Hadith
The Muhaddith is a scholar of Islam specialist in the science of Hadith.
The rawi is a transmitter of hadith is one of the links in the . In studying the reliability and isnad rowwt (plural Rawi) component, a Muhaddith can assess the authenticity of a hadith.
Summary |
Status of Hadith in the Quran
There are passages in the Qur'an where the word "hadith" is used.
Sura 45 Al-Jatiyah verse 6 ': These are the verses of Allah which We recite to you truthfully. And in another hadith which, after Allah and His verses, will they believe?
Surah 7 Al Araf verse 185: Do not they think that their conclusion may be near? What other hadith, after this, will they believe?
Surah 39 Al Zumar verse 23,
Surah 31 Luqman verse 6: These have incurred a humiliating punishment
Sura 68, Kalam, verse 35 A41: What is it? How do you rate? Where do you have a book in which you learn? Or do you have a book where it is said that you would get everything you want? Or would you We got a valid QUIYAMA that would allow you to judge with your book? Ask them who amongst them is the guarantee? Or have they partners? And although they bring their partners if they are true!
Al Imran Surah 3 Verse 78: They tell a lie against God
Positioning
Apart from some hadiths "sacred", regarded as God's words addressed directly to Muhammad and reported by it, the hadiths are the sayings and actions attributed to the prophet and not a divine word.
With the precepts of the Koran , the hadith form the sunna , hence the name of Islam to orthodox Sunni. The hadiths were reported in different collections (true or not, see classification below) by Muslim faithful, but always at least two centuries after Muhammad's death. Some authors have identified more than 700 000. Many of these quotes are suspicious, their credit is proportional to the prestige of those who reported. This channel is called witnesses isnaad. These different collections fueling the conflict between Shiites and Sunnis in particular.
Classification
Several classifications of hadiths exist. Specialists in the science of hadith have developed several types of classifications. Among the best known: The classification reliability and classification by reference to a particular authority.
The classification according to reference:
- Sacred (Qudsi ) These hadiths are considered relevant God's word through the prophet of Islam, Muhammad.
- High (Marfu ' ) These hadiths are the stories of the prophet of Islam, for example starting with "I heard the Prophet say ...".
- Arrested (Mawquouf ) These hadiths are the stories of fellow starting for example "We were ordered to ..."
- Coupes (Maqtou ' ) These hadiths emanate from the direct successors of the companions.
The classification reliability:
Another classification of accounts by scientists of the hadith (historical criticism) is that the degree of admissibility . Some writers, like al-Bukhari , Hadith have classified as "authentic" or "acceptable", while others are simply discarded. The authentic hadith are reported with the chains of witnesses .
- Authentic (Sahih )
- Good ( Hasan )
- Low ( dha'eef ) These hadiths have a chain of transmission are fragile and often apocryphal.
- Invented, forged or manufactured ( Mawd ' ) These hadiths are false, their texts that run counter to established norms for the words of the prophet of Islam, or the chain of transmission includes at least a liar.
Sources
It may be noted that these books have almost all been built at least 150 years after Muhammad's death in order to preserve and document acts of it. It is noteworthy that al Sahifah bin Hammam al Saheehah Munabbih is among the works written by the companions of Muhammad, written here before 678 (the year 58 Hijri ), under the dictation of Abu Huraira by a disciple of companion. Many books written by the companions of Muhammad were lost in later works, some of which appear in the body of the latter in their entirety. The al-Muwatta of Imam Malik (715-795) and al-Musnad of Ahmad ibn Hanbal (780-855) are among the most ancient books which have reached us in full.
Collections of Hadiths of Muhammad's companions
- Abu Bakr as-Siddiq , the first Caliph, had compiled 500 hadiths that have destroyed for fear of inserting faults .
- Amr ibn Hazm , the governor of Yemen from the time of Mohammed, all compiled a booklet which has survived in full .
- Jabir ibn `Abdullah has authored several books .
- Samra ibn Jundab (en) also composed a large volume of hadith .
- Sa'd ibn Ubadah (en) also wrote a book of sayings that his descendants retained .
- `Abdullah ibn` Abbas , son of Mohammed's uncle, has left many books of Hadith at his death .
- Abu Hurayra wrote the Sahifah Saheehah did with his disciple Ibn Hammam Munabbih (in) .
- Salman al-Faris has written hadiths which he communicated to Abu Darda .
- Abu Ayyub al-Ansari (fr) wrote a manuscript containing 122 hadiths which he transmitted to his children .
These books have been incorporated in later works, cited in references ...
For example the reliability of hadith, consult the chapter usefully Muqaddima of Ibn Khaldun devoted to the fragile traditions on the Mahdi . In this chapter, justly celebrated (as emphasized his translator Vincent Monteil ), Ibn Khaldun is a measure of the rigorous methodology that is his source for criticism: "We therefore propose to quote the different traditions about the Mahdi. We will also report on their detractors and critics of these arguments. Then we will examine the views of the mystical (Sufi). In this way, we see clear identified the Mahdi. Bukhari relates that in turn guides are twelve well-guided, all of Quraysh, the latter is also regarded as the Mahdi . Ibn Khaldun has therefore al-Muqaddima his personal approach that does not reflect the opinion of experts of hadith .
Sunni
There are six major hadith collections considered references among Sunnis , they are called the "six books" (al-sitta kutub) or "six (most) authentic (al sihha sitta). Two of them are considered fully authentic (the sahihayn) and the hadiths listed and accepted by these two imams sometimes receive the qualification "opinion attached (Muttafaqun 'alayhi).
- The Sahih of al-Bukhari (810-870).
- The Sahih of Muslim ibn al-Hajjaj (819-875).
The others are:
- The collection of An-Nassa'i (830-916).
- The collection of Abu Dawud (817-889) Kitab as-Sunan , .
- The collection of Tirmidhi (824-893) Sunan al-Tirmidhi.
- The book of Ibn Maja (824-887). Sunan Ibn Majah
Among the other traditions considered as references:
- The book of Malik ibn Anas (712-795) Kitab al-Muwatta '.
- The book of Ahmad ibn Hanbal (780-855) Musnad.
- The collection bin Hammam Munabbih, a disciple of Abu Huraira, did Sahifa al Saheehah, written before the year 58 AH, which reached us in full.
- The collection of Mishkat sha'fies and Hanefi Mishkat ul Massbih.
To check the degree of authenticity of hadith literature other than Sahih Bukhari and Muslim, fully authentic, one must consult sharh (in) (commentaries, exegeses) works. It is possible to find the degree of authenticity of each hadith books of hadith for the longer considered starting with the compilation of Kutub al-Sitta, sometimes called Sihah al-Sitta (the six reliable) in such Sharh as:
- (Ar) Al-Menhelu'l azbu'l mevrud sherhu Sunen-i-Muhammed Mahmud Dawud Ebi es Subki Khattab (d. 1933) (Kitab as-Sunan comments)
- (Ar) ibn Majah Tedhkiretu'l Hufiadh Muhammed Fuad Abdlbak (d. 1954) (Sunan Ibn Majah comments)
- (Ar) Aridhat Ahwathi bi Sharh al-Sunan al-Tirmidhi from Ibn al-Arabi (1165-1240) (Sunan Tirmidhi commented)
- (Ar) Hashiyat al-Sindi 'ala al-Nisa'i of Imam al-Suyuti (1445-1505) (Nasa'i comments)
- (Ar) Al-al-Jaza Masalik of Muhammad Zakariya al-Kandalvi (en) (1898-1982) (al-Muwatta comments)
- (Ar) Serhs Musned-I-Imam Ahmed Eb'ul Esbal Sakir Ahmed Muhammed (Cairo 1949) (al-Musnad-Ahmad commented i)
- (Ar) Mirqat Maftih Al Sharh Mishkat al-Masabih Mulla Ali al-Qari (m.1605) (Mishkat al-commented)
- etc..
Shi'a
It should be noted that al-Bukhari was Persia, and therefore that the hadiths are widely accepted by the Shia community, mostly Persian Islam. The Shiites also have collections of hadiths later, collecting primarily the words of the Imams from the lineage of Muhammad Ali and Fatima
- The collection of Ya `qub al-Kolayni (d. 939).
- The book of Ibn Saduq Babuyeh (d. 991).
- The collection of al-Hasan at-Tusi (en) (died 1068).
However, in the Shiite ideology, instead of the hadith is largely secondary to the Quran, considered one revelation of divine origin in Islam and therefore self-sufficient.
Ibadites
The Ibadite (dissents kharidjites ) recognize many Sunni hadith. However, the main collection is accepted by them as follows:
- The collection of al-Jami'a al-Saheeh, containing only 1005 Hadiths
References
- Definitions lexicographical and etymological of "hadith" of CNRTL.
- Amir Ali Moezzi, Dictionary of the Quran, Editions Robert Laffont (2007). ISBN 978-2-221-09956-8 ; (981 pages) pp.379-381, 850.
- Arab muaddi,
- Arab : transmitter, narrator
- Arab qudsy, : sacred qudsi
- Arab : high
- Arab : Arrested
- Arab : cut, split
- Arabic: al-Daraja qabl, : degree of admissibility
- According to Ibn Khaldun , one would have counted up to 750 000 hadith. Mohammed al-Bukhari , on the other hand, retains only 7200 (Ibn Khaldun, al-Moqaddima, trans. Vincent Monteil , Lebanese Commission for the translation of masterpieces, Beirut, 1968, t. II, p. 915.
- Arab Maqbul, : acceptable; admitted; plausible
- Arabic: Sahih, : Authentic
- Arab Hasan, : beautiful, good
- Arab mardd, : repulsed rejected
- Arabic: da yew : low; defaulting fragile
- Arab mawdh, : invented
- (en) Hammam ibn Munabbih, Muhammad Hamidullah, Muhammad Rahimuddin, Sahifah Hammam ibn Munabbih: The Earliest extant work On The Hadith: Comprising did Sahifah did Saheehah of Abu-Hurairah (d. 58H./677) Prepared for historical pupil Hammam ibn Munabbih (d. 101H./719), Together With an introduction to The History of the Early Hadith Of The compilation, Apex, 1979, 158 p. Notes
Related articles
External Links
- Hadith on the encyclopedia of Islam
- (In) Sunnah and Hadith on University of Southern California
- (En) Sahih Muslim Al Islam, the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia Ministry of Islamic Affairs, Endowments, Call and the Orientation
Bibliography
- Ibn Khaldun (trans. Abdesselam Cheddadi), the book examples, Vol. I, Gallimard, coll. "Bibliotheque de la Pleiade", 2002, 1560 p. ( ISBN 2070114252 ) [ online presentation ]
- (In) Abdul Hameed Siddiqui, Sahih Muslim, traditions Being Of The sayings and doings of the prophet Muhammad as Narrated by His Companions and compiled from under the title al-Jami-us-Sahih, vol. 1, Sh Muhammad Ashraf, 1971 [ online presentation ]
- (In) Abdul Hameed Siddiqui, Sahih Muslim, traditions Being Of The sayings and doings of the prophet Muhammad as Narrated by His Companions and compiled from under the title al-Jami-us-Sahih, vol. 2, Sh Muhammad Ashraf, 1971 [ online presentation ]
- (In) Abdul Hameed Siddiqui, Sahih Muslim, traditions Being Of The sayings and doings of the prophet Muhammad as Narrated by His Companions and compiled from under the title al-Jami-us-Sahih, vol. 3, Sh Muhammad Ashraf, 1971 [ online presentation ]
- (In) Abdul Hameed Siddiqui, Sahih Muslim, traditions Being Of The sayings and doings of the prophet Muhammad as Narrated by His Companions and compiled from under the title al-Jami-us-Sahih, vol. 4, Sh Muhammad Ashraf, 1971 [ online presentation ]
- Georges Vajda, "Jews and Muslims according to the hadith," Asian Journal, CCXXIX, January-March 1937, p. 57-127
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