Hasmonean

The are a Hasmonean dynasty that reigned over the Judea from 140 to 36 BC. AD It was founded by Simon son of Mattathias.

• Simon ;
• John Hyrcanus ^I. (134-104), second son of Simon
• Aristobulus ^I. (104-103), son of John Hyrcanus ^I, takes the title of king;
• Alexander Jannaeus Yannai or (103-76), brother of Aristobulus ^I.;
• Salome Alexandra (76-67), wife of Aristobulus and Alexander ^I. Jannaeus;
• Hyrcanus II and Aristobulus II , son of Alexander Jannaeus, vie for power and royal office of high priest.
• Mattathias Antigonus II , (? - 36 BC.), youngest son of Aristobulus II, king and high priest Hasmonean

Etymology

The name comes from a Hasmonean supposed ancestor of Mattathias, the instigator of the revolt of the Maccabees , named This ancestor is not named in the Book of Maccabees , but by Flavius Josephus ^Chronology

Last surviving son of Mattathias of the five, Simon finally gets Demetrius Nicator evacuation of the last troops of the Seleucid Jerusalem -142 , which does not mean recognition of Jewish independence Seleucid no, never, not formally recognized. It begins with Simon the Hasmonean dynasty, although it may as well consider Jonathan as founder of the Hasmonean state. In -140 , Simon, at a meeting in Jerusalem, following a decree passed by this great Knesset, was proclaimed "High Priest, strategist and ethnarch" as hereditary .

Simon is murdered by his son Ptolemy, perhaps manipulated by the Seleucids in -135 which do not accept the de facto independence Hasmonean, but the son of Simon, John Hyrcanus ^I. which is supported by the army succeeds to take over from his father and reign of -135 to -104 ). From 137, Antiochus VII had indicated there was no question that Judea did not pay tribute, but it is only -131 he manages to capture Jerusalem. John Hyrcanus is obliged to abide by and even participate in the royal expedition to Iran. But the unexpected death of the king in 129 allows John Hyrcanus to regain its capital and restore Jewish independence in fact. John Hyrcanus had nevertheless been forced to acknowledge its status as a vassal of the Seleucid king by paying tribute and give hostages ; nothing to prevent a similar situation from happening again if the Seleucids reached out of their interminable dynastic quarrel.

Released from his commitments, John Hyrcanus campaigning again to expand his state. It takes as part of Transjordan in -128 , the Idumea in -125 and Samaria , where he destroyed around -108 the temple of the Samaritans .

To comply with the instructions of Deuteronomy, the Edomites are forcibly converted to Judaism, which is an exception in the history of religion reluctant before the conversions .

At his death, a struggle broke out between the two dynastic son, Aristobulus reign for one year from -104 to -103 with the title of Basileus and conquered the Galilee that Judaising ^, . Jannaeus Alexander , the Another son of John Hyrcanus reign of -103 to -76. The Hasmonean kingdom reached around -75 an extent comparable to that which would have had from the Bible, the kingdom of Solomon .

After Alexander's death in Jannaeus -76 , his widow Salome Alexandra succeeded him until 67 , after which the two Jannaeus son of Alexander, John Hyrcanus II and Aristobulus II vying for power. It is against this background of dynastic quarrel comes Pompey , General Roman , who seized Jerusalem in -63. As of that date, Judea became a Roman protectorate .

The Romans give Hyrcanus II the title "ethnarch" and "high priest", taking care to double by an adviser, Antipater , an Edomite convert to Judaism. The son of the latter, Herod , is recognized "King of the Jews" by the Roman Senate in -40 BC. He reconquered the country with the Romans until -37. Indeed, -40 Ave. BC, the Parthians invaded Palestine and Syria-backed Antigone Mattathiah II , son of Aristobulus, as pretender to the throne of Judea at the expense of Hyrcanus II , they were taken captive .

Herod reigns over Judea after the execution of Antigonus II, the last Hasmonean in -37. He died at -4 , after having enlarged the temple of Jerusalem. The current Western Wall is the last vestige of the temple. This son of a converted Idumean is the last king of Israel. Given its origins, it is not a Hasmonean, even if their direct heir. His descendants reign only in parts of the kingdom of their father, with only one row of tetrarchs.

Evolution of Jewish society in the Hasmonean

The Hasmonean built from -152 a real state, taking advantage of the rivalry between two Seleucid kings. Jonathan is thus not only give titles to the Seleucid court, but also the function of High Priest (to which he had no right) and ethnarch (that is to say, leader of the people) of the Jews , that is to say the sole interlocutor of the royal power. Taking advantage of the paralysis of the Seleucid kingdom, he embarked on a policy field of conquest of all Palestine, which is pursued by all his successors. This policy of conquest is often accompanied by forced population Judaization submitted (Edomites) or exile (Greek cities of Decapolis or the coast).

Despite this, the Hasmonean state, which becomes the kingdom proclaimed himself emperor lorsqu'Aristobule ist in 104-103, takes the form of a Hellenistic kingdom with an army largely composed of mercenaries, an imitation of Greek coinage from 128 A court of the palace. This shocked the pious Jews who had supported the Maccabees in their revolt against the Hellenists and the Seleucids, to the point where there is usually a break in practice between those who are now called the Pharisees and the Hasmonean. It was also during this period that develops a strong Hellenistic literature, such as books of Judith and Esther , written in the form of Hellenistic novels. Born of revolt against the policy of Hellenization of Jason and Menelaus, the Hasmonean kingdom actually promotes the gradual entry of the Jewish world in the Greek culture of his time.

In the vast area controlled by the Hasmonean who took advantage of the weakness of the Seleucids , the Jewish religion is far from being the majority religion so that the country ruled by John Hyrcanus has more characteristics of a Greek kingdom than those of a Jewish state . The Greek influence is manifested by outward signs are that the title of emperor given by Aristobulus says Phihellne first, but also by the Greek names, the two brothers, Alexander and Aristobulus accolent their Jewish names. Despite the presence of the Temple, which is overwhelming, the whole organization of civil and military power remains on Greek models .

However, conflicts arise during the Maccabean revolt among Hellenized Jews and adherents of Judaism that embraces all aspects of life during the reigns of John Hyrcanus and his son Alexander Jannaeus, we see crystallize opposition between Perushim, literally, "separate" that will be known as the Pharisees and the monarchy . John Hyrcanus would have repealed the practices imposed on the people and punished those who observed them . Alexander Jannaeus which crucify by the hundreds of Jewish rebels, uses Greek soldiers to fight the Pharisees. His widow Salome Alexandra leaned more about the rabbis Pharisees .

Pharisee party members do not challenge the political authority of Hyrcanus, but ask him to relinquish the office of High Priest. Breaking Hyrcanus with the Pharisees turned to the opposing party, that of the Sadducees to whom he provided the Council . The Sadducees are less well known than the Pharisees and their information often comes from sources that are hostile to them. They come from the privileged classes, often priests, they are often portrayed as conservative in all areas .

In contrast, the Pharisees often recruit a lower social level as the artisans of the cities. They express both the political demands and aspirations of these religious communities. In contrast to the Sadducees, they deny the exclusivity of the clergy to interpret the law and often prefer to follow the wise or the rabbis who give meaning to the divine precepts more humane and less formalistic. They attend many synagogues, transforming the community in devout people. The Oral Law of the Pharisees refresh the written law, only recognized by saduccens .

Genealogy

  Mattathias (-167 to -166)
  |
   + John (? - -160)
  |
  +  Simon (-142 to -134), and high priest ethnarch (-143 to -135)
  | |
  |  + John Hyrcanus I. (-134 to -104), and high priest ethnarch (-134 to -104)
  | |
  |  + Aristobulus I. (-104 to -103), king?   and high priest (-104 to -103)
  | | X Salome Alexandra, see below
  | |
  |  + Jannaeus Alexander (-103 to -76), King (-103 to -76)
  | | X Salome Alexandra, queen (-76 to -67)
  | | |
  | |  + Hyrcanus II (-63 to -40), High Priest (-76 to -66, from -63 to -40), king (-67 to -66), ethnarch (-63 to -40)
  | | | |
  | | | +  Alexandra
  | | | X Alexander son of Aristobulus II, see below
  | | |
  | |  + Aristobulus II (-67 to -63), King and High Priest (-66 to -63)
  | | |
  | |  + Alexander (? - -48)
  | | | X Alexandra, daughter of Hyrcanus II
  | | | |
  | | | +  Mariamne (? - -29)
  | | | | X Herod I the Great
  | | | |
  | | | +  Aristobulus III (? - -35) High priest (-36)
  | | |
  | |  + Antigonus II Mattathiah (? - -37), King and High Priest (-40 to -37)
  | | | |
  | | | + ?
  | | | X Antipater son of Herod I the Great and Doris
  | | |
  | |  + Alexandra
  | | X Ptolemy, son of Mennus king of Ituraea and Chalcis (-85 to -40) (relationship to confirm ...)
  | | |
  | |  + Lysanias (? - -36), King of Ituraea (-40 to -36)
  | | (Not to be confused with Lysanias tetrarch of Abilene, perhaps his son)
  | |
  |  + I. Antigone (? - -103)
  |
  +  Judas Maccabeus (? - -160)
  |
  Eleazar +  (? - -163)
  |
   + Jonathan (? - -143), High Priest (-153 to -143)

References

Notes

Related articles

• Maccabees
• Maccabean revolt

• Portal of Jewish culture and Judaism
• Portal of ancient Israel and Jews in Antiquity

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