Greater Morocco
Greater Morocco is a concept developed by the Government of Morocco in 1950 and 1960. The latter has published a document claiming territories that were part of historical process, the Mauritania , part of the Sahara, Algeria and Western Sahara . Hormah Ouled Babana , part of the party of the Istiqlal Party and former MP Mauritania, said the southern border of Morocco was in St. Louis in Senegal and Morocco present only one fifth of what would be the big Morocco .
The thesis in question is a political irredentist defended since independence by certain personalities and certain circles nationalists. It is based on the idea that Morocco must legitimately cover all of the territories which were amputated just before and during the protectorate. The boundaries of the Greater Morocco vary. They usually include the entire Mauritania , the western quarter of the Algerian Sahara and part of Mali.
Today the vast majority of the defenders of this thesis are grouped in the Istiqlal. However, the majority of Istiqlal recent decades has already abandoned the dream of reconstituting the Greater Morocco, in order to better focus on economic development in Morocco and especially to resolve the simmering conflict in Western Sahara that Morocco considers to be integral part of its Southern Provinces.
Summary |
Base History
Foreword
The Morocco has been, and at least until the Treaty of Fez , a nation predominantly tribal. The Makhzen should assert its authority by multiplying allegiances with tribal Berber , but Bedouin. The classic mode of territorial conquest as it was know in the Europe modern could exist only in the fertile plains (Haouz, Sass, Gharb , Chaouia-Ouardigha , Doukkala-Abda , Souss , Tadla ) in the Imperial Cities and the caravan cities. Today there are still vestiges of this constant juxtaposition and overlap between royal power and tribal order during the Feast of the Throne in which some representatives of the main tribes may sometimes pretend to swear allegiance to the person of the King (Bey'a). This operation creates ipso facto an insecure nation-building in that the borders are made and unmade at the mercy of allegiances and betrayals of the tribes , the zaouias and cities.
Genesis of the State of Morocco and Early Dynasties
The Morocco , defined as a political entity, date 789 and the founding of the dynasty Idrisid by Idris I. or more exactly 791 and the formal proclamation of the monarchy Moroccan. In the year 820 , the Morocco is already spilling over its borders since the current eastern border was to the Wadi Mina, a tributary of Chelif , east of the modern city of Oran and extending south to north the Banc d'Arguin. Then Morocco descended into anarchy and breaks up. This configuration with a policy statement exacerbated the tribal order will be recurrent in the history of Morocco. The Almoravids dynasty in turn has the distinction of being born outside the borders of the current Morocco since its cradle history is on the island of Tidra off Mauritania. With its capital at Marrakech , will cover the entire dynasty Mauritania today, northern Mali ( Taoudeni and Teghazza) on Morocco , western Algeria to the vicinity of the wadi Kramis and the Andalusia. Once again, Morocco , therefore extends far beyond its borders today, and during at least 70 years. Then subsequent 120 years of supremacy Almohad during which again the Morocco will expand beyond its current borders, preferring an extension along the frontage Mediterranean from North Africa to Tripoli until about the Sahel. The Merinids will experience ups and downs but in their endeavor obsession tlemcennienne to extend their influence in the hinterland steppe of Algeria. Thus they ensure the allegiance of M'zab and oases of Tuat and Gourara. They pierce however briefly east nonetheless briefly reaching Kairouan. To the south, their influence will extend to between Laayoune and Boujdour (with a certain stability).
"Middle Ages", construction of Morocco and modern period prprotectorale
After domination Merinid the Morocco falls into a deep chaos during which multiply the kingdoms and ephemeral alliances no tomorrow. The Morocco will remain in this state of disrepair for 140 years. The anarchy will benefit the Castilians and the Spaniards and especially the Portuguese. The influence of Christians is generally limited to countertops. The sixteenth century saw the emergence of a sustainable new dynasty , that of Saadi. Having crushed the Portuguese at the Battle of Three Kings and content expansionist Ottoman beyond the Moulouya the Saadian will destroy the Songhai Empire in 1591. The Empire Shereefian then includes the Morocco today, the Mauritania , part of Mali ( Taoudeni , Teghazza, Timbuktu and Gao ) and Western Sahara, Algeria (near Tindouf ), Tuat , Gourara ). Dynastic quarrels will vary the boundaries but still is it that the influence of Sultans Moroccans will be sustainable in Timbuktu. The end of the dynasty Saadian and the beginnings of the Alawite dynasty cause a reflux of the influence of Sultans Moroccan but the voluntarism of Moulay Ismail generate an extension to the Brakna and confederation Trarza. Chinguetti , the Tuat , Teghazza, Semara, Taoudeni and the region of Tindouf are cutting back on direct Moroccans.
In the nineteenth century , the French are introduced gradually in the heart of the territory of Mauritania , first in the prospect of peace to the valley of the Senegal and then in the context of colonial expansion assumed. March 18, 1845 , the Treaty of Lalla Maghnia is signed between France mistress of so-called henceforth the Algeria , and the Empire Cherifian. Note that this treaty comes less than a year after the disappointment suffered by Morocco to Isly. This treaty fixed the boundaries between the two political entities. These boundaries existed voluntarily resume the Ottoman Empire , named in the treaty under the name "Turkey", in order to minimize the risk of litigation. Borders are set to the north of ksours of Figuig. The lack of border south of Figuig is expressed as follows: As the country which is south of Kessour of both governments, as there is no water, it is uninhabitable and that the desert itself, the boundary would be superfluous. (Art. 6). The fate of the oases of Tuat , to Gourara Tidikelt and is held in abeyance. These three oases and the camp of Tindouf founded in the year 1850 by the tribe Tajakant are captured by the French in 1901. In 1884 , the Spanish official the protectorate of the Rio de Oro. In 1900 , the Treaty of Paris establishes the borders between Mauritania French and Rio de Oro. In 1912 , the Treaty of Fez makes the French protectorate over Morocco. The same year the borders are secured between the Spanish possessions in Morocco and those of France.
The thesis of Greater Morocco
The thesis of Greater Morocco gradually takes shape in media independence Morocco during the second half of the protectorate. Knee-jerk reactions to the Berber Dahir unite the aspirations for national unity in the sense that almost all of the dignitaries Arab and Berber upset by attempts to ethnic discrimination conducted by the occupant. Anchoring African identity Moroccan is said about him in 1948 by Allal El Fassi , emblem if not originator of the theory of Greater Morocco (he evokes the Moroccan of Chinguetti ). In this he was undoubtedly influenced by his exile in Gabon. Meanwhile, the Manifesto of January 11 was signed by 66 figures of the Resistance, heralding purges within the Istiqlal party and the pressures of growing on the Sultan.
Bernard Lugan
The historian Bernard Lugan see that General Charles de Gaulle has given over more to the detriment of Algeria in Morocco, he said much of the Algerian Sahara belongs to Morocco .
Maurice Barbier
According to political scientist Maurice Barbier , since the fall of the Almohad, Western Sahara has never been part of the same geographical entity that Morocco, Article 18 of the Treaty of Marrakesh in 1767 , stating that the Moroccan Sultan exercised no control over the tribes south of the Oued Noun .
Maps
Territorial conquests during the reign of Ahmed el Mansour Eddahbi
Maximum extension of Morocco in the Saadi Dynasty References
- Mamadou Aliou Barry, War and arms trafficking in Africa: geostrategic approach, p. 62
- Ameyar Hafid, Western Sahara: what does the UN?, p. 43
- Antoine Pillet, Paul Fauchille, Review of International Law, Volume 64, p. 102 ( read online )
- Saharamarocain
- The conflict in Western Sahara By Maurice Barbier, P 43 Notes
Related articles
- Irredentism
- History of Morocco
- History of Mauritania
- History of Western Sahara
- Istiqlal Party
- Sand War
- Border between Algeria and Morocco
- Senegal history
- History of Mali
- Tindouf
- Tuat
- Bechar
- Treaty of Lalla Maghnia
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