Gothic Revival
The style is Gothic Revival style architectural born in the middle of the eighteenth century in England. In the nineteenth century neo-Gothic styles increasingly rigorous and documented aimed at reviving shapes medieval which contrasted with the dominant classical styles at that time. The Gothic Revival movement (also called "Gothic Revival", modeled on the Gothic Revival English) had an important influence in Europe and North America , and there may have been more of Gothic architecture that was built during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries than there was in the late Middle Ages and early Renaissance.
We can distinguish three phases:
- Revival of the Christopher Wren in England, applied to universities as Oxford ;
- the second phase in Britain is parallel to the development of Gothic novel in literature;
- maturity in the 1840s thanks to the progress of historical science.
Summary |
Survival and revival
Building construction characteristics of Gothic architecture has not completely disappeared in the sixteenth century. She persisted in projects, while underway, to cathedrals and churches in remote rural areas of England, France (we are still working on the cathedrals of Tours and Orleans in the 17th century), of Spain and Germany. At Bologna , in 1646, the Baroque architect Carlo Rainaldi constructed of arches gothic (completed in 1658) for the San Petronio Basilica , which was under construction since 1390, here the context of the Gothic structure took precedence over the user 's architectural time. Similarly, Gothic architecture survived in an urban context in the late seventeenth century, as evidenced by Oxford and Cambridge , where some extensions and repairs to Gothic buildings were apparently considered more keeping the style of the original structures Baroque at the time. The Tower of Tom Christopher Wren for Christ Church, Oxford , and later the western towers of Westminster Abbey by Nicholas Hawksmoor , erase the borders between what is called "Gothic survival" and the Gothic Revival.
In the mid eighteenth century with the rise of romanticism , some amateurs like Horace Walpole and William Beckford contributed significantly to the emergence of a craze for the Middle Ages and medieval art, architecture, religious monuments funeral , through the art of stained glass and illumination of the last medieval manuscripts. Other Gothic arts continued however to be considered barbarous and rude: the tapestries and metalwork, for example. The purely aesthetic reasons such an infatuation proved at least as strong as the ideological implications are associated so sentimentally Gothic monuments to great historical figures of national history. The English and the Germans soon began to assess the picturesque ruins - "picturesque" becoming a new aesthetic quality - and the softening effects of time as Horace Walpole admired, and called in an ironic way "real rust wars barons. " The details of the Gothick villa Twickenham for Walpole Strawberry Hill, liked the taste rococo of the moment, and by the 1770s, architects fully neoclassical such as Robert Adam and James Wyatt were prepared to provide Gothic details in drawing-rooms, libraries and chapels, for a romantic vision of a Gothic abbey, the Fonthill Abbey in Wiltshire. Gothick style was an architectural manifestation of the "picturesque" so popular in other arts: these ornamental temples and huts were unaware of the logical structure of true Gothic buildings and structures were in fact Palladian with pointed arches. The eccentric landscape designer Batty Langley even attempted to "improve" Gothic forms by giving them classical proportions. This first phase of Rococo and Gothic Revival architecture picturesque and is characterized by reusing fantasy art from the late Middle Ages.
A younger generation who took more seriously the Gothic architecture was the readership of the series of Cathedral Antiquities of J. Britten, who appeared in 1814. In 1817, Thomas Rickman wrote an Attempt ... (Test ...) to name and define the sequence of Gothic styles in English ecclesiastical architecture, "a treaty for the student of architecture. " The full title is descriptive: Attempt to Discriminate the style of architecture Franais From The Reformation To The Conquest, preceded by a Sketch of the Grecian and Roman orders, With notices of Nearly Five Hundred Franais buildings. (Test to discriminate the styles of English architecture the Conquest to the Reformation preceded by a sketch of Greek and Roman orders, with observations of approximately five to one hundred English buildings.) categories he used here are Norman , the Young England , the Decorated and Perpendicular. It has been published many times and always was published in 1881.
Romanticism and nationalism
The French Gothic style has its roots in a minor aspect of " Anglomania " Pugin, Ruskin and the Gothic as a moral force In the late 1820s , Augustus Pugin , still a teenager, worked for two highly visible employers, providing Gothic detailing for luxury goods. For the Royal furniture makers Morel and Seddon he provided plans for redecorations for George IV at Windsor Castle in a Gothic taste that went with the decor. For silversmiths Rundell Bridge and Royal Co., Pugin provided from 1828 plans for the silver, using the Anglo-French Gothic vocabulary that he will continue to favor later in the plans for the new Palace of Westminster. In Contrasts (1836), Pugin expressed his admiration not only for medieval art but for all the medieval mind, claiming that Gothic architecture was the product of a more pure. In The True Principles of Pointed or Christian Architecture (1841), he suggested that modern craftsmen seeking to emulate the style of medieval manufacture should also reproduce its methods. Pugin believed that Gothic architecture was the true Christian architecture, boldly saying "the pointed arch was produced by the Catholic faith." The construction of Pugin's most famous is the House of Parliaments in London , which he designed in two campaigns, 1836-1837 and again in 1844 and 1852, with the classicist Charles Barry and his co-architect. Pugin provided the external decoration and interiors, while Barry designed the symmetrical arrangement of the building. John Ruskin supplemented the ideas of Pugin in his two influential theoretical works, The Seven Lamps of Architecture ( 1849 ) and The Stones of Venice ( 1853 ). Seeking his ideal architectural Venice , Ruskin suggested that Gothic buildings excelled above the other architectures due to "sacrifice" of the stone carvers who tortuously decorated each stone. By declaring the Doge's Palace "the central building of the world", Ruskin championed the cause of Gothic government buildings as Pugin had done for churches, though only in theory. When his ideas were put into practice, Ruskin despised the torrent of public buildings constructed in reference to the Ducal Palace, including the Museum of Natural History in the University of Oxford. In England, the Anglican lived revival of the ideology of Anglo-Catholic and ritualist in the form of the Oxford Movement and we began to plan to build many new churches to cater for the growing population. Exhibitors were ready in universities, where the ecclesiological movement was taking shape. Its proponents believed that Gothic was the only style appropriate for a parish church, and favored a particular era of Gothic architecture, decorated. The Ecclesiologist, the publication of the Cambridge Camden Society , was so fiercely critical of the new constructs churches that were outside its standards a style called "gothic archaeological 'emerged, producing medieval buildings among the most convincing of the Gothic Revival. However, all the architects and clients were by carried by this current. Although the Gothic Revival style manages to become increasingly familiar with the architecture, the attempt to associate it with the superiority of the high church promoted by Pugin and the ecclesiological movement, away against those who owned or ecumenical principles Mavericks. They sought to adopt only for its aesthetic qualities, Romantic and combine it with other styles, or searching in northern Europe a Gothic look simpler, and consciously choose a style quite different, or in some cases These three things at once, as ecumenical Abney Park Cemetery for whom the architect William Hosking was hired. France appears quite late on stage at the Gothic because of opposition from the Napoleonic Empire Anglo-Saxon influences. Restore gives young architects to reject the influence of the neoclassical style and turn to the Gothic style. The architect Jean-Baptiste-Antoine Lassus (1807-1857) is the precursor of this architectural revival. His archaeological work and its ability to enrich his theoretical work in his architectural work, construction or renovation permit him to construct rational and poetic works, including the Church of Saint-Jean-Baptiste de Belleville in Paris , his latest project, is the best example. Eugne Viollet-le-Duc Lassus work with on different projects - Notre-Dame and the Sainte Chapelle in Paris in particular - and it will have a lot on many points. Among the major buildings of this era, there are particular: The return to medieval architecture has enabled the construction by the Anglican Church of new temples in Truro ( St. Mary's Cathedral , 1880-1910), Liverpool ( Cathedral Church of Christ , 1904-1978), but first in Scotland to Aberdeen ( Cathedral of St. Andrew , -1817), Perth ( St. Ninian's Cathedral , -1850), Dundee ( St. Paul's Cathedral , 1853-1855), Edinburgh ( Cathedral Holy Virgin Mary , 1874-1879), Glasgow ( St. Mary's Cathedral , -1893), as well as Ireland in Cork (Church of St. Finbarre, 1865-1879). With the Emancipation of the Catholics , the Irish built new buildings in large cities (especially to replace historic cathedrals, remained in the hands of the Anglican Church) and Newry (Cathedral of St. Patrick and St. Colman, 1825-1829), Armagh (second St. Patrick's Cathedral, 1840-1904), Belfast (St Peter's Cathedral, 1860-1885), Kilkenny (St. Mary's Cathedral, 1843-1857), Limerick ( Cathedral of St. John , 1861 ) Cobh ( St. Colman's Cathedral , 1868-1915). the Roman Church could also relocate to England and Scotland, as at Newcastle ( St. Mary's Cathedral , 1842-1844), Nottingham ( Cathedral of St. Barnabas , 1841-1844), Manchester-Salford ( Cathedral of St. John the Evangelist , 1844-1848), Lancaster ( St Peter's Cathedral , 1857-1859), Norwich ( Cathedral of St. John the Baptist , 1882-1910), Leeds ( St. Anne's Cathedral , 1900-1904), Arundel ( Notre Lady , -1873). At the turn of the twentieth century, technological advances such as the light bulb , the elevator and steel have contributed to a reputation of obsolescence into architecture based on the masonry. Steel supplanted non-ornamental functions of vaults and flying buttresses. Some architects used the tracery as a Gothic ornament applied to an iron skeleton, for example in the skyscraper Woolworth Building of 1907 of Cass Gilbert in New York and the Tribune Tower of 1922 Raymond Hood in Chicago. But during the first part of the century, the Gothic was superseded by modernism. Some in the Modern Movement saw the Gothic tradition of architectural form entirely in terms of "honest expression" of the technology of the day, and saw themselves as the heirs entitled to this tradition, with their rectangular windows and beams iron visible. Despite this, the Gothic revival continued to exert its influence, simply because many of his most massive projects were still under construction during the second half of the 20th century, such as Liverpool Cathedral of Giles Gilbert Scott. For the U.S. , the first buildings of Charles Donagh Maginnis at Boston College helped establish the prevalence of Collegiate Gothic architecture on American university campuses. The skyscraper's Gothic campus of the University of Pittsburgh , the Cathedral of Learning , for example, used very Gothic styles both inside and outside, while using modern technology to make building higher. Ralph Adams Cram became a leading force in American Gothic, with its most ambitious project the Cathedral of St. John the Divine in New York (known as the largest cathedral in the world), as well as construction Gothic college at the University of Princeton. Cram said "the style hewn and perfected by our ancestors has become ours by uncontested inheritance." Although the number of new neo-Gothic buildings declined sharply after the 1930s, they continued to be built. The cathedral of Bury St. Edmunds County of Suffolk ( England ), was built between late 1950 and 2005 References Lassus, Viollet-le-Duc and Iron
Powerful and influential theorist, Viollet-le-Duc is a leading architect: his genius lies in his careful observations of the qualities of medieval buildings worthy of the best archaeological work Main neo-Gothic churches in France Neo-Gothic Cathedrals of England, Cornwall, Scotland and Ireland
The century beyond
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