8793-0632-7 )
• Charlton, Katherine (2003). Rock Music Styles: A History. McGraw Hill. ( ISBN 0-0724-9555-3 )
• Christe, Ian (2003). Sound of the Beast: The Complete Headbanging History of Heavy Metal. HarperCollins. ( ISBN 0-3808-1127-8 )
• Christgau, Robert (1981). " Master of Reality (1971) References

• (In) This article is partially or entirely from the article in English entitled " Heavy metal music "(see the list of authors )

The version of the April 11, 2007 This article has been recognized as "quality item, that is to say that it meets quality standards for style, clarity, relevance, citation of sources and illustration.

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