Greek Numerals
Greek numeration of antiquity was twofold: one could write numbers and numbers or by means of signs known as "acrophonic" because they accounted for the first letter of their name in Ancient Greek either by letters, such as count Hebrew or Arabic. Also known is a scientific system of numeration, inspired by Babylonian mathematics. Currently, these are the Arabic numerals that are used most frequently in Greece.
Summary |
From the fifth century BCE, in Attica , near Athens, appear figures whose every sign (except for that one) is just the first letter of the numbers drawn in the local alphabet Athens , For this reason we speak of a count acrophonic. The notation of numbers followed the additive principle found in Roman numerals. Thus, 3 was expressed in , 9 by , 400 per , etc.. There were signs noting intermediate values, represented by ligation of the two basic figures for: Each of these numbers is made up of the sign value of 5 which was agreed that the multiplier. Unicode reserves specific locations for these figures. We can view them below if you use a font containing as ALPHABETUM Unicode, Cardo or New Athena Unicode (5), (50), (500), (5000 ) (50 000). Almost exclusively epigraphic , this number system was mainly used to indicate price and measures. Despite having expanded, due to radiation from Athens, other Greek cities (with many local variations, depending pichoriques alphabets), it was dethroned by the alphabetic system. This system still exists in Greece , like the Roman numerals in the countries of the Romance languages. It uses, in addition to routine letters of the Greek alphabet , three archaic letters , digamma (track as often as a stigma ), Koppa (separate from the old Koppa literal) and frit (evolution of a letter earlier). Purely additive, this count does not require the use of zero. However, the calculation based on these records is impossible: the ancient Greeks used the chips placed on the abacus , wood or marble, divided into columns. Besides the myriad (M) representing ten thousand (10 4), are also known examples of myriad myriads (MM ') to represent one hundred million (10 8). In the Arenaire , Archimedes proposed more elaborate methods (close to our scientific notation modern) to appoint large numbers like grains of sand on a beach, or one grain of sand needed to fill the whole universe that he knew, and to actually reach numbers as high as The astronomers extended the Greek alphabetic system to a sexagesimal system by limiting each to 50 +9 position and creating a special symbol for zero , which was generally used in isolation as our modern symbol, rather than as a positional marker. However, unlike the example reproduced below cons where no ambiguity is possible, the symbol was commonly used to represent the fractional part of numbers (as the minutes (an angle or arc) seconds, etc..) and not for the whole game, under pain of being confused with the value omicron 70. The system of dividing the circle into 360 degrees, themselves divided into minutes, seconds, thirds and so on., And use of zero to indicate a zero value were probably adapted from the Babylonian method by Hipparchus to -140. These scoring methods were then used in particular by Ptolemy (circa 140), Theon of Alexandria (circa 380), and the daughter of Theon, Hypatia (d. 415). Assume that the symbol for zero is from the initial (nothing), since the word is sometimes written in full or abbreviated in tables and astronomical texts, especially for the whole game of angles. However, this hypothesis is disputed . Indeed, these ratings and occur only in relatively late manuscripts. In the earliest papyri, it takes the form of a very small circle surmounted by a long bar, a symbol which, according to Neugebauer , come from a Babylonian cuneiform notation . It became a omicron topped with a modern macron (), and finally a simple omicron (). Alphabetical count is more recent than the count acrophonic. It was introduced in Athens at the same time as the adoption of the model of Ionian Miletus , in -403. It is however much older because it finds the certificates to Miletus to -700. It is for this reason also called "Milesian count" the alphabet of Miletus, now "classic" with Athens did not use the three extra letters mentioned in the writing of words, holding them in the count is therefore a archaism reflecting the need to provide three times nine different signs. These signs, evolving over time, have transferred to other scripts who borrowed the rest of the Greek letters: the alphabet Coptic , the Gothic alphabet and the Cyrillic alphabet. In antiquity, the custom was to highlight the letters used to numeral value in order to isolate them from other text. To indicate an ordinal number or denominator of a fraction, was added stating the ending of the word as it was spelled. So "the tenth" ( ) spelled This count having passed some alphabets derived from Greek, is still the case in Coptic , and this was the mutatis mutandis in Gothic and Cyrillic used in Old Slavonic. Sometimes the letters are also highlighted. In Old Slavonic, highlighting bar has become a tilde appointed titlo. Tens units until after nineteen included. When the texts were printed, the highlighting has evolved into a unique sign - placed right digital letters - like an acute accent , and this due mostly typographical constraints. This sign, called " (kera) (Horn) ( vassals in ancient Greek ) is independently coded by Unicode and bears the number 0374 U (greek numeral sign '). Many publishers have confused the with the acute accent or apostrophe, which is semantically incorrect. Thus, the number 11 was written , with kera. For numbers above 999, kera is replaced by another character to be placed on the left, (arister kera) (horn placed at left):. Both keras are sometimes used together. Finally, the letter no longer used today, the number 6 is denoted by the corresponding digraph '(or more often with the letter which is easily confused, especially in the ancient scriptures medieval uncial). On the picture cons, the second line reads: ... , , : (the emperor Domitian ,...) supreme commander for the 12th time, consul for the 25th time, tax collector for the 15th time ... The figures are transcribed in bold. On stone inscriptions, often neglecting the highlights and the endings. The kra is also absent, since it appeared after the text. The Greek alphabetical numbering gave birth, directly or indirectly, to the following alphabetical counts: 
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( ). Count Alphabetical
Count 'scientific'
. Zero the Greeks
History
List of signs
Greek figure Value Pronunciation 1 alpha 2 beta 3 gamma 4 Delta 5 epsilon ( digamma ) / ( stigma ) 6 digamma / stigma 7 zeta 8 eta 9 theta 10 iota 20 kappa 30 lambda 40 mu 50 naked 60 ksi 70 omicron 80 ft. ( Koppa ) 90 Koppa 100 R 200 sigma 300 tau 400 upsilon 500 phi x 600 chi 700 psi 800 Omega ( frit ) 900 frit 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000 Uses
Value Greek numerals Reading 28 kappa (20) + eta (8) + kera (end of number) 666 chi (600) + xi (60) + stigma (6) + kera (end of number) 750 psi (700) + nu (50) + kera (end of number) 1910 arister kera (1000 ) alpha (1) + Sampa (900) + iota (10) + kera 4094 arister kera (1000 ) Delta (4) + Koppa (90) + delta (4) + kera 
Progeny
References
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Counts in different cultures Counting Arab-Indian Arab Khmer Indian Mongolian Thai Counts in Chinese Chinese Japanese suzhou Alpha counts Armenian Cyrillic of Aryabhata Ethiopian Hebrew Greek Gothic Chuvash Other systems penthouse brahmi Urnfield Egyptian Etruscan forest Inuit Mayan Mesopotamian Roman Positional notation with base Decimal (10) 2 4 8 16 32 64 1 3 6 9 12 20 24 30 36 60 more ...
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